This document provides an overview of InfiniDB, a column-oriented database for Hadoop. It discusses InfiniDB's technical foundations including its parallelism, partitioning model, and I/O efficiencies. The document also covers when InfiniDB is appropriate for analytic workloads compared to OLTP workloads. Benchmark results are presented showing InfiniDB outperforming Impala on standard and ad-hoc queries against large datasets.

1. Bay Area Hadoop Users Group
Turning the Tables with InfiniDB for
Hadoop
December 18, 2013

2. Agenda
 InfiniDB Background
 InfiniDB Technical Foundations
 Parallelism
 Partitioning Model
 Additional I/O Efficiencies
 (My)SQL for Hadoop
 When to use Columnar/InfiniDB for Hadoop
 InfiniDB Benchmarks
Copyright © 2013 Calpont. All Rights Reserved.

3. InfiniDB Background
Platforms
Versions
 InfiniDB
 InfiniDB Launched Feb 2010
 InfiniDB for the Cloud
 InfiniDB 4 – latest release
available October 2013
 InfiniDB for Hadoop
 Added InfiniDB for Hadoop
 Source code at
https://github.com/infinidb
 GPL v2
 No restrictions on syntax,
scale, or performance
Copyright © 2013 Calpont. All Rights Reserved.

4. InfiniDB Background - Customer Base
Copyright © 2013 Calpont. All Rights Reserved.

5. InfiniDB Background
Platforms
 InfiniDB
Local Disk, GlusterFS, Windows*
 http://www.calpont.com/products/tryinfinidb
 InfiniDB for Hadoop
CDH or HDP
 http://www.calpont.com/products/tryinfinidb
 InfiniDB for the Cloud
Any availability zone
Copyright © 2013 Calpont. All Rights Reserved.

6. InfiniDB Background – InfiniDB for Hadoop
 InfiniDB is a non-map/reduce engine
 Reads and writes natively to HDFS
Pig/Hive
HBase
Map Reduce
InfiniDB
for
Hadoop
Hadoop Distributed File System
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7. InfiniDB Background - InfiniDB for Hadoop
Is InfiniDB a Database?
“InfiniDB turns SQL developers
…not a General Purpose DBMS.
into Big Data developers. We
deployed it quickly and easily
Is InfiniDB NoSQL?
for our online sales analytics.
… only in the sense that we discarded
Something we couldn’t do
traditional DBMS architectures.
with Hadoop, Mongo, or
Teradata”
Is InfiniDB an SQL for Hadoop technology?
… Yes, but not general purpose SQL.
InfiniDB is highly optimized for analytic
workloads/queries.
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8. InfiniDB Foundation - Parallelism
• User Module – Processes SQL Requests
• Performance Module – Executes the Queries
Single Server
MPP
or
Local disk / EBS
GlusterFS / HDFS
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9. InfiniDB Foundation - Parallelism
•Purpose-built C++ engine
•Parallelism is at the thread level
•Example: 12 PM Servers with 8 cores each
yields 96 parallel processing engines.
•SQL is translated into thousands or tens of
thousands of discrete jobs or “primitives”.
•The UM sends primitives to the processing
engines.
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10. InfiniDB Foundation - Parallelism
•User Module – Processes SQL Requests
•Performance Module – Executes the Queries
Single Server
MPP
• Primitives are issued to
thread queue within PM
• Fixed thread count at PM
Local disk / EBS
GlusterFS / HDFS
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11. Fully Parallel SQL + Full SQL Syntax
DoW
Reduce 
SQL Operations are translated into thousands of jobs via custom
Distribution of Work:
• Parallel/Distributed Data Access
• Parallel/Distributed Joins (Inner, Outer)
• Parallel/Distributed Sub-queries (From, Where, Select)
• Parallel/Distributed Group By, Distinct, and Aggregation
• Extensible with Parallel/Distributed User Defined Functions
Results are returned to User Module in Reduce Phase
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12. InfiniDB Data Partitioning
2-Dimensional Partitioning Model
•Vertical Partitioning by Column
o Not Column-Family (no relation to HBase)
o Only do I/O for columns requested
•Horizontal Partitioning by range of rows
o Meta-data stored within in-memory structure
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13. InfiniDB Data Partitioning
•Partition elimination can occur based on:
o Columns not included in SQL.
o Based on filter expressed within query.
o Based on filter expressed on a join table:
Table1 filter can drive Table2 I/O elimination
o Intersection between filters:
Filter1 and Filter2 does I/O on intersection
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14. Column Restriction and Projection
|-------- Column # Seventeen -----------|
Extent # 27
Filter 3
Filter 2
Filter 1
|-------------- Column # Six ---------------|
|-------------- Column # Four ---------------|
Projection
Extent # 5
Projection
• Automatic Vertical Partitioning + Horizontal Partitioning
• Just-In-Time Materialization
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15. Additional I/O Efficiency
Techniques to Avoid Unnecessary I/O
 Vertical Partitioning: read only the columns required
 Horizontal Partition: focus on the rows required
 Just-in-time materialization
Techniques for Efficient I/O
 Columnar compression reduces I/O from disk
 Global data buffer cache can reduce disk I/O (in-memory)
 Avoidance of Random I/O
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16. InfiniDB Design Principles
®
Scalable
Fast
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Simple

17. (My)SQL for Hadoop - Engine=InfiniDB
InfiniDB uses standard “Engine=InfiniDB” syntax:
CREATE TABLE `game_warehouse`.`dim_title` (
`id` INT,
`name` VARCHAR(45),
`publisher` VARCHAR(45),
`release_date` DATE,
`language` INT,
`platform_name` VARCHAR(45),
`version` VARCHAR(45)
) ENGINE=InfiniDB;
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18. (My)SQL for Hadoop
Leverage existing tools
that connect to
MySQL
Expose Structured
Data to the Business
Familiar User Privilege
Administration
MicroStrategy
JasperSoft
Pentaho
MySQL ease of use + Hadoop Scale + Columnar
Performance
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19. Syntax Support
Broad MySQL
SQL syntax
-
+
Analytic/windowing
functions included
with InfiniDB 4
No indexing needed.
Partitioning is automatic.
InfiniDB Supported Syntax
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20. When to Use InfiniDB for Hadoop
Query Size (Vision/Scope) defines workloads:
1
100 10,000
1,000,000
100,000,000 10,000,000,000
Query Size/Vision/Scope
OLTP/NoSQL Workloads
ROLAP/Analytic/Reporting Workloads
General purpose DBMS missed the target
( dated database technology generally not optimal )
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21. What is your typical query?
1
100 10,000
1,000,000
100,000,000 10,000,000,000
Query Vision/Scope
OLTP/NoSQL Workloads
Analytic Workloads
• There is no “average” query.
• The challenges are at the extremes:
o The challenge of high concurrency levels with small queries.
o The challenge of latency for very large queries.
• Most use cases imply multiple data technologies.
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22. Columnar Appropriate Workloads
1
100 10,000
1,000,000
100,000,000 10,000,000,000
Query Vision/Scope
OLTP/NoSQL Workloads
Pure Columnar about
10x worse I/O for
single record lookups
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ROLAP/Analytic/Reporting Workloads
Pure Columnar about
10x better I/O for large
data access patterns

23. Columnar Appropriate Workloads
Data Dimensions and InfiniDB for Hadoop
Unstructured Data
Schema on read
Schema on write
Small Queries
Large Queries
Transform (ETL)
Targeted Extract
Pre-defined queries
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Structured
Ad-hoc queries

24. InfiniDB Query Performance – Percona
Star Schema Benchmark (SSB)
Q5 Series
5 table Joins
Q1 Series
2 table Joins
Q2 Series
3 table Joins
Q3 Series
4 table Joins
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25. 1000 Genomes Data Set – 289 Billion Rows
 Fast load Rate
 Millions rows/sec
 Billions rows/hour
 Scalable load rate
1000 Genomes data set on AWS

26. 1000 Genomes Data Set – ~ 24 trillion base
nucleotide values
Scaling: 4 –> 8 –> 16 Performance Modules
 Fast Analytics
 Millions of rows/second
 Scalable Analytics
Seconds
per core
 Automatic parallelism
Performance Modules (PMs) Active
Figure 2 - TATA Binding Protein
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_binding_protein

27. Impala-InfiniDB Benchmark (Piwik Data Set)
InfiniDB
Figure 1 - Piwik Standard Query Performance
InfiniDB
Figure 2 - Piwik Ad-Hoc Query Performance
Piwik is an Open Source alternative to Google Analytics
Queries 1-6 offered are Piwik production queries
Queries 7-9 are additional ad-hoc queries covering all data
Amazon 5-node cluster

28. Columnar Appropriate Workloads
Data Dimensions and InfiniDB for Hadoop
Structured
Schema on read
InfiniDB
Schema on write
Small Queries
Large Queries
Transform (ETL)
Targeted Extract
Figure 2 - Piwik Ad-Hoc Query Performance
Ad-hoc queries
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29. Download Today
InfiniDB and InfiniDB for Hadoop:
www.calpont.com
InfiniDB for the Cloud:
InfiniDB AMI in any AWS Availability Zone/Region
Services Inquiries:
sales@calpont.com
Twitter:
@InfiniDB
@jtommaney
© 2013 Calpont Corporation. Calpont, the Calpont logo, InfiniDB, and the InfiniDB logo are trademarks of Calpont Corporation. AWS is a trademark of Amazon.com,
Inc., and Apache Hadoop is a trademark of the Apache Software Foundation. Other product names and logos may be trademarks of their respective owners.
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