A crash introduction to how to design a database, entities, relations, tables. It follows with SQL basic such as INSERT/UPDATE/SELECT as well as JOIN queries in social media.
it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU .it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU .it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU
A crash introduction to how to design a database, entities, relations, tables. It follows with SQL basic such as INSERT/UPDATE/SELECT as well as JOIN queries in social media.
it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU .it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU .it is a ppt for reference for KEYS IN DBMS YOU CAN USE IT FOR PREPARING FOR YOUR MTE AND ETE EXAMS . YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IT , IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CAN HELP YOU A LOT IN YOUR COLLEDGE EXAMS .AS THE CONTENT IS IN VERY SHORT AND CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR YOU
When we talk about “knowing our data,” we don’t seem to refer to the term “data integrity” anymore as part of that conversation. After all, that phrase can be very intimidating. But at its heart, it’s very simple – guaranteeing our data has meaning. The good news is much of what we already do creates data integrity in our databases.
In this presentation, we will explore how the basic constructs in our database design enforce data integrity. We will look at this from table design down through details, like data types and constraints. Additionally, we will discuss the difference between objects that support data integrity and those that support database performance.
At the end of the presentation, you will have a better understanding of what data integrity is, how to implement and enforce it in your databases, and why it is so important for our data.
View the original webcast: https://www.idera.com/resourcecentral/webcasts/geeksync/data-integrity-demystified
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
2. Hello!
I am Vaishnavi
I am here because
presentation and seminar in
curriculum .
You can find me at
@vaishnavi.in
2
3. Disclaimer
.
.
Presentations are intended for educational purposes only and do not replace independent professional
judgment. Statements of fact and opinions expressed are those of Vaishnavi individually and, unless
expressly stated to the contrary, are not the opinion or position of the Society of Actuaries, its cosponsors,
or its committees. The Society of Actuaries does not endorse or approve, and assumes no responsibility for,
the content, accuracy or completeness of the information presented. Attendees should note that sessions
are audio-recorded and may be published in various media, including print, audio and video formats without
further notice.
3
4. Place your screenshot here
•1.Introduction
•2.History
•3.Relation Terminologies
•4.Objectives
•5.Advantages
•6.Disadvantages
•7.Keys
4
5. The most important motivation for the
research work that resulted in the relational
model was the objective of providing a
sharp and clear boundary between the
logical and physical aspects of database
management.
-- E. F . Codd (1982)
5
Submitted to-Anamika Sharma
(Lecturer)
6. Introduction
• Relational Database: A Practical Foundation for Productivity (1982)
• Relational Model represents how data is stored in Relational Databases.
• The relational model represents the database as a collection of relations.
• A relation is nothing but a table of values. Every row in the table
represents a collection of related data values.
• These rows in the table denote a real-world entity or relationship.
• Some popular Relational Database management systems are:
• DB2 and Informix Dynamic Server - IBM
• Oracle and RDB – Oracle
• SQL Server and Access - Microsoft
6
7. History
▪ The relational model was first proposed by E. F. Codd in his seminal paper “A relational
model of data for large shared data banks” in 1970.
▪ The above paper caused a major revolution in the field of database management and earned
Dr. Codd the coveted ACM Turing Award
▪ The model uses the concept of a mathematical relation which looks somewhat like a table
of values –as its basic building block ,and has its theoretical basis in set theory and first
ordered predicate logic.
▪ The first commercial implementation of the relational model became available in the early
1980s,such as SQL/DS system on the MVS operating system by IBM and the Oracle
DBMS.
▪ Current popular relational DBMS (RDBMSs)include DB2 and Informix Dynamic Server(from
IBM),Oracle and Rdb (from Oracle) and SQL server and Access(from Microsoft).
7
8. Relation Terminologies
8
• Attribute: Each column in a Table. Attributes are the properties which define a relation.
• Tables – In the Relational model the, relations are saved in the table format. It is stored along with its entities. A
table has two properties rows and columns. Rows represent records and columns represent attributes.
• Tuple – It is nothing but a single row of a table, which contains a single record.
• Relation Schema: A relation schema represents the name of the relation with its attributes.
• Degree: The total number of attributes which in the relation is called the degree of the relation.
• Cardinality: Total number of rows present in the Table.
• Column: The column represents the set of values for a specific attribute.
• Relation instance – Relation instance is a finite set of tuples in the RDBMS system. Relation instances never have
duplicate tuples.
• Relation key - Every row has one, two or multiple attributes, which is called relation key.
• Attribute domain – Every attribute has some pre-defined value and scope which is known as attribute domain
10. Objectives
• To allow a high degree of data independence.
• To provide considerable grounds for dealing with data semantics, reliability, and
redundancy problems. Codd's theory for the relational model introduced the
concept of normalized relations, where relations that have no repeating groups and
the process is called normalization.
• To allow the expansion of set-oriented data manipulation languages.
10
11. Advantages
▪ Simplicity: A relational data model is simpler than the hierarchical and network
model.
▪ Structural Independence: The relational database is only concerned with data
and not with a structure. This can improve the performance of the model.
▪ Easy to use: The relational model is easy as tables consisting of rows and
columns is quite natural and simple to understand
▪ Query capability: It makes possible for a high-level query language like SQL to
avoid complex database navigation.
▪ Data independence: The structure of a database can be changed without having
to change any application.
▪ Scalable: Regarding a number of records, or rows, and the number of fields, a
database should be enlarged to enhance its usability.
11
12. Disadvantages
▪ Few relational databases have limits on field lengths which can't
be exceeded.
▪ Relational databases can sometimes become complex as the
amount of data grows, and the relations between pieces of data
become more complicated.
▪ Complex relational database systems may lead to isolated
databases where the information cannot be shared from one
system to another.
12
13. Keys
• A relation key is an attribute which can uniquely identify a particular
tuple(row) in a relation(table).
• It allow you to find the relation between two tables. Keys help you uniquely
identify a row in a table by a combination of one or more columns in that table.
Why we need a key?
▪ Keys help you to identify any row of data in a table. In a real-world application, a
table could contain thousands of records. Moreover, the records could be
duplicated. Keys ensure that you can uniquely identify a table record despite
these challenges.
▪ Allows you to establish a relationship between and identify the relation between
tables
▪ Help you to enforce identity and integrity in the relationship
13
14. Various keys
• DBMS has following types of Keys each have their different
functionality:
• Super Key
• Primary Key
• Natural /Domain/ Business Key
• Candidate Key
• Alternate Key(secondary Key)
• Foreign Key
• Compound Key
• Composite Key
• Surrogate Key(Artificial Key)
• Simple key
• Non -key Attribute
• Non-prime Attribute 14
15. Super key
• A super key is a group of single or multiple keys which identifies rows
in a table.
• A Super key may have additional attributes that are not needed for
unique identification.
15
16. Primary Key
▪ A column or group of columns in a table which helps us to uniquely identifies
every row in that table is called a primary key. This DBMS can't be a duplicate.
The same value can't appear more than once in the table.
Rules for defining Primary key:
▪ Two rows can't have the same primary key value
▪ It must for every row to have a primary key value.
▪ The primary key field cannot be null.
▪ The value in a primary key column can never be modified or updated if any
foreign key refers to that primary key.
16
17. Candidate Key
• A super key with no repeated attribute is called candidate key.
• The Primary key should be selected from the candidate keys. Every table must
have at least a single candidate key.
Properties of Candidate key:
• It must contain unique values
• Candidate key may have multiple attributes
• Must not contain null values
• It should contain minimum fields to ensure uniqueness
• Uniquely identify each record in a table
17
18. Alternate key
• All the keys which are not primary key are called an alternate key.
• It is a candidate key which is currently not the primary key. However, A table
may have single or multiple choices for the primary key.
18
19. Foreign Key
• A foreign key is a column which is added to create a relationship with another table.
• Foreign keys help us to maintain data integrity and also allows navigation between
two different instances of an entity. Every relationship in the model needs to be
supported by a foreign key.
19
20. Compound key
▪ Compound key has many fields which allow you to uniquely recognize a specific record.
▪ It is possible that each column may be not unique by itself within the database. However, when
combined with the other column or columns the combination of composite keys become unique.
▪ In this example, Order No and Product ID can't be a primary key as it does not uniquely identify a
record. However, a compound key of Order ID and Product ID could be used as it uniquely
identified each record
20
Order No. PorductID Product
Name
Quantity
B005 JAP102459 Mouse 5
B005 DKT321573 USB 10
B005 OMG446789 LCD Monitor 20
B004 DKT321573 USB 15
B002 OMG446789 Laser Printer 3
21. Surrogate Key
• An artificial key which aims to uniquely identify each record is called a surrogate key.
• These kind of key are unique because they are created when you don't have any natural primary
key.
• They do not lend any meaning to the data in the table. Surrogate key is usually an integer.
• Surrogate keys are allowed when
• No property has the parameter of the primary key.
• In the table when the primary key is too big or complicated
21
Fname Lastname Start Time End Time
Anne Smith 09:00 18:00
Jack Francis 08:00 17:00
Anna McLean 11:00 20:00
Shown Willam 14:00 23:00
(Artificial key)
22. Composite key
• Key that consists of two or more attributes that uniquely identify any record in a
table is called Composite key.
• But the attributes which together form the Composite key are not a key
independently or individually.
• The composite key may or may not a part of the foreign key
22
23. Some more keys…
• Non-key attribute
The attribute excluding the candidate key.
• Non-prime attribute
Excluding primary attributes in a table .
• Simple Key
• Simple key is a single cell to specially identify a record
• The single cell cannot be divided into more cells.
• Primary key is a super set of simple key.
e.g.-student id is a single field because no other
Student will have same id. Therefore , it is a simple
key.
23
24. Some Questions
1.Statement 1: A tuple is a row in a relation
Statement 2: Existence of multiple foreign keys in a same relation is possible
a) Both the statements are true
b) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is false
c) Statement 1 is false but Statement 2 is correct
d) Both the statements are false
2.What is an Instance of a Database?
a) The logical design of the database system
b) The entire set of attributes of the Database put together in a single relation
c) The state of the database system at any given point of time
d) The initial values inserted into the Database immediately after its creation
24
25. Answers
1.Explanation: A tuple is a row is a relation. There can exist multiple
foreign keys in the same relation because there can exist multiple
attributes in the relation that are primary keys in two or more other
relations.
2.Explanation: The state of the database system at any given point of
time is called as an Instance of the database.
25
26. 26
RRReferences
•Database System Concepts, -Silberschatz-Korth-Sudarshan
• Fourth Edition
•Fundamentals of Database System, -Elmasri-Navathe
• Sixth Edition
•www.tutorialpoint.com Accessed on 14th April’19
•