Day 6 beyond mendel
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Epitasis involves two or more alleles affecting a phenotype where one set of alleles will mask the other trait, while polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a phenotype. Two sex-linked disorders fathers can transmit to daughters but not sons are hemophilia and colorblindness.
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Chapter 5 section 1 notes
This document discusses heredity and genetics. It explains that genes on chromosomes control traits that are passed from parents to offspring. The study of how traits are inherited is called genetics. Gregor Mendel was the first to use mathematics to explain heredity and track traits over generations. He discovered that traits can be dominant or recessive. A Punnett square can predict an offspring's traits based on the parents' alleles. Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes how it looks and behaves based on its genes.
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The document discusses several concepts in Mendelian genetics including independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits. Independent assortment refers to the independent segregation of genes during gamete formation, allowing for genetic variations. In addition to simple dominance, other inheritance patterns exist such as incomplete dominance where alleles incompletely dominate each other, and codominance where both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Multiple alleles and polygenic traits involve more than two alleles or genes controlling a trait.
Genetics
This document summarizes several genetics concepts including incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, environmental impacts, mutations, recessive genetic disorders, sex determination, and sex-linked disorders. Incomplete dominance is when neither allele is dominant, resulting in an intermediate phenotype. Multiple alleles control traits through more than two alleles producing more than three phenotypes, such as the four blood types. Polygenic inheritance occurs when multiple gene pairs act together to influence complex traits over a wide range.
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Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, is considered the father of genetics for his experiments breeding pea plants in the mid-1800s. Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units he called factors, now known as genes. His work established the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment, which became the foundation of classical genetics.
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This document summarizes research on the genetics of age-related hearing impairment (ARHI). It discusses several key studies that investigated the heritability and genetic factors involved in ARHI. The first study examined ARHI in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, finding both genetic and environmental factors play a role that increases with age. Another study of families in the Framingham Heart Study found genetic factors account for 25-55% of ARHI variability and identified stronger correlations between female relatives. Genome linkage analyses identified potential loci on chromosomes 10, 11, and 14. A landmark mouse study demonstrated ARHI is caused by recessive genes and identified three distinct genes in different mouse strains. Further research isolated one gene to chromosome 10
Types of Inheritance
This document discusses various modes of genetic inheritance including single gene (Mendelian) inheritance, multifactorial inheritance, and mitochondrial inheritance. It defines different types of single gene inheritance such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and codominance. Examples are provided for each type of inheritance pattern. The document also discusses polygenic inheritance which involves multiple genes influencing a trait and multifactorial inheritance where both genetic and environmental factors contribute to a condition.
Pedigree analysis
Pedigrees are diagrams used to visualize family relationships and genetic inheritance patterns. They use symbols to represent individuals and lines to show genetic relationships. Pedigrees allow doctors to determine if a disease runs in families and what type of inheritance it follows, such as dominant, recessive, or X-linked. Traits are determined to be dominant or recessive based on patterns observed in the pedigree, such as whether affected individuals always have an affected parent for dominant traits. Pedigrees are a key tool for genetic analysis of diseases and determining recurrence risks.
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Dominant and recessive describe inheritance patterns of traits. Dominant alleles will produce their associated phenotype if an individual has one copy, which can come from just one parent. For recessive phenotypes both copies, one from each parent, must have the recessive allele. If an individual has one dominant and one recessive allele, they will show the dominant phenotype and are considered carriers of the recessive allele.
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Chapter 5 section 1 notes
This document discusses heredity and genetics. It explains that genes on chromosomes control traits that are passed from parents to offspring. The study of how traits are inherited is called genetics. Gregor Mendel was the first to use mathematics to explain heredity and track traits over generations. He discovered that traits can be dominant or recessive. A Punnett square can predict an offspring's traits based on the parents' alleles. Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes how it looks and behaves based on its genes.
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The document discusses several concepts in Mendelian genetics including independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits. Independent assortment refers to the independent segregation of genes during gamete formation, allowing for genetic variations. In addition to simple dominance, other inheritance patterns exist such as incomplete dominance where alleles incompletely dominate each other, and codominance where both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Multiple alleles and polygenic traits involve more than two alleles or genes controlling a trait.
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This document summarizes several genetics concepts including incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, environmental impacts, mutations, recessive genetic disorders, sex determination, and sex-linked disorders. Incomplete dominance is when neither allele is dominant, resulting in an intermediate phenotype. Multiple alleles control traits through more than two alleles producing more than three phenotypes, such as the four blood types. Polygenic inheritance occurs when multiple gene pairs act together to influence complex traits over a wide range.
Genetics power point
Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, is considered the father of genetics for his experiments breeding pea plants in the mid-1800s. Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units he called factors, now known as genes. His work established the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment, which became the foundation of classical genetics.
Age Related Hearing Impairment & Genetics
This document summarizes research on the genetics of age-related hearing impairment (ARHI). It discusses several key studies that investigated the heritability and genetic factors involved in ARHI. The first study examined ARHI in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, finding both genetic and environmental factors play a role that increases with age. Another study of families in the Framingham Heart Study found genetic factors account for 25-55% of ARHI variability and identified stronger correlations between female relatives. Genome linkage analyses identified potential loci on chromosomes 10, 11, and 14. A landmark mouse study demonstrated ARHI is caused by recessive genes and identified three distinct genes in different mouse strains. Further research isolated one gene to chromosome 10
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This document discusses various modes of genetic inheritance including single gene (Mendelian) inheritance, multifactorial inheritance, and mitochondrial inheritance. It defines different types of single gene inheritance such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and codominance. Examples are provided for each type of inheritance pattern. The document also discusses polygenic inheritance which involves multiple genes influencing a trait and multifactorial inheritance where both genetic and environmental factors contribute to a condition.
Pedigree analysis
Pedigrees are diagrams used to visualize family relationships and genetic inheritance patterns. They use symbols to represent individuals and lines to show genetic relationships. Pedigrees allow doctors to determine if a disease runs in families and what type of inheritance it follows, such as dominant, recessive, or X-linked. Traits are determined to be dominant or recessive based on patterns observed in the pedigree, such as whether affected individuals always have an affected parent for dominant traits. Pedigrees are a key tool for genetic analysis of diseases and determining recurrence risks.
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Dominant and recessive describe inheritance patterns of traits. Dominant alleles will produce their associated phenotype if an individual has one copy, which can come from just one parent. For recessive phenotypes both copies, one from each parent, must have the recessive allele. If an individual has one dominant and one recessive allele, they will show the dominant phenotype and are considered carriers of the recessive allele.
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This document contains multiple genetics questions about inheritance patterns in humans and other organisms. It asks the reader to determine expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios from given crosses, identify parental genotypes, and assign alleles to explain observed inheritance patterns. It also contains basic questions about genetics concepts like the number of chromosomes per cell and the definition of a gene.
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This document introduces genetics concepts discovered by Gregor Mendel, including:
1) Genes determine inheritance and are passed from parents to offspring. Genes exist in variants called alleles that can be dominant or recessive.
2) When organisms reproduce sexually, each parent contributes one of each gene which segregate into gametes independently.
3) Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed dominant traits fully expressed in the F1 generation but segregated in a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F2 due to independent assortment of alleles.
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This document discusses deviations from Mendelian genetics principles, including codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, lethal alleles, sex-linked traits, sex-limited traits, sex-influenced traits, penetrance, and expressivity. It provides examples for each concept and explains Mendel's original laws of segregation, independent assortment and dominance.
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2. In incomplete dominance, the phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous parents. Multiple alleles produce more than three phenotypes for a trait.
3. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple gene pairs acting together, producing a wide variety of phenotypes like human height.
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This document summarizes five types of inheritance:
1) Autosomal dominant traits are expressed when only one copy of the mutant allele is present and there is a 50% chance of passing the trait to offspring.
2) Autosomal recessive traits require two copies of the mutant allele and there is a 25% chance offspring will be affected.
3) X-linked recessive traits always affect males and rarely females; they are passed from mother to daughter but not father to son.
4) X-linked dominant traits are expressed when only one copy is present and have a pattern of transmission similar to X-linked recessive traits.
5) Mitochondrial/maternal inheritance means traits are passed only
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Genetic traits
The document summarizes various genetic traits and what is known about their heritability. For traits like earlobe attachment, thumb extension, tongue rolling, dimples, and freckles, some scientists have reported they are due to a single dominant gene, while others note multiple genes may be involved. Handedness and hair curl have been linked to single or multiple genes. Allergies have a genetic component and risk increases with an allergic parent or parents. Views on hand clasping and colorblindness also provide insight into their genetic basis.
Polygene and its inheritance
This document discusses polygenic inheritance, which is when multiple non-allelic genes contribute to a quantitative trait, rather than a single gene. It provides examples of polygenic traits like human skin color, wheat kernel color, and human height. The document also outlines the history of discoveries around polygenic inheritance and compares characteristics of polygenic vs monogenic inheritance, noting that polygenic traits show continuous variation, environmental influence, and numerous intermediate phenotypes.
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This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding genetics and behavior. It provides information on behavioral genetics and twin studies which aim to determine the extent to which personality traits and behaviors are influenced by genetics versus environment. Twin studies compare identical twins, who share 100% of genes, to fraternal twins and non-twins to see how similar their traits are. Results show traits like extroversion have a strong genetic influence, while environment also impacts trait development within one's natural range. Overall, both nature and nurture interact to shape human behavior.
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A pedigree chart shows a record of a family's history with a genetic condition by mapping transmissions across generations. It uses symbols to represent individuals and their affected status, organized into generations to study patterns of inheritance. Genetic counselors use pedigree charts to help determine how a disease is distributed in an affected family, as they offer an ethical way to study human genetics alternatives to experimental breeding.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses patterns of inheritance and genetics terminology. It defines key terms like allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive traits. It explains Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares. It also discusses exceptions to Mendel's laws like incomplete dominance and codominance. Finally, it covers sex-linked inheritance and examples of X-linked disorders.
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1) Genes determine inheritance and are passed from parents to offspring. Genes exist in variants called alleles that can be dominant or recessive.
2) When organisms reproduce sexually, each parent contributes one of each gene which segregate into gametes independently.
3) Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed dominant traits fully expressed in the F1 generation but segregated in a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F2 due to independent assortment of alleles.
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This document discusses deviations from Mendelian genetics principles, including codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, lethal alleles, sex-linked traits, sex-limited traits, sex-influenced traits, penetrance, and expressivity. It provides examples for each concept and explains Mendel's original laws of segregation, independent assortment and dominance.
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2. In incomplete dominance, the phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous parents. Multiple alleles produce more than three phenotypes for a trait.
3. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple gene pairs acting together, producing a wide variety of phenotypes like human height.
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The document discusses a rare genetic disease called adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). ALD is caused by an abnormal buildup of fatty acids in the central nervous system, which damages myelin and causes neurological problems. It is an X-linked recessive disease that often leads to death. ALD affects males almost exclusively and a carrier mother has a 25% chance of passing the disease to a son.
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This document summarizes five types of inheritance:
1) Autosomal dominant traits are expressed when only one copy of the mutant allele is present and there is a 50% chance of passing the trait to offspring.
2) Autosomal recessive traits require two copies of the mutant allele and there is a 25% chance offspring will be affected.
3) X-linked recessive traits always affect males and rarely females; they are passed from mother to daughter but not father to son.
4) X-linked dominant traits are expressed when only one copy is present and have a pattern of transmission similar to X-linked recessive traits.
5) Mitochondrial/maternal inheritance means traits are passed only
2. cardenas introduction
Multifactorial inheritance is caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes. Common chronic diseases like high blood pressure are often multifactorial, with genetic and environmental components both playing a role. While some genes may increase susceptibility, no single gene determines these conditions. They can occur in people with or without affected family members, and concordance rates in twins do not follow Mendelian patterns.
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This document discusses genetic disorders and their patterns of inheritance. It covers chromosomal disorders, single gene disorders, multifactorial inheritance, and mitochondrial disorders. Specific genetic disorders discussed in detail include Huntington's disease, Marfan syndrome, cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, and their inheritance patterns (e.g. autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive). Clinical features, investigations, management, and treatment options are provided for each disorder.
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The document discusses different patterns of inheritance for single gene disorders:
- Autosomal dominant disorders are expressed when only one copy of the abnormal gene is present and there is a 50% chance of passing it to offspring. Examples include Huntington's disease.
- Autosomal recessive disorders require two copies of the abnormal gene to be expressed and carriers can be unaffected. Examples include many inborn errors of metabolism.
- X-linked disorders are sex-linked, with recessive disorders mostly affecting males and dominant disorders affecting females. Examples include G6PD deficiency and vitamin D-resistant rickets.
Twinztastic
The document discusses different types of twins and provides statistics and information about twins. It notes that identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits, while fraternal twins come from two separate eggs or sperm. Identical twins are genetically identical, while fraternal twins are as genetically similar as normal siblings. The document also discusses myths and misconceptions about twins, such as the possibility of telepathy or a shared soul between identical twins.
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The document summarizes various genetic traits and what is known about their heritability. For traits like earlobe attachment, thumb extension, tongue rolling, dimples, and freckles, some scientists have reported they are due to a single dominant gene, while others note multiple genes may be involved. Handedness and hair curl have been linked to single or multiple genes. Allergies have a genetic component and risk increases with an allergic parent or parents. Views on hand clasping and colorblindness also provide insight into their genetic basis.
Polygene and its inheritance
This document discusses polygenic inheritance, which is when multiple non-allelic genes contribute to a quantitative trait, rather than a single gene. It provides examples of polygenic traits like human skin color, wheat kernel color, and human height. The document also outlines the history of discoveries around polygenic inheritance and compares characteristics of polygenic vs monogenic inheritance, noting that polygenic traits show continuous variation, environmental influence, and numerous intermediate phenotypes.
Genetics & Behavior
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding genetics and behavior. It provides information on behavioral genetics and twin studies which aim to determine the extent to which personality traits and behaviors are influenced by genetics versus environment. Twin studies compare identical twins, who share 100% of genes, to fraternal twins and non-twins to see how similar their traits are. Results show traits like extroversion have a strong genetic influence, while environment also impacts trait development within one's natural range. Overall, both nature and nurture interact to shape human behavior.
4-Genetics AHL - polygene (by Peter)
Polygenic inheritance refers to a characteristic controlled by multiple genes. It results in continuous variations in phenotypes rather than discrete traits. For example, human skin color is determined by the concentration of melanin, which is influenced by four separate genes with different alleles, leading to a wide range of skin tones. Another example of polygenic inheritance producing continuous variation is wheat color, which is influenced by multiple genes.
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This document provides information about genetics and inheritance. It discusses genes, chromosomes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Specific genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease are described. The document also covers sex determination, genetic testing, gene therapy, cloning, and stem cells.
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A pedigree chart shows a record of a family's history with a genetic condition by mapping transmissions across generations. It uses symbols to represent individuals and their affected status, organized into generations to study patterns of inheritance. Genetic counselors use pedigree charts to help determine how a disease is distributed in an affected family, as they offer an ethical way to study human genetics alternatives to experimental breeding.
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This document discusses patterns of inheritance and genetics terminology. It defines key terms like allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive traits. It explains Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares. It also discusses exceptions to Mendel's laws like incomplete dominance and codominance. Finally, it covers sex-linked inheritance and examples of X-linked disorders.
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The document discusses blood types and inheritance patterns. It notes that the ABO blood group has 3 alleles - A, B, and O. People have 2 alleles that determine their blood type. Type A has the A allele, Type B the B allele, Type AB both A and B alleles, and Type O has 2 O alleles. The document provides examples of determining blood types of children from parental blood types using Punnett squares. It also includes a blood type compatibility chart for transfusions.
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03 pedigree charts
Pedigree charts are used to determine the inheritance of traits by analyzing family medical histories and records since experimental crosses cannot be done with humans. The charts use symbols to represent individuals and their traits, generations, and relationships. By completing a pedigree chart, genetic diseases can be traced to where they came from in a family tree to help determine if a trait is inherited autosomal recessively, dominantly, X-linked, or Y-linked.
Sex – linked inheritance
Sex-linked disorders involve genes located on the X or Y chromosome. They are more commonly expressed in males because males only have one X chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes providing a backup gene that may counteract a recessive gene. Some examples of sex-linked disorders are color blindness and hemophilia, which are caused by recessive gene mutations on the X chromosome and predominantly affect males who have no second X chromosome to compensate.
Pedigree charts
A pedigree is a chart that depicts a family's genetic history over multiple generations. It is used by scientists and genetic counselors to analyze patterns of inheritance for genetic traits or disorders. A pedigree shows relationships between family members and can indicate whether a disorder is autosomal or sex-linked based on who is affected. It can also reveal if a trait is dominant or recessive based on whether the disorder appears in every generation or can skip generations.
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Gregor Mendel's work in the 1860s laid the foundation for understanding inheritance of traits. Later, Francis Crick, James Watson, and Rosalind Franklin discovered the structure of DNA. This led to understanding how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring. Many genetic disorders result from mutations in DNA, including Down syndrome from an extra chromosome 21, Klinefelter syndrome from an extra X chromosome, and Turner syndrome from a missing X chromosome. Other genetic disorders discussed include sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, Huntington's disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), and ALS. Both dominant and recessive inheritance patterns were
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A pedigree is a chart that shows the genetic history of a family over multiple generations. It is constructed by a genetic counselor or scientist based on a family's medical history. Pedigrees use symbols to represent individuals and their relationships and health status. Interpreting a pedigree can determine if a condition is autosomal or X-linked based on if it mainly affects males, and if it is dominant or recessive based on whether both parents need to carry the gene. Pedigrees are an analysis tool used to assess disease risk within a family.
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Ohm's law
This document discusses resistance and Ohm's Law. It describes the key parts of Ohm's Law including volts, amps, and resistance. It also explains how to calculate an unknown value using two known values and Ohm's Law. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating current and resistance using Ohm's Law. The document also discusses how resistance affects current and electric shock, and provides examples of calculating current through the body at different resistances and voltages.
Static electricity and electrical currants
This document defines static electricity and current electricity. It explains that static electricity is caused by an imbalance of electric charges, usually through rubbing materials together, while current electricity involves the controlled flow of electrons. It distinguishes conductors that allow electron flow from insulators that do not, and describes how static charges build up and arc in lightning.
Acid bases and nuclear review sheet
This document covers acids and bases, including definitions, properties, examples and the pH scale. It also discusses acid rain, its effects and causes. For radioactivity, it defines different types and compares the strong force to the electric force in alpha and beta equations. It explains transmutation, half-life, fission and chain reactions. Additionally, it outlines nuclear power plants, how they create electricity from fission, reasons for past meltdowns and pros and cons of nuclear power. Finally, it addresses the big bang theory, evidence supporting it, the potential end of the universe, star formation, star types and life cycles.
Chemical reactions
This document discusses chemical equations and reactions. It explains that chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions, and that they consist of reactants on the left side of the arrow yielding products on the right. It also describes how to balance chemical equations by adjusting coefficients so that the same number of each type of atom is on both sides of the equation. Balancing chemical equations ensures conservation of mass during chemical reactions.
Naming and writing compounds and molecules
This document provides instructions for writing formulas and naming ionic compounds, covalent molecules, and polyatomic ions. It explains that for ionic compounds, you write the symbols of the ions and use the crossover method to determine subscripts before naming the compound by writing the cation name followed by the anion name with "ide." For covalent molecules, Greek prefixes indicate subscripts and the name is written by specifying each element followed by the number of atoms. Polyatomic ions are also named and included in ionic compounds by looking up their formula and charge. Examples and practice problems are provided to demonstrate the process.
Bonding practice
1) The document provides instructions for drawing Lewis structures to show ionic and covalent bonding between various elements. Students are asked to draw Lewis structures for pairs of elements, and indicate electron transfers or sharing to write chemical formulas. 2) For ionic bonds, students should draw Lewis structures, arrows to show electron transfer, charges for each ion, and chemical formulas. 3) For covalent bonds, the instructions are to draw Lewis structures, circles around shared electrons, bond structures, and chemical formulas.
Atomic spectrum
The document discusses atomic spectra and the Bohr model. It explains that atoms can absorb and emit light at specific frequencies, and this atomic spectrum acts as a fingerprint that can be used to identify elements. The Bohr model describes electrons occupying different energy shells around the nucleus, and electrons absorbing and emitting energy by jumping between shells and releasing light. The document also briefly mentions flame tests and spectroscopes as methods to observe atomic spectra.
Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a notable British physicist and chemist who made seminal contributions to the development of the modern atomic model. Through his gold foil experiment in 1911, Rutherford was able to formulate the Rutherford model of the atom, which established that atoms have a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by low-mass electrons. For this breakthrough discovery, Rutherford received numerous honors including the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. His work fundamentally changed scientific understanding of atomic structure.
Meinter
Lise Meitner was an Austrian/German physicist born in 1878 who made significant contributions to nuclear physics. She received her doctorate in 1905 as the second woman to earn a PhD from the University of Vienna. In 1938, Meitner, Otto Hahn, and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission when bombarding uranium with neutrons. This splitting of uranium atoms led to additional neutrons and the potential for an explosive chain reaction. Sadly, her discovery was later used in 1945 for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Meitner received several honors for her work, including the Max Planck medal in 1949.
Gell mann
Murray Gell-Mann was born in 1929 and is still living. He graduated valedictorian from Columbia Grammar School and attended Yale University at age 15. Gell-Mann won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1964, he discovered the quark, which makes up protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Quarks have never been isolated due to their small size of 10-15 mm. Gell-Mann is also interested in activities like bird watching and collecting antiques.
Democritus
Democritus was a Greek philosopher born around 460-457 BC in Abdera, Thrace. He developed the first atomic theory, proposing that all matter is made up of indivisible atoms moving through empty space. Democritus believed that atoms were the fundamental building blocks of the natural world and that their behavior determined natural phenomena. He and his mentor Leucippus are considered the founders of atomic theory. Democritus was highly respected in his lifetime for making discoveries and predictions that were later proven true.
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Day 6 beyond mendel
- 1. Biology Opener January 28, 2013 Compare and contrast epitasis and polygenic inheritance. Name 2 sex-linked disorders that fathers transmit to daughters but not to sons.
- 2. Two or more alleles affect a phenotype; epistasis one set of alleles will mask the other trait Hemophilia, colorblindness, baldness