The document discusses data processing and analysis. It defines data processing as collecting, organizing, and analyzing raw data to extract meaningful information. Key aspects of data processing include data preparation, conversion of raw data into useful information, and outputting results through reports, graphs, and diagrams. Common data processing methods are manual, electronic, and hybrid. The document also outlines steps in data analysis such as compilation, editing, coding, classification, and tabulation. It describes descriptive and inferential statistics used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data. Finally, it discusses various charts, diagrams, tables, and graphs used to visually present analyzed data.
Introduction to Statistics -
Sampling Techniques, Types of Statistics, Descriptive Statistics,
Inferential Statistics,
Variables and Types of Data: Qualitative, Quantitative, Discrete,
Continuous, Organizing and Graphing Data: Qualitative Data, Quantitative Data
Introduction to Statistics -
Sampling Techniques, Types of Statistics, Descriptive Statistics,
Inferential Statistics,
Variables and Types of Data: Qualitative, Quantitative, Discrete,
Continuous, Organizing and Graphing Data: Qualitative Data, Quantitative Data
The use of data visualization to tell effectivegentlemoro
Data usually represents unprocessed numbers, pictures or statements; information is typically the result of analyzing or processing the data. Data are usually collected in a raw format and thus the inherent information is difficult to understand. Therefore, raw data need to be summarized, processed and analyzed. These days, data are often summarized, organized, and analyzed with statistical packages or graphics software. Data must be prepared in such a way they are properly recognized by the program being used.No matter how well manipulated, the information derived from the raw data should be presented in an effective format, otherwise, it would be a great loss for both authors and readers.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
The use of data visualization to tell effectivegentlemoro
Data usually represents unprocessed numbers, pictures or statements; information is typically the result of analyzing or processing the data. Data are usually collected in a raw format and thus the inherent information is difficult to understand. Therefore, raw data need to be summarized, processed and analyzed. These days, data are often summarized, organized, and analyzed with statistical packages or graphics software. Data must be prepared in such a way they are properly recognized by the program being used.No matter how well manipulated, the information derived from the raw data should be presented in an effective format, otherwise, it would be a great loss for both authors and readers.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
Enhanced Enterprise Intelligence with your personal AI Data Copilot.pdfGetInData
Recently we have observed the rise of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) that are community-driven or developed by the AI market leaders, such as Meta (Llama3), Databricks (DBRX) and Snowflake (Arctic). On the other hand, there is a growth in interest in specialized, carefully fine-tuned yet relatively small models that can efficiently assist programmers in day-to-day tasks. Finally, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have gained a lot of traction as the preferred approach for LLMs context and prompt augmentation for building conversational SQL data copilots, code copilots and chatbots.
In this presentation, we will show how we built upon these three concepts a robust Data Copilot that can help to democratize access to company data assets and boost performance of everyone working with data platforms.
Why do we need yet another (open-source ) Copilot?
How can we build one?
Architecture and evaluation
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
Unleashing the Power of Data_ Choosing a Trusted Analytics Platform.pdfEnterprise Wired
In this guide, we'll explore the key considerations and features to look for when choosing a Trusted analytics platform that meets your organization's needs and delivers actionable intelligence you can trust.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
2. The process of producing meaningful information by
collecting all items of data together and systematically
analyzed on them to extract the required information
about them.
Data preparation (cleaning & organizing data for
analysis) involves logging or checking the data in,
checking the data for correctness, entering data into the
computer, transforming the data and documenting as
well as developing a database structure to integrate
different measures.
Data processing is to convert raw data into meaningful
information that improves current situation resolutions
and existing problems.
The data processing is output often takes several forms
such as reports, graphs, and diagrams that make the
data easier to understand and analyze.
data processing can be done by these three methods
1. Manual data processing (by hand)
3. Data analysis process includes the following four
steps:
1. Compilation: Compilation process includes
gathering together all the collected data in a
manner that a process of analysis can be initiated.
While compiling the data, care is to be taken to
arrange all the data in an order so that editing and
coding process can be implemented with ease.
2. Editing : Editing implies the checking of the
gathered data for accuracy, utility and
completeness. If the raw data are erroneous or
inconsistent, these deficiencies will be carried
through all subsequent stages of processing and
will greatly distort the result of any enquiry. So the
editor or project director must see that none of the
4. 3. Coding : coding is important for analysis as
numerous replies can be reduced to a small number
of classes through coding. The original data are
transformed into symbols compatible with manual or
computer assisted analysis. Coding can be carried
out before or after the actual data are collected.
Code is an abbreviation, a symbol, a number, or an
alphabet, which is assigned by the investigator to
every schedule item and response category.
4. Classification : The classification of data is
necessary, as many investigators result in large
volumes of raw data which must be reduced to
homogenous groups. In the process of
classification, we divide and arrange the entire data
into different categories, groups, or classes on the
basis of common characteristics. Like geographical
classification, chronological classification, qualitative
( gender, religion), quantitative ( ht eeight, income,
5. 5. Tabulation : It is the recording of the classified
data in accurate mathematical terms, for
example, marking and counting the frequency
tallied. The arrangement of the assembled data
has to be done in concise and logical order. The
tabulation can be done by using simple table or
complex table.
7. Data analysis means the categorized ordering,
manipulating and summarizing the data to obtain
an answer to the investigation question.”
Analysis of quantitative data deals with
information collected during investigation, which
can be quantified and statistical calculations can
be computed.
Analysis of qualitative data is a time consuming,
detail oriented, and seemingly overwhelming task
that provides ways of discerning, examining,
comparing and interpreting meaningful patterns of
themes. It provides the narrative information into
a coherent scheme.
8. Methods of data analysis
1. Descriptive or Summary Statistics ( describing the
data)
2. Inferential statistics
1. Descriptive statistics
- It is used to describe the basic features of a collection
of data in quantitative terms.
- Descriptive statistics is used to organize and
summarize the data to draw meaningful interpretations.
- Descriptive data is used to describe the basic features
of data and to provide simple summaries about the
sample and the measures used in a study.
- Percentages, means of central tendency (mean,
median, mode), and means of dispersion (Standard
deviation, range, and mean deviation) are the examples
9. 2. Inferential Statistics
- It is concerned with populations and used sample
data to make an inference about the population or
to test the hypotheses considered at the
beginning if the investigation.
- it is a conclusion or judgment based on evidence.
Statistical inference are made cautiously and with
great care.
- it helps in drawing inferences from the data, for
example finding the differences, relationship and
association between two or more variables.
- The most commonly used inferential statistical
test are Z- test, t- test, ANOVA, chi- square tests,
etc.
10. S.N TEST NAME SIGNIFICANCE
1. T-TEST
(PAIRED )
T-TEST
(UNPAIRED)
It is used to compare tow quantitative
measurements taken from the same
group
It is used to compare means between
two distinct/ independent groups.
2. Z-TEST - It is used to compare means between
two distinct/ independent groups
3. ANOVA TEST - It is used to compare means between
three or more distinct/ independent
groups but may be used for more than
two repeat measures of same group.
4. Chi- Square
Test
- It is used to find out the association
between two nominal or ordinal sets of
data/ variables.
12. TABLES
Frequency distribution table
Contingency table
Multiple response table
Miscellaneous table
DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS
BAR DIAGRAM
PIA DIAGRAM/SECTOR DIAGRAM
HISTOGRAM FREQUENCY POLYGON
CUMULATIVE FREQUECY CURVE
SCATTERED OR DOTTED DIAGRAMS
PICTOGRAMS
MAP DIAGRAM OR SPOT MAP
13. TABLES
Table present data in a concise, systematic manner from
masses of statistical data
Tabulation means a systematic presentation of
information contained in the data in rows and columns in
accordance with some common features and
characteristics.
Rows are horizontal and columns are vertical
arrangements.
Parts of tables
Table number
Title
Head notes
Captions and stubs
Body of table
Footnotes
Source note
14. 1. Frequency distribution table
- These tables present the frequency and
percentage distribution of the information
collected, where an attribute is grouped into
number of classes, which may vary between
three and eight.
15. 2. Contingency table
- Tables that report the frequency distribution of
two nominal variables simultaneously and that
include the totals are known as contingency
tables.
- The categories considered should be mutually
exclusive as well as exhaustive ( observations
cannot be beyond these categories).
16. 3. Multiple response table
- When classification of the cases is done into
categories that are neither exclusive nor
exhaustive, then it is called a multiple-response
table.
- A patient can have two or more complaints, but
only the major ones may be listed. In such cases,
the sum total of frequencies would exceed the
total number of subjects and may lead to
confusion.
- Therefore, the total no. of subjects in case of
multiple responses is given as base and from this
percentages can be calculated.
17. GRAPHICAL PRESENTTAION OF
DATA
1. BAR DIAGRAM
- It is convenient graphical device that is particularly
useful for displaying nominal or ordinal data.
- It is an easy method adopted for visual comparison
of the magnitude of different frequencies.
- Length of the bars drawn vertically or horizontally
indicates the frequency of a character.
- The bar charts are called vertical bar charts (or
column charts), if the bars are placed vertically.
When the bars placed horizontally, it is called
horizontal bar charts.
- There are three types of bar diagrams: simple,
multiple and proportion bar diagrams.
18. - Some of the points to be kept in mind while
making a bar diagram are as follows,
- The width of bars should be uniform throughout the
diagram
- The gap between the bars should be uniform
throughout
- Bars may be vertical or horizontal
19.
20.
21. 2. PIA- DIAGRAM/SECTOR DIAGRAM
- It is another useful pictorial device for presenting
discrete data of qualitative characteristics, such as
age groups, genders, and occupational groups in a
population.
- The total area of the circle represents the entire data
under consideration.
- Size of each angle is calculated by multiple class
percentages with 360 degree or following formula
may be used:
= class frequency/ total observation x 360
22.
23. 3. Histogram
- It is the most commonly graphical representation of
grouped frequency distribution.
- Variables characters of the different groups are
indicated on the horizontal line (x-axis) and
frequencies( number of observation) are indicated
on the horizontal line (y-axis).
- Frequency of each group forms a column or
rectangle.
- Such a diagram is called a histogram.
- The area of rectangle is proportional to the
frequency of the correspondence class interval and
the total area of the histogram is proportional to the
total frequency of all the class intervals.
24.
25. 4. Frequency polygon
- It is a curve obtained by joining the middle top
points of the rectangles in a histogram by straight
lines.
- It gives a polygon, that is figure with many angles.
- In this, the two end points of the line drawn are
joined to the horizontal axis at the midpoint of the
empty class-interval at both ends of the frequency
distribution.
- Frequency polygons are simple and sketch an
outline of data pattern more clearly than
histograms.
- On the same axis, one can plot frequency
polygons of several distributions, thereby making
comparisons possible.
26.
27. 5. LINE GRAPHS
- In this variables in the frequency polygon are
depicted by a line. It is mostly used where data is
collected over a long period of time.
- On x-axis, values of independent variables are
taken and values of dependent variables are taken
on y-axis.
- Vertical may not start from zero, but at some point,
from where frequency starts.
- With reference to x-axis, y-axis the given data may
be plotted and these consecutive points or data are
then joined by straight lines.
28.
29. 6. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE / OGIVE
- This graph represents the data of a cumulative
frequency distribution.
- For drawing on this, an ordinary frequency
distribution table is converted into cumulative
frequency table.
- The cumulative frequencies are then plotted
corresponding to the upper limits of the classes.
- The points corresponding to cumulative
frequency at each upper limit of the classes are
joined by a free hand curve.
30.
31. 7. SCATTETED OR DOTTED DIAGRAMS
- It is a graphical presentation that shows the
nature of correlation between two variable
character x and y on the similar features or
characteristics, for example height and weight in
men of 20 years old.
- Therefore, it is also called correlation diagram.
8. PICTOGRAMS OR PICTURE DIAGRAM
- This method is used to impress the frequency of
the occurrence of events to common people,
such as attacks, deaths, numbers of operations,
admissions, accidents, and discharges in a
populations.
-