This document discusses database normalization. It explains that normalization is the process of organizing data fields and tables to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. The key steps in normalization include first normal form, second normal form, and third normal form. First normal form ensures each attribute contains atomic values. Second normal form requires attributes depend on the full primary key. Third normal form removes transitive dependencies on primary keys. The document provides examples of normalization and discusses its advantages in reducing redundancy and improving performance and data accuracy.

2. Database Normalization
Arun .R. Menon
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4. Database Normalization
• What is normalization?
• Need of normalization ?

5. What is normalization?
• Database normalization is the process of
organizing the fields and tables of a relational
database.
• It is a multi-step process that puts data into
tabular form and linking data using relation
tables.

6. Need of normalization ?
• Avoid redundancy.
• Increase performance
• Easy Updating
• Accuracy

7. • Advantages
– Reduce redundancy
– Easy data updation
– Reduce errors
• Disadvantages
– Increase number of tables
– Complexity increases

8. First Normal Form (1NF)
• A relation is said to be in 1NF if ,
all attributes contain atomic values.

9. candidate keys {int_id,vchr_subject_opted}
Primary key {int_id}

10. Second Normal Form(2NF)
• A table is in 2nf if
– It is in 1nf
– Every non prime attribute must dependent on the
the entire primary key.

11. candidate keys {int_id,vchr_subject_opted}
Primary key {int_id}
candidate keys {int_id,vchr_subject_opted}

12. Third Normal Form(3NF)
• A table is in 3NF if
– It is in 2NF
– No attributes is transitively dependent to primary
key

13. Primary key {pk_int_stu_id}
Primary key {pk_int_stu_id}
Primary key {pk_int_zip_id}

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• Student
• Admin
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15. • tbl_user
• tbl_user_role
• tbl_log
• tbl_user_details
• tbl_subject
• tbl_exam
• tbl_question
• tbl_options
• tbl_answer
• tbl_exam_details

16. Tbl_user
Tbl_user_roles
Tbl_log
Tbl_user_details
Tbl_subject

17. tbl_exam
tbl_question
tbl_options
tbl_answer
tbl_exam_details

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