Database normalisation
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The document discusses database normalization. It begins with introductions and defines normalization as removing redundancies from a database to decrease storage needs and improve performance and integrity. It outlines the various normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF and BCNF and provides examples of denormalizing data to satisfy each form through processes like eliminating horizontal redundancies and removing vertical redundancy. The document concludes by discussing balancing normalization with considerations like joins and offers resources for further information.
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It also discusses BCNF, 4NF, 5NF, ONF and DKNF which further refine the normalization process. All normal forms make the data model less prone to modification anomalies.
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The document discusses database normalization and different normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF. The key points are:
- Normalization is the process of organizing data to avoid duplication and anomalies when data is inserted, updated, or deleted.
- First normal form (1NF) requires that each attribute contains atomic values and each table has a primary key.
- Second normal form (2NF) removes subsets of data that apply to multiple rows and places them in separate tables linked through foreign keys.
- Third normal form (3NF) requires that all non-key attributes are dependent on the primary key only, not a non-prime attribute.
- Boy
Lecture 6.pptx
This document provides an overview of database normalization and the different normal forms. It discusses the problems that can arise from redundant data, such as wasted disk space and data inconsistencies. The three normal forms - 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF are explained. The first normal form requires data to be atomic and tables to have a primary key. The second normal form eliminates redundant data by separating it out into new tables linked by foreign keys. The third normal form ensures that no columns depend on other columns. Examples are given of tables that violate each normal form and how they can be normalized.
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The document discusses database normalization. It begins with introductions and defines normalization as removing redundancies from a database to decrease storage needs and improve performance and integrity. It outlines the normal forms of first, second, and third normal form and describes how to satisfy each through techniques like removing horizontal redundancies and vertical redundancy. Examples are provided to demonstrate the normalization process. The benefits of normalization are defined as decreased storage, faster searches, and improved integrity. The document concludes with a discussion of balancing normalization with some de-normalization techniques and solicits any questions.
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Database normalisation
- 1. Database Normalization PHP Quebec 2005 Mike Hillyer – MySQL AB
- 8. Our Table [email_address] 403-555-1111 403-555-1919 Ray Smith [email_address] [email_address] 403-555-1313 403-555-1919 Tom Jensen [email_address] [email_address] 403-555-1919 403-555-1717 Mike Hillyer email2 email1 phone2 phone1 name
- 11. Satisfying 1NF
- 13. Joining Tables
- 14. Our User Table Smith Jensen Hillyer last_name Documentation CPNS Ray Finance CPNS Tom Documentation MySQL Mike department company first_name
- 16. Satisfying 2NF
- 18. Satisfying 3NF
- 19. Finding Balance
- 23. QUESTIONS? Feel free to ask now or find me after this session!
- 24. Book Draw! Stick around and win a book!
Editor's Notes
- Mike Hillyer Technical writer for MySQL AB, MySQL Core and Pro certified. This session has been delivered to the Lethbridge MySQL Group and will also be delivered at the PHP Quebec conference.
- I’m Mike Hillyer from Alberta Canada. Here’s some qualifications for those who are interested.
- Those using another DB are forgiven ;) We’ll be started with a look at the most common model, followed by an introduction on a better approach.
- If you want to follow along, you can find the slides for this presentation at openwin.org, the article this session was based on is at vbmysql.com
- Many new database developers suffer from the ‘spreadsheet syndrome’, creating as few tables as possible, often just a single table. They place dozens of columns in their table, to try and cover every possible piece of data, even though they often leave most columns unfilled for a given row. By contrast database normalization aims to store the smallest amount of info possible in each table, leaving no columns that are filled for just a few of the rows. In fact, in a properly normalized table there should be very few empty(NULL) fields. This is accomplished by restructuring the data into multiple tables, with each table containing a subset of the information.
- And hey, odds are you can change more than one column, and you may have more than a million rows.
- Normal forms above 3NF are mainly for academics, and are not seen very often in the wild.
- Back to original table, our phone columns are redundant, our name field holds more than one piece of info, we have redundant email addresses. And even the cell and pager info is redundant in the sense that they are both phone numbers to reach you at.
- We now have three tables. In our phone table, instead of just having the phone number in a column we split it into country code, number, and extension. If we were really ambitious we could even split off the area code, but it depends on what you need to do with the data. Each table has a primary key so that each row can be uniquely identified. The email and phone tables have ID primary keys, and the user also has a user_id. I’ll talk about how to associate these tables next.
- Before we relate these tables, lets look at the different types of relationships that exist: In our case, the email table can just contain the user_id from the user table, indicating which user it belongs to. This will be combined with the address itself to form a composite primary key. The phone on the other hand is a many-to-many. One person can have several numbers, and multiple people can share the same number.
- Because we can have one phone number shared by many people, and a person can have many phone numbers, we are going to create a joining table between them. Our email addresses are considered unique, and because each address has one user, we place the primary key of the user in the email table as a foreign key.
- So, we need to remove the vertical redundancy of the company name, and the type column in the joining table violates 2NF, the type has more to do with the phone line than with the user and phone together.
- We now have a user/company table, with the department included since the department relates to the combination of user and company.
- There are a few places we can see potential 3NF violations: The phone extension is going to be different for each person in an office, and it not a property of the phone itself, so lets move it to the user_phone table. The email format, while often considered specific to a user, is probably more a property of the email address. Some may like text at work and tolerate HTML at home.