The document outlines various statistical methods for presenting data in medical research, including tabular, graphical, and mathematical presentations. It emphasizes the importance of clarity in tables and graphs, describing different types such as frequency distribution tables, bar charts, histograms, and pie charts. Additionally, it provides examples of data representation and criteria for effective graphical presentation.

1. Presentation of the data in medical research

3. Statistical method or methodology
Collection of
data
Analysis of
data
Presentation of
data

4. Presentation of data
A. Tabular.
B. Graphical.
C. Mathematical.

5. Tubular presentation of data or tubation
- Characteristics of the tables :
A table can be simple or complex.
The tables should be numbered.
A brief title must be given to each
table.
The headings of the columns or
rows should be clear and concise.

6. The data must be presented according
to its importance.
Table should not be too large.
A vertical arrangement is better than a
horizontal one.

8.  Tabular presentation :
• Simple tables
• Frequency distribution tables
• Cumulative frequency distribution tables
• Cross tabulation

9. Simple table

10. Table(3): Frequency table showing the distribution of
hair color of each of 95 children in a study of
Malathion versus d-phenothrin for the treatment of nits

11. In constructing frequency distribution tables:
 Determine the largest and smallest numbers in the given set of
data i.e. rang.
 divide the range into a convenient number of class intervals
having the same size.
 Determine the number of observations falling into each class
interval.

12. Table (5): Age distribution of gastroenteritis
patients

13. Cumulative distribution of the data
◙ Shows the total number of
observations either less or more
than a given level of the variable.
◙ Includes:
* Ascending distribution tables.
* Descending distribution tables.

14. Table (5): Age distribution of gastroenteritis
patients

17. ◙ Describe the relationship between two categorical variables
Cross table
◙ In a cross-tabulation, the categories of one variable determine the
rows of the table, and the categories of the other variable determine the
columns.
Age
Total
Over 30
Under 30
BP
65
38
27
Low
135
90
45
Normal
82
59
23
High
187
95
Total

18. Graphic presentation of the data

19.  Not more than 3, preferably only 2, elements should be
compared in a single graph.
 The graph should be a simple summary of tabulated data.
Criteria of a graph

20. 1. Bar charts.
2. Histogram.
3. Frequency polygon.
4. Line diagrams.
5. Pie (Circular) chart.
6. Pictogram.
Types of graphs

21. Bar chart
 Bar charts are ways of presenting a set of numbers by the
length of a bar – the length of the bar is proportional to the
magnitude to be represented.
 Bars may be vertical or horizontal.

22. Bar chart

23.  The bars are usually separated by appropriate
spaces, & the bars should be of the same width.
 A suitable scale must be chosen to present the
length of the bars.

24. Bar chart
Simple Multiple Component
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage(%)
U. R.
Residence
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage(%)
U. R.
Residence
Males Females
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage(%)
U. R.
Residence
Males Females

25. Figure 3.3 Simple bar chart of hair color of
children receiving Malathion in nit lotion study

26. Figure 3.4 Compound bar chart of hair color
by sex for children

27. Figure 3.6 A component bar chart of hair
color by sex

30. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age (Years)
%
of
the
population Histogram

31. ❖Diagram representing the frequency
distribution table.
❖As bar chart but with no gaps.
❖Can represent only one variable.

32. Table(4): Grouped frequency distribution for birth weight of 30 infants

33. Figure 3.8 Histogram of the grouped birth
weight data in Table 4

34. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age (Years)
%
of
the
population
Frequency polygon

37. Fig.(3): Infant mortality rate in Egypt during the period
from 1935-1985.
Line diagram
0
50
100
150
200
1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985
Year
I.M.R.(per
thousand)

38. Urban
60%
Rural
40%
Pie or circular chart
Fig.(1): Distribution of the studied sample according to their
residence.

40. Can present only one variable

41.  Loses its clarity if used to represent
more than 4 or five categories.

42. Pictogram
Fig(7): Pictorial illustration shows the population size in
two areas.

44. Tools to Summarize Categorical & Discrete Data
 Simple Table.
 Bar Chart.
 Pie Chart.
 Pictogram.
Tools to Summarize Continuous Data:
 Frequency DistributionTable.
 Histogram, Frequency Polygon

45.  Construct a frequency table with equal class intervals from the
following data on the monthly wages (in rupees) of 28 laborers
working in a factory, taking one of the class intervals
as 210−230 (230 not included):
220,268,258,242,210,268,272,242,311,
290,300,320,319,304,302,318,306,292, 254, 278, 210,
240,280,316, 306, 215, 256, 236.
Q1

46. Class interval Frequency
210 – 229 4
230 – 249 4
250 – 269 5
270 – 289 3
290 – 309 7
310 - 330 5
Total 28

47. School A started a recycling project. The bar chart below shows how many kilograms of each item was collected
for recycling last week.
Of which item did the school collect the greatest number of kilograms? plastic
Of which item did the school collect 11 kg? electronics
Of which item did the school collect the smallestnumber of kilograms? paper

48. In a study of the relationship between blood group and the
occurrence of peptic ulcer in 100 cases.Represent the
result using suitable graph.
Number
Bl. group
20
O
45
A
10
B
25
AB
100
Total

49. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
O A B AB
Simple bar chart

50. A company interested in the health of its employees started a
health program including monitoring blood pressure. Based on age,
employees were categorized according to ranges of blood pressure
by age intervals. Data are shown in the table below
.
Age
Total
Over 50
30-49
Under 30
BP
96
31
38
27
Low
230
92
90
48
Normal
154
72
59
23
High
480
195
187
98
Total

51. The percentage of employees who are over age 50 and have high
blood pressure is
A) 31.6% (59/187).
B) 15.0% (72/480).
C) 36.9% (72/195),
D) 46.8% (72/154).
E) 32.1% (154/480).