3. The Likert Scale
• Bipolar type of psychometric response scale, has been used questionnaires to obtain
participant’s preferences or degree of agreement with a statement or set of
statements related to different aspects of the research.
• Likert scales are a non-comparative scaling technique and are unidimensional in
nature.
• Respondents are asked to indicate their level of agreement with a given statement by
way of an ordinal scale.
• Some of these Likert scale statements in the questionnaire might follow a forced
choice method where the middle option of "Neither agree nor disagree" would not be
available.
• The designed questionnaire can make use of different likert-Type Scale Response
Anchors based on point scale to measure attitudes and perceptions related to
religiosity, moral judgments, level of participation, level of importance, level of
agreement, knowledge of action, amount of use, level of awareness, level of quality,
level of satisfaction etc (Vagias 2006).
4. Steps
• Monitoring
• Quality Control
• Cleansing
• Coding
Coding is the process of assigning a numerical
value to responses to facilitate data capture and
processing in general.
5. Data Analysis
• Statistical Methods
• Softwares
Data Presentation
Tables allow social scientists to display data and make it easier to
develop conclusions
Cross-tabulation: Shows relationship between two or more
variables
Graphs
Pie Chart
REPORT
11. Survey Report
i. Title page
ii. Table of contents
iii. List of tables and charts
iv. Highlights or executive summary
v. Introduction
vi. Objectives
vii. Body
The body of the report is divided into several sections. One of the first sections
should provide definitions of concepts and key variables (an appendix may
contain more details) and explain the methodology of the survey, collection
procedures, processing, etc. This is usually followed by survey results
(including measures of quality, such as precision) and tabulations.
viii. Conclusions
ix. Recommendations
x. Bibliography/List of references
xi. Contacts
xii. Appendices
The purpose of appendices is to give a brief but
12. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS:
∆ NARRATIVE ANALYSIS. Researchers use narrative analysis to understand how research participants
construct story and narrative from their own personal experience.
13. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS:
∆ CONSTANT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, a procedure for evaluating qualitative data in which the
information is coded and compared across categories, patterns are identified, and these patterns
are refined as new data are obtained.
14. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS:
∆ DISCOURSE ANALYSIS is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to
its social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situations.
15. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS:
∆ GROUNDED THEORY ANALYSIS is a systematic methodology that involves the construction of
hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Grounded theory involves the
application of inductive reasoning.
16. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS:
∆ CONTENT ANALYSIS is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or
concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text). Using content analysis, researchers can
quantify and analyze the presence, meanings, and relationships of such certain words, themes, or
concepts.
∆ Cross-cultural Analysis is specifically defined as the use of "data collected by anthropologists
concerning the customs and characteristics of various peoples throughout the world to test
hypotheses concerning human behavior"
∆ SEMIOTICS is the systematic study of sign processes and meaning making. Semiosis is any activity,
conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates
something, usually called a meaning, to the sign's interpreter.
∆ DECONSTRUCTION refers to approaches to understanding the relationship between text and
meaning. Deconstruction argues that language, especially in idealist concepts such as truth and
justice, is irreducibly complex, unstable and difficult to determine.
17. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ TECHNIQUES OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS:
∆ DOCUMENTATION,
∆ STORING,
∆ CODING AND CATEGORIZING,
∆ CREATING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS,
∆ ENUMERATION,
∆ ATTACHING MEMOS,
∆ LINKING DATA,
∆ FINDING AND EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS,
∆ MAKING CONNECTIONS,
∆ MAPS AND MATRICES, AND
∆ PRODUCING GRAPHICS
18. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ SCALES AND INDEXES FOR MEASURING QUALITATIVE DATA:
∆ Different ways to construct scales-
∆ SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE
∆ THURSTONE SCALES,
∆ LIKERT SCALES,
∆ GUTTMAN SCALING AND
∆ SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL.
20. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ SCALES AND INDEXES FOR MEASURING QUALITATIVE DATA:
∆ THURSTONE SCALES,
∆ LIKERT SCALES,
21. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ SCALES AND INDEXES FOR MEASURING QUALITATIVE DATA:
∆ THURSTONE SCALES,
∆ LIKERT SCALES,
MEASURABLE ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL COHESION
Elements of Socially Cohesive
Behavior
Social Involvement Index
Interpersonal and Domestic Trust Index
Civic Involvement Index
Conditions for a Socially
Cohesive Society
Inclusion Index
Social Recognition Index
Domestic Recognition and Consultation Index
Institutional Trust Index Score
Satisfaction on Public Services Index
SOCIAL COHESION AVERAGE SCORE
35. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ GUTTMAN SCALING AND
∆ SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE.
∆ Example of older female health
36. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
∆ COMPUTER-ASSISTED ANALYSIS
oQUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS:
o MS EXCEL,
o MS ACCESS,
o SPSS,
o STATA,
o EPI AND ETC.
oQUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS:
o ATLAS TI,
o NVIVO,
o DECISION EXPLORER,
o ANTHROPAC,
o MIND MAPPING AND ETC.
37. Guidelines for Writing
i. Concise, clear language
ii. The active versus the passive voice
iii. Abbreviations and acronyms
iv. Consistent terminology
v. Residual categories
vi. Dates
vii. Reference period
viii. Keep ratios simple
ix. Percentages
x. Too many numbers in the text confuse the reader
and obscure the message
xi. Titles, headings and subheadings
