5 Statistical Methods in Qualitative Research Statistical Method What is measured by this method Circumstances for Use Examples of use in Research Studies Qualitative Content Analysis Analyzes narrative data, and in-depth interviews. Can evaluate large volumes of data with intent to identify recurring themes and patterns. Attempts to break down elements of data into clusters. May be concurrent or sequential (Polit &Beck, 2017). Good method for evaluating personal histories, perspectives, experiences. Best method for studying personal, sensitive situations (Sauro, 2015). Examples of this methodology include evaluation of the experience of a rape victim, what it feels like to have an abortion, how it feels to have lived through a disaster. Ethnographic analysis Evaluates cultural phenomena, patterns, perspectives. Requires “participant observer” technique. No preconceived hypothesis. May take months or years to complete. Maps and flowcharts are tools to help illustrate findings (Polit & Beck, 2017). Method to “acquire a deep understanding of the culture being studied” (Polit & Beck, 2017 p. 538). An example of ethnographic analysis could include a research study with ethnographers integrating with Native Americans living on a reservation while observing everyday life seeking to extrapolate overlying cultural issues. Phenomenologic Analysis Attempts to understand the essence of experiencing a particular phenomenon by observation, interviews, and outside research. Descriptive analysis Method for understanding individual perspectives of experiencing a certain phenomenon. Seeks to extrapolate commonalities and themes among subjects (Sauro, 2015). Conducting interviews with persons who have experienced hallucinations, with the intent to understand their perspective and experience of the phenomenon, is an example of this method of research. Grounded Theory Analysis Aim is to provide theories and explanations for phenomena based on previously coded information Uses interviews and previous accepted research. Unlike Qualitative content analysis, which seeks to break down information, Grounded theory strives to put information back together (Polit & Beck, 2017). Method for development of theories, Could be used meta-analyses or systematic reviews. An example of a grounded theory analysis is” Beck’s (2002) model of mothering twins” as cited in Polit & Beck (2017). Focus Group Analysis Analyzes group data in relation to a specific topic. Group interviews, recordings, and field notes .are instruments for conducting this type of research. May be used for evaluation of a potential survey tool, consensus on a new product. Researchers seek to extrapolate recurring themes. An example of a focus group analysis might be to evaluate perceptions of a new product being marketed to test for general consensus of its desirability. Quasi-statistics: a tabulation of the frequency with which certain themes or insights are supported by the data Qualitat.

1. 5
Statistical Methods in Qualitative Research
Statistical Method
What is measured by this method
Circumstances for Use
Examples of use in Research Studies
Qualitative Content Analysis
Analyzes narrative data, and in-depth interviews. Can evaluate
large volumes of data with intent to identify recurring themes
and patterns. Attempts to break down elements of data into
clusters. May be concurrent or sequential (Polit &Beck, 2017).
Good method for evaluating personal histories, perspectives,
experiences. Best method for studying personal, sensitive
situations (Sauro, 2015).
Examples of this methodology include evaluation of the
experience of a rape victim, what it feels like to have an
abortion, how it feels to have lived through a disaster.
Ethnographic analysis
Evaluates cultural phenomena, patterns, perspectives. Requires
“participant observer” technique. No preconceived hypothesis.
May take months or years to complete. Maps and flowcharts are
tools to help illustrate findings (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Method to “acquire a deep understanding of the culture being
studied” (Polit & Beck, 2017 p. 538).
An example of ethnographic analysis could include a research
study with ethnographers integrating with Native Americans

2. living on a reservation while observing everyday life seeking to
extrapolate overlying cultural issues.
Phenomenologic Analysis
Attempts to understand the essence of experiencing a particular
phenomenon by observation, interviews, and outside research.
Descriptive analysis
Method for understanding individual perspectives of
experiencing a certain phenomenon. Seeks to extrapolate
commonalities and themes among subjects (Sauro, 2015).
Conducting interviews with persons who have experienced
hallucinations, with the intent to understand their perspective
and experience of the phenomenon, is an example of this
method of research.
Grounded Theory Analysis
Aim is to provide theories and explanations for phenomena
based on previously coded information Uses interviews and
previous accepted research. Unlike Qualitative content
analysis, which seeks to break down information, Grounded
theory strives to put information back together (Polit & Beck,
2017).
Method for development of theories, Could be used meta-
analyses or systematic reviews.
An example of a grounded theory analysis is” Beck’s (2002)
model of mothering twins” as cited in Polit & Beck (2017).
Focus Group Analysis
Analyzes group data in relation to a specific topic. Group
interviews, recordings, and field notes .are instruments for
conducting this type of research.
May be used for evaluation of a potential survey tool, consensus
on a new product. Researchers seek to extrapolate recurring
themes.
An example of a focus group analysis might be to evaluate
perceptions of a new product being marketed to test for general
consensus of its desirability.
Quasi-statistics: a tabulation of the frequency with which

3. certain themes or insights are supported by the data
Qualitative content analysis: analysis of the content of narrative
data to identify prominent themes and patterns among the
themes
Domain analysis: 1st of 4 levels of data analysis, domains are
units of cultural knowledge, are broad categories that
encompass smaller ones. Ethnographers identify rational
patterns among terms in the domains are used by members of
the culture. Ethnographer focuses on the cultural meaning of
terms and symbols used in a culture
Taxonomic analysis: second level of data analysis,
ethnographers decides how many domains the analysis will
encompass. Taxonomy is then developed to illustrate the
internal organization of a domain and the relationship among
the subcategories of the domain
Taxonomy: a system of classifying and organizing terms
Componential analysis: relationships among terms in the
domains are examined; ethnographer analyzes data for
similarities and differences among cultural terms in a domain.
Theme analysis: cultural themes are uncovered; domains are
connected in cultural themes, which help to provide a holistic
view of the culture being studied. The discovery of cultural
meaning is the outcome.
Holistic approach: researchers view the text as a whole and try
to capture is meanings
Selective approach: researchers highlight or pull out statements
or phrases that seem essential to the experience under study
Detailed approach: researchers analyze every sentence
Hermeneutic circle: signifies a methodological process in which
to reach understanding, there is continual movement between
the parts and the whole of the text being analyzed
Exemplars: illuminate aspects of a paradigm case or theme
Substantive codes: substance of the topic under study is
conceptualized through substantive codes. Substantive codes are
either open or selective

4. Open coding: used in the first stage of the constant comparative
analysis,
captures what is going on in the data. May be actual
words stated by participant. In open coding,
data are broken down into incidents and their similarities and
differences are examined. Raw
data interpreted
Three Levels of Open Coding: Levels I, II, III
Level I codes: in vivo codes, derived directly from the language
of the
substantive area and have vivid imagery
Level II codes: Researchers constantly compare new level one
codes to
previously identified ones and then condense them
into broader level II
codes
Level III codes: theoretical constructs, most abstract, add scope
beyond local
meanings
Core category: pattern of behavior that is relevant and/or
problematic for participants
Selective coding: can have 3 levels of abstraction, researchers
code only those data that are related to the core variable
Basic social process (BSP): evolves over time in two or more
phases, all BSP’s are core variables, but not all core variables
have to be BSPs
Emergentfit: prevents individual substantive theories from
being “respected little islands of knowledge”
Axialcoding: analyst codes for context
Paradigm: used as an analytical strategy to help integrate
structure and process
Centralcategory: core category, which is the main theme of the
research
Initialcoding: pieces of data (words, lines, segments, incidents)
are studied so the researcher begins to learn what the

5. participants view as problematic
Focusedcoding: the analysis is directed toward using the most
significant codes from the initial coding
Congruentmethodologicalapproach: analyzes interaction data in
the same manner as a group or individual data
Sociograms: can be used to understand the flow of conversation
as it goes around the members of the focus group
Incubation: process of living the data, a process in which
researchers must try to understand their meanings, find their
essential patterns, and draw legitimate, insightful conclusions
Conceptual files: physical files in which coded excerpts of data
relevant to specific categories are placed
Themes: involves the discovery nor only of commonalities
across participants but also of natural variation and patterns in
the data
Metaphors: figurative comparisons used to evoke a visual or
symbolic analogy
Quasi-statistics: involves a tabulation of the frequency with
which certain themes or relations are supported by the data
Qualitative content analysis: can vary in terms of an emphasis
on manifest content or latent content and in the role of
induction
Managing Qualitative Data
Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software
(CAQDAS): a program that can take uploaded data files, code
the narratives, retrieve information, and display text for
analysis
· Text retrievers-locate text and terms in a database.
· Code-and-retrieve packages allow researchers to code text.
· Theory building software functions to examine relationships
between concepts, develop hierarchies of codes, diagram, and
create hyperlinks to create nonhierarchical networks.
· Concept mapping constructs sophisticated diagrams.
· Data conversion/collection software converts audio into text.

6. Within a qualitative data analysis there is not statistical tests,
because qualitative research is based on thoughts, open ended
questions, interpretations and interviews not numerical values.
Data within qualitative research is understood and analyzed
during the entirety of the process. “Researchers interpret the
data as they read and reread them, categorize and code them,
inductively develop a thematic analysis, and integrate the
themes into a unified whole,” (Polit & Beck, 2017, p.549).
There is not a step by step understanding of how the process
occurs of interpreting the data, researchers “live” within the
data by understanding the meanings, looking for patterns, draw
valid, discerning conclusions. An additional importance of
understanding of the facts is having the inventiveness to find
the “aha” meaning of the information and discovery of the
meanings of the facts gained (Polit & Beck, 2017).
The importance of the interpretation is just as important as the
validity of the data. Thorough and sensible researchers have a
high standard of their data interpretation by dissecting
themselves, peers and outside reviewers. It is vital that the
qualitative researchers consider possible different explanations
or meanings other than their own (Polit & Beck, 2017).
It is important nurses to understand statistical data because this
is a large part of the work nurses base the practice on is
evidence based, which means understanding the research behind
the reason of the practice is important to understand. According
to Hayat, it is important to understand the difference between
statistical significance and clinical importance, researchers tend
to use statistics to claim proof and scientific breakthrough.
Significance testing can be used to decide which data may be
considered evidence to support a practice change (2010).
“Judgment and subjectivity are necessary and part of the
decision-making process. Statistical significance is not a
measure of importance; it is a subjective and qualitative
construct. Researchers conducting quantitative analyses should
quantify the magnitude of an effect. The value of the data

7. collected should be assessed by examining study design, bias,
and confounding variables, as well as meaningfulness of the
results to the topic under study,” (Hayat, 2010, p.222). Nurses
must consider this and have an understanding when utilizing
statistical methods to base their practice changes.
References
Hayat, M. J. (2010). Understanding Statistical
Significance. Nursing Research, 59(3), 219–223
Polit, D.E. & Beck, C.T. (2017). Nursing Research: Generating
and Assessing Evidence for Nursing
Practice 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer
Sauro, J., (2015. October 13). Five types of qualitative methods,
Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/4PXXCYp.
By: Casey Hoffman, Tami Frazier, Sarah Pudenz, and Elizabeth
Wilson
QualitativeAnalysis/Structure
Integrating theory and description of data
Theme
Bringing meaning and identiy to data

8. Genogram
Deriving themes from data
Quasi-statistics
Calculating frequence of themes
Validation
Questioning the themes accuracy
Metaphors
Symbolic comparison
Contrast Principle
Compares content, symbols, and meaning
Similarity Principle
Similar content, symbols, and meaning
Structure
Integrating theory and data

9. CAQDAS
Code-and-retrieve packages
Theory building software
Concept mapping
Data conversion/collection
Text Retrievers

10. Read each discussion 1-4 and then write a 200 word response
for each.
With your response, you can either expand on the initial post
with similar, formally cited, specific examples or additional
information regarding the original example(s) (be sure the
additional information isn’t simply a re-statement of what has
already been posted) or you can respond with a well-supported
(based on formally cited information) counter point.
APA FORMAT
Response should have 1 source for each discussion
1. The use of public funds to build structures such as
professional sports facitlities can easily be validated. From an
economical perspective, the amount of jobs that such stadiums
provide is negligible at best also, “the rate of return a city or
metropolitan area receives for its investment is generally below
that of alternative projects” (Zaretsky, 2001). Most motivation
to build facilities comes from the factor that a new stadium may
stimulate the local economy. Community growth and pride also
comes from the moving of a professional team into town. “What

11. good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does
not have works? Can that faith save him? If a brother or sister is
poorly clothed and lacking in daily food.” (James, 2:14, ESV).
The performance of the team also effects how much funding is
recieved, which is rightfully so due to the increase of revenue.
“Ticket sales show performance today and performance in the
future. If you make it to the World Series, every team but one in
the last 14 years has experienced an increase in attendance of an
average 10 percent”(Povich, N.D.). The increase in attendence
can bring signifigant tourism oppurtunities to the area.
However, in many cases the attendence of such games has
decreased. “In the NBA, several lower-level teams, like the
Sacramento Kings, Milwaukee Bucks and Detroit Pistons had
major attendance drops. The Pistons averaged only 13,272
tickets sold per home game in the plush 21,000-seat Palace”
(Worley, 2017). The potential decrease in attendence could end
up costing investors more trouble then benefit. Many fans
choose to watch games at home rather than spend big money to
attend.
Ability to attract tourist is an issue with many sports stadiums.
Most of the attendees live within a specific radius of the
stadiums. “ good example, once again, is Oriole Park at Camden
Yards. This ballpark is probably the most successful at
attracting outsiders since it is only 40 miles from the nation's
capital, where there is no major league baseball team. About a
third of the crowd at every game comes from outside the
Baltimore area.” (Zaretsky, 2001). If the stadiums are is
surrounded by a thriving city, investors should expect low
attendacne and lack of profit. Decison to build stadiums and
waste public funding is dependent on the area as a whole.
RESPONSE:
2.
the Las Vegas Raiders, the name in which the Oakland Raiders
plan to adopt shortly, are a great example of public financing
for a sporting facility. Clark County, in which Las Vegas

12. resides, approved tax-free bonds in excess of $750 million in
order to finance the building of the Raiders’ new football
stadium (Wornow, 2018). According to Wornow, there have
been 45 stadiums for major sports teams that have been publicly
financed with a total of over $3.2 billion spent. The Raiders’
stadium is reported to cost roughly $1.9 billion, in which that
$750 million will become a very large chunk. This means that,
as a positive, there will be a much smaller portion that is
needed to be financed through private means. Financing of such
a large facility can be no easy task and every bit of funding can
help in this process. In addition, it can be argued that hosting a
professional sports team in your city can mean more jobs and
more revenue generated by local businesses, thus creating a
healthier and more prosperous city than if a sports team were
not present.
Opponents of this public financing of a stadium could claim,
though, that this money could be better served elsewhere.
Wornow claims that police forces in Oakland were decreased in
order to fund the Coliseum in this the Raiders currently play.
Detroit has also seen similar moves in the form of cut pensions
because of the construction costs to the Red Wings stadium.
According to the Sports Fans Coalition, there are no benefits to
taxpayers because in doing so they do not receive discounts at
the stadium, they do not see available usage for youth teams,
and taxpayers do not see advantageous ticket prices compared to
out-of-area users. Their remedy to this is to incorporate low-
income fan seating options, free usage for local sports teams
(youth and public schools), and a commitment by the team to
stay in that city for at least twenty years (Sportsfans.org, n.d.).
The main item that taxpayers are concerned about, though, is
that there does not seem to be choice involved when cities
decide to finance a new stadium. Taxpayers are forced into
paying for the stadium without any incentive or drive to
actually want the stadium there in the first place. Issues will
arise when people are forced into this agreement. As 2

13. Corinthians 9:7 has stated, “Each one must give as he has
decided in his heart, not reluctantly or under compulsion, for
God loves a cheerful giver” (ESV).
RESPONSE:
3.
There are many issues within sports finances, but one that sticks
out more than any other is public funding of professional sports
teams. This subject really hits home for me since I am from
Cincinnati, OH and they are known for one of the worst public
finance deals in history of sports. Now there can also be some
positives to public financing as well and we are going to talk
about both.
Public financing is a way for a professional sports
team to be able to get a new stadium or upgrades and have the
local community help pay for it. The community typically
wants the team to stick around because they usually bring a
larger economy to the area through the games and revenue of
the team. Bu there are still some teams out there that are so bad
and have been so bad for so long that there is no benefit for
them to stay.
The Bengals closed a deal with Hamilton County in
2011 and was instantly known as the worse deal in all of sports
for public financing. (Bennett, 2011) The exact quote in the
article that stuck out to me was: "the monster that ate the public
sector." (Bennett, 2011) The city anted the Bengals to stay and
the Bengals knew that, so that took every advantage that they
could. The Bengals wanted help with all upgrades and funding
for the stadium and they received it, but the problem is that the
Bengals have not been doing their part by winning. Winning
would cause more people to come to the games and boost the
economy.
The deal that they struck cause the “County to face a
$14 million deficit in the Sales Tax Fund, is hoping to reduce
projected capital maintenance with both stadiums by at least
$16 million over the next five years.” (Hamilton County issues

14. letters to the Cincinnati Bengals and the Reds, 2011) This
means that the count was not getting their money back and now
in a deficit all because they wanted to overpay the team to stay
here.
There are instances where public financing for a team
can be beneficial. Look at teams that win and sell out. It
creates more revenue and taxes for the surrounding areas, which
in return makes it worth closing the deal. Makes me think of
Bible Verse: “If your brother becomes poor and cannot maintain
himself with you, you shall support him as though he were a
stranger and a sojourner, and he shall live with you. Take no
interest from him or profit, but fear your God, that your brother
may live beside you. You shall not lend him your money at
interest, nor give him your food for profit. I am the Lord your
God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt to give you the
land of Canaan, and to be your God.” (Bible) In a public
finance, you are a family and have to work together to make it
work for both sides.
RESPONSE:
4.
Community recreation areas, golf courses, tennis courts,
swimming pools and public school sport facilities are all, by
nature, financed primarily by taxpayers. However in the United
States, major sports facilities constructed exclusively for
private, professional sports teams have been built with billions
of dollars of taxpayer support over the years. This is an issue
that is much discussed and much studied.
One of the ideas that economists most agree on- according to
former Bush administration economic advisor and Harvard
economist N. Gregory Mankiw’s popular economics texts- is
that the government should not subsidize professional sports.
Legislation proposed by President Obama in 2015 would have
ended the practice. President Trump used Twitter to bring
attention to the NFL’s “massive tax breaks” and tweeted

15. “change tax law”. In 2017 a bill sponsored by New Jersey
Senator Corey Booker (D) and Oklahoma Senator James
Lankford (R) introduced a bipartisan bill that would ban the use
of tax-exempt bonds to finance professional sport stadiums and
arenas. This is definitely something that has the attention of the
public.
It is a fascinating issue in that each specific facility is a unique
situation with unique backstories, political drama, personalities
and financing structure and solutions. In this forum, you are
asked to focus on a specific case, particularly how public money
was used and what was pledged to pay back any debt issued. By
researching a case on your own and reading and responding to
those put forth by your colleagues, you will have a better
understanding of the issues that arise and how situations played
out.
RESPONSE: