The document discusses Pakistan's dairy industry, including issues at Bhains buffalo colony and factors impacting the different milk supply chains. [1] Bhains colony has over 400,000 animals but lacks proper husbandry practices, sanitation, veterinary services and space per animal. Milk quality and yields could increase with improved conditions. [2] Loose milk and UHT milk supply chains were described, along with their issues like adulteration and lack of infrastructure respectively. Pasteurized milk demand is low due to refrigeration needs. [3] Government policies aim to promote the dairy industry but regulations on milk standards and taxes impact costs of UHT milk versus loose milk. Improved policies

2. International Dairy Farm

3. Pakistan Diary Farm

4. Issues Regarding
Factor Conditions
Supply Chain
Demand Conditions
External Factors

5. We Visited
1. Cattle Colony, Landhi

6. 2. Lee Market

7. 3. Engro Foods

9.  World’s largest buffalo colony, located in Bin Qasim
Town
 1,500 farms spread over 1,600 acres
 400,000 animals on colony
 Daily milk yield of about four million liters and
7,2200 tones of dung making

10. WHAT ARE THE HUSBANDRY PRACTICES & FACTOR
CONDITIONS AT BHAINS COLONY?

11. Buffalos are in greater
quantity in the Bhains colony..
Buffalos are not brought up
at bhains colony for
commercial purposes, they are
particularly bought at the time
when their lactation period
starts.
Mostly, owners prefer to
have buffalos of Badin &
Punjab.

12. Different kind of fodder is served to animals
which include
Khalli
Pam Khalli
Bhunsa
Chokar
Dalya
Bakery

13. Interestingly, there is no standard ratio of
fodder served to animals, it’s totally up to
owners’ discretion what they understand
better for production of milk…
Khalli, which is not good for the health of
animal, is served in larger ratio to increase the
production of milk.

14. • 450 Kg lactating buffalo, which gives 16 Kg,
milk/day requires 8 kg /day cereal mix (barley,
maize, wheat bran) of total digestible nutrition
(Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India )
• If the proper fodder standards are followed
then milk yield can be increased.

15. A cow producing 5 liters of milk requires
around 25 to 30 liters of water/ day (PDDC)
Water comes at Bhains colony by direct supply
lines, and then filled into uncovered tanks or
‘HODI’

16. TRADITIONAL HODI AT BHAINS COLONY

17. Based on the survey in bhains colony,90% of
the respondents said there is Load shedding of
about 16 to 18 hours, which badly hinders the
supply of water.
Lack of water hurts not only the health of
animals but also the whole drainage system.

18. Proper concentration is not
given to hygiene or
cleanliness issues
Cleanliness condition is not
only worse for people
working there but also for
animals too, as they get
exposed to many viral
diseases

19. THE PLIGHT OF SANITATION AT BHAINS COLONY

20. Lack of proper drainage system has turned
this area into hell.
Even the drainage system inside the farms is
not conducive for animals development.
Due to improper drainage system, milk gets
adulterated with germs & rubbish around.

21. Government needs to initiate cleanliness
programs, which include:
construction of drainage system
Motivation of farmers’ body like Karachi Dairy
Farmers Association to pool resources for clean
environment of Bhains colony
Liberalization of dairy industry, as done by
Indian government, to bring in investment

22. Viral diseases are prevalent such as Mastitis,
Food & mouth diseases
Other diseases like
Mastitis
HS
Pneumonia
ETV
CPP

23. According to survey done in bhains colony,
only private consultants play significant role in
providing veterinary services.
Free of cost veterinary service by Government
is only limited to rural areas since they don’t
produce for commercial purpose.

24. Indian government has moved one step farther
and provides services to every dairy farmer.
furthermore, Mobile Veterinary Service is
available for farmers of far flung areas.
Australian government has decentralized the
veterinary services in State and territory
governments with having strong collaboration
with the dairy industry.(http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-
plant-health/animal/system)

25. Decentralization of services,
large coverage of services &
other facilities such as mobile service

26. Space per animal is not favorable for proper
development of animals, and its hard for
animals to adopt to congested environment.
Less than 3 m square of area is given to one
animal at Bhains colony
While standard set by Government is 5 m
square

29. According to him:
“workers are not trustable here”
Workers do not stay for longer period of time
Therefore, they can’t be properly given
husbandry training and remain unskilled.
Hence, most of the farms at the Bhains colony
are left at the mercy of unskilled workers,

30.  These workers are not able to handle veterinary or
other animal related problems, which results into
inefficiencies at farm in terms of low milk yield &
waste of resources.
 Nazir Hussain further told that
due to weak check & Balances,
big traders have occupied lands &
build their farms illegally on
drainage lines which has ruined
the drainage system of Bhains
colony.

31. Milking is done every 12 hour at bhains colony
And is immediately supplied to city in non-chiller
transport.
The introduction of mobile chillers will save
the spoilage of milk which is common in
summer season.

32. Moreover, research institutes should
collaborate with industry & small farmers to
increase the productivity.
For this purpose, the model of Australian dairy
industry can be followed in which small & big
association & research institutions closely
work for dairy industry.

35. Engro Foods, Pakistan’s biggest producer of
packaged milk with a 38 percent share of the
market and a quarter of the ice cream trade
Milk is obtained from collection centers in
rural areas after proper quality testing.
Engro deals only in the UHT milk with different
dairy products
Milk is also obtained from Nara model farm,
where they have:

36. High quality Australian
imported breed
Skilled labor

37. Training & technology

38. Processing Plant
Engro has state of the art two imported plants
one is at Sukkur, and the other at Sahiwal
GEA TDS, Tetra Pak
technology have
established these two
plants, which are
considered to be most
efficient in the world

40. Mr.Laraib (supply chain manager) identified
some factor necessary to gain competitive
advantage in UHT milk:
Infrastructure
Due to lack of proper roads ,the whole supply
chain gets disturbed which results into milk
waste.
Foreign countries have better infrastructure
which is also favorable for the supply of
Pasteurized milk.

41. In a country like Pakistan, where power
shortage is common, government’s policy of
UHT milk support can help to increase the
growth rate of UHT milk.
For example, in 2008, the UK government
proposed a 90% UHT milk production target by
2020.

43. Supply chain of the
dairy industry of
Pakistan
UHT/pesteurised
milk supply chain
Loose milk supply
chain

44. UHT milk supply chain (Engro Foods)
1. MPD (Milk procurement department)
 Model Farm (Nara)
 Contractors
 Subsistence farmers
 Agri business/services

45. 2. Processing
Plants at Sahiwal & sukkur
Reception of Raw material
Cooling it down for
storage
Pasteurizing
UHT treatment
New technology in
packing
Taste and shelf life

46. 3. Distribution
There are three stock places sahiwal,
sukkur & Islamabad
How Engro manages it?
Sales (primary and secondary)
Logistics

47. Quality control Mechanism
Before milk receiving
Before milk processing
After processing

48. Issues with the supply chain of UHT milk
Reliable transport system
Demand supply imbalances
Lack of knowledge among farmers
Lack of control over the distribution
channel
Infrastructure issues

49. Recommendations
Provision of cold storage systems to
farmers
Dairy technology program should be
implemented
Strong implementation of penalties for
those who adulterate
Building their own dairy farms

50. Loose milk Supply chain
Dairy farmer
Consumer
Gawala (Milk man)
Milk
Collector
Retailer

51. The Peri-Urban Dairy Farms of Karachi
Major areas where farms are situated:
Bhens colony, Super highway, Dumba goath,
ghaaro,hydrabad
Quality of Milk from “bhens colony”
Quality of Milk from “Hydrabad”
“Sair”
The “Bandhi System”
Ammonium sulphate is used to increase the
life of the milk by few hours

53. The middle man
1. Lea Market
• Its an open market
• Farmers want to get rid of the excess milk
• Excess milk to be supplied here
• Works on the mechanism of demand and supply
• Quality of milk and demand determines the price of
milk here
Other middle man are:
Pecker (near buffer zone)
Asad dairy (near disilva)

55. Price mechanism of Loose Milk
Role of “Anjuman”
Government’s
Involvement
The Quality of the Milk
3.5 ltrs is the standard
quantity of cream
present in 40kg of milk.
Milk in Karachi contains
4.5 ltrs/tanki of craem

56. Issues with Loose Milk supply chain in
Pakistan
High prices of fuel
Preservatives added to
increase the life of the
milk
Unhygienic conditions
Price setting mechanism
Storage of milk for longer
period of time (Lea
Market)
Usage of inappropriate
containers

57. Recommendations
 Government to increase control
over the industry
 Implementations of penalties on
those who adulterate
 Cooling tank facility to be
provided to the farmers
 Establish additional research
institutions
 ƒBuild the human resources of the
industry
 Raising awareness for pasteurized
milk industry
 Modernizing the farms

58. MUHAMMAD USMAN AZAM

59. oMagnitude of customer demand for products and
services.
oThe rate of growth in demand.
oThe heterogeneity or diversity of demand across
customer segments.

60. MAGNITUDE OF CUSTOMER
DEMAND
•One of the important determinants of Diamond’s
Model.
•Determines an industry’s competitiveness.
•Greater the magnitude of demand, greater the
growth opportunities for the industry.

61. GROWTH RATE IN DEMAND
•Offers opportunities to firms in an industry to make
use of
•Indicates shifts in customers’ preferences and new
market trends.

62. HETEROGENEITY OF DEMAND
•Determines the degree of segmentation in the
market.
•Enables firms to specialize in some segments and
grab a larger market share in those segments.

63. TYPES OF MILK
•LOOSE MILK
•UHT (Ultra Heated Treated) MILK
•PASTEURIZED/HTST (High Temperature Short Time)
Treated Milk

64. LOOSE MILK
•Open milk without any
proper packaging.
•Considered unhealthy
and a source of bacteria.
•Has a shelf life of
approximately 6 hours.

65. •97% of the milk consumed in Pakistan is loose milk.
•Not allowed for consumption in other parts of the world
except Pakistan.
•This loose milk is frozen during the low demand season
to be sold later when demand increases. This creates
further doubts on its unhealthiness.

66. WHY IS LOOSE MILK CONSUMPTION
INCREDIBLY HIGH IN PAKISTAN?
•Trust element in the local milk retailing system.
•Loyalty continued from generations in the loose milk
system.

67. UHT MILK
•Packaged milk with shelf
life of around 2-3 months.
•Its consumption is highly
uncommon in the
developed world.
•2-3% consumption in
Pakistan.
•Doesn’t contain the
required nutritional value.

68. THE UHT PROCESS

69. •Milk is heated at a temperature of 135 degrees
Celsius (which is above boiling point) for a few
seconds and then cooled down.
•This heating makes the milk lose its nutritional value,
taste and smell.
•Kills all bacteria including the good ones.

70. •process also involves homogenization, which ensures
that milk and water are not separated.
•milk is packed between five to six layers of cardboard,
polythene and aluminum sheets to prolong its shelf life,
which is found to release chemicals like urea into the
milk.

71. SEASONAL EFFECTS ON
SUPPLY OF UHT MILK
•Flush and lean season affect the production of milk
in farms.
•Proper mechanisms for stock-keeping and storage of
milk in companies prevents these seasonal effects.

72. INCREASING DEMAND OF UHT
MILK IN PAKISTAN
•Increased consumption of UHT milk in urban areas.
•consumption of packaged milk grew by 8.4 per cent per
annum compared with demand of unpackaged milk,
which only grew by 2.1 per cent per annum.
•Consumers in urban centers seem to value the safety,
hygiene and convenience attached with packaged milk.

73. PASTEURIZED/HTST TREATED MILK
•Most commonly used type of
milk in the world.
•Has a shelf life of about 2-3
days.
•Considered the best in terms
of healthiness and nutritional
value.
•Almost zero consumption of
pasteurized milk in Pakistan.

74. THE HTST PROCESS
•HTST treated pasteurized
milk involves heating milk to
75 degrees Celsius for 15 to
20 seconds and then cooling
it down.
•This process kills almost all
bad bacteria in the process,
while nutritional value
remains intact.

75. REASONS FOR LOW DEMAND OF
PASTEURIZED MILK IN PAKISTAN
•Requires refrigeration facility because of short shelf-life.
•Lack of awareness among Pakistani consumers regarding
pasteurized milk.
•Creates logistic problem for companies of dairy products.

77. 1. Government
• It is a very complex process involving several
agencies and ministries
• Some of the important stakeholders include:
 Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Co-
operatives
 National Livestock Development Committee
 Federal Dairy Development Board
 Livestock Division
 Major Producers and Processors in Dairy
Industry
 Other Ministries
DAIRY POLICY FLOW

78. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND REGULATIONS:
Pure Food Rules of 1965, Cantonment Pure Food Rules of 1967 (for military areas)
and parts of the Pakistan Penal Code of 1860 are applicable to the dairy industry.
• Pure Food Regulations 1960
 The industry has existed in the past in a fairly intervention free atmosphere
 First ordinance that indirectly affected the dairy industry was Pure Food
Ordinance of 1965
 According to the ordinance, Standardized milk should contain 8.9 percent
SNF (Solids Not Fat)
It creates problems for UHT milk industry as during processing when milk fat
is lowered, it is important to add skim milk powder to raise SNF
 This increases the cost of UHT milk than the cost of Loose or Raw Milk

79. • Sales Taxes Zero Rating Status
 On 22nd December 2005, a proposal was forwarded to Ministry of Finance to
grant a sales tax exemption status to Dairy industry
 Thus in 2006, few dairy products were exempted from sales tax and in 2012 7
more products were exempted to promote value addition
 This would increase the employment opportunities from 295,000 to 3.2
million in 2015
 It would also encourage the sales of UHT milk as approx 12.5% sales tax
(according to a study of 1989) on the packaging material was implemented
which contributed Rs 0.5 per liter making it way expensive than loose milk
• Introduction of VAT
 A 15% VAT was to be implemented on packaged milk affecting formal sector
adversely
 This would definitely leave packaged milk behind loose milk in competition

80. S. No. H.S. Code Description of Commodity Existing
Custom
Duty
1. 4819.2000 Folding cartons 15%
2. 7607.1100 Aluminum Foil 20%
3. 3901.1000 Low density Polyethylene 5%
4. 3901.2000 Low density Polyethylene 5%
5. 3901.9000 Adhesive Polymers 5%
6. 4804.3900 Bleached Kraft Paper 20%
7. 4804.4900 Duplex Kraft Board 20%
CURRENT CUSTOM DUTIES ON VARIOUS COMMODITIES INCREASING
THE PRICE OF UHT MILK, WE PROPOSE THIS DUTY TO BE ZERO

81. Concessions in Processing Plants, Equipment
and Machinery
Government of Pakistan has already given
subsidy to the dairy industry in equipments
and machinery by eliminating custom duty
under SRO 575(1)/2005
But equipment such as Milko scans, milk
evaporators, crème separators and labeling
machines still need to be covered under this
scheme
This is specifically very important for the
informal sector (UHT Milk Industry) as it
would reduce their production costs and
make them competitive with loose milk
producers

82. •Transportation Taxes
Usual transportation taxes are applied
According to a milk man we interviewed in cattle colony, 80% of the
cattle brought to Karachi from Punjab on which Rs 200 (flat rate) is
received as an entry fee on it
This creates problems for the informal sector (loose milk producers)
since formal sector has its own supply chain

83. •Import Duty on Semen
Pakistan has been suffering from the breeding issues from the very beginning
The use of Semen becomes very important
Import duty on Semen is currently 5%
It should be reduced as it is going to affect both formal and informal sector of
Pakistan
•Tetra Pack Regulation
It is the most recent regulation on dairy industry introduced in the year 1982
 It was basically introduced to improve the quality of milk being provided
Tetra Pack Pakistan was formed on this regard as a joint venture Packages
Limited and Tetra Laval International S.A.
This has forced the informal sector (loose milk producers) to focus on their
quality and has given an edge to the processed milk producers

84. •Subsidies on Veterinary Services and Products
The government of Pakistan provides subsidies on veterinary services,
products, equipment and injections
Injections are being provided at prices as low as Re 1 which would otherwise
have cost million of rupees
This is beneficial for both formal and informal sector

85. Other Legislative
Measures that Affect
the Milk Market

86. Weaknesses in the Government Sector
Lack of Coordination
•Little coordination between various departments and agencies
•Similar projects being initiated by two ministries but none of them being able to
deliver
•Communication barrier between provincial, federal and local government
 Funding from International Donors
•Their donations heavily depend on the conditions of the country
•Different donors might have same priorities and that is why the schemes might
over lap with each other
•These project are also based on short term planning
•Government should ensure stability of progressive conditions in the country to
ensure the continuance of international funding as well as try to raise investments
from within the country as well

87. 2. Seasons
 In Pakistan, there are mostly three seasons which are as under:
• Flush Season (1st Jan to 15th April): Maximum Production of Milk
• Lean Season (16th April to 30th July): Minimum Production of Milk
• Semi-Flush Season (1st August to 31st December): 70-80% of total
capacity Milk Production

89. There is a lot of imbalance in demand and supply of milk in
Pakistan due to seasonal influence
This imbalance can be particularly seen in the Informal Processed
Milk Sector
Minimum amount of Milk is produced by buffalos during the lean
season because of the following reasons
• High Environmental Temperature
• Unavailability of Green Fodder
• Natural Reproduction Cycle of Animals

90. Quality of Milk Varying From Season to Season

91. The Flush (Winter) Period is Problem free, the issue arises in
Lean Period
 An Average Pakistani Buffalo yields 20 liters of milk during
flush season, which is reduced to 8-10 liters in lean season
The milk yielded should be sent to the chillers within 3-4 hours
because of the high temperature in lean season
This problem is faced by loose milk producers as processed
milk producers have their own chillers which are at the same
place where they are having their farms
Thus in this season the demand increases to around 60% of
December demand and milk production falls 55% of its peak
production

92.  The second issue that is faced is decline in fat and protein count in milk due
to weather
 Also, Farmers on seeing less quantity of milk, try to adulterate the milk or
feed wrong food to their buffalos
 Thus, in this way loose milk becomes a compromise on our health where as
in case of processed milk nutrients are added to make them stable for their
shelf life which are approved by Pakistan Standards Quality Control
Authority (PSQCA) which loose milk producers cannot afford
 Also most of the vaccines that are used are also temperature sensitive
 However, this is not the case of cows as they are more productive in
summers but in Pakistan 99% of the milk is obtained from buffalos and thus
seasons become very important
 Unfortunately, we have a long summer and short winter season, but we can
overcome this issue by increasing the number of dairy farms and milk units
in northern colder areas of Pakistan

93. 2. Calamities
• Floods of 2010
 The Floods of 2010 along with affecting other industries has had a
devastating impact on the dairy industry of Pakistan
According to expert estimates, 200,000 cattle have died in the floods and
some 10 million are now at risk due to shortage of water and upkeep (a BBC
report)

94. This will severely affect the demand and supply of dairy products
Along with loss of wheat, pulses, rice and tobacco, animal fodder was also
lost in huge quantity. Around 300,000 tonnes of animal fodder planted in
Pinjar was lost
Moreover, massive inundation did not leave any grazing fodder making
things even worse

95. •Australian Dairy Expertise Helped to Rebuild
Australia came to rescue Pakistan’s dairy industry in those
difficult times
They supplied emergency fodder and veterinary services
Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research
(ACIAR) provided not only aid in the above mentioned
services but did adaptive research which helped in building
the dairy industry of Pakistan further
•USA’s assistance programs
USA also came to rescue with its USAID Entrepreneurs
Program
Two programs were initiated affecting directly to the dairy
industry; the Entrepreneurs Project and the Dairy Project

96. The Entrepreneurs Project is to sharpen farmers business skills, help
them develop new products and services and increase their incomes.
In November, 2012 in a conference it was revealed that this assistance
program doubled the income of 22000 flood affected dairy farmers
The Dairy Project is in partnership with Nestle Pakistan and the Dairy
and Rural Development Foundation that has trained 9000 dairy
farmers and has helped in increasing their living conditions
• Local Initiatives
 Project Tamkeen by Jassar Farms
Rural Poverty Reduction through Livestock Development Project is
another such.

97. 4. Economic Conditions
Economic Conditions have a huge impact on the dairy industry of Pakistan
•Inflation
Rise in the overall prices also increases the price of milk
Rising inflation and extreme poverty has made the people of Pakistan price
conscious
That is why demand for loose milk is more than that of processed milk
Input Price (rupees)
2000
Price (rupees)
2007
Increase
Milch animal 20 000 60 000 200%
Cotton seed cake 270 560 107.4%
Wheat bran 170 380 123.5%
Maize cake 370 680 83.78%
Fresh milk 20 32 60%
Comparison of prices for milk and basic inputs for a dairy farm

98. •Lack of Credit Facilities
For a small dairy farm holder, their livestock is invaluable asset and milk is their day
to day cash flow
They are illiterate and lack credit facilities
Absence of financial services, in times of crisis can lead to mortality, disease of
animal and even death
Thus, they eventually might end up doing dairy farming at all
No. of animals Ownership by household (%)
1–2 27.32
3–4 23.73
5–6 14.32
7–10 13.68
11–15 6.29
16–20 2.65
21–30 2.58
31–50 2.71
51 or more 6.72
TOTAL 100
Source: Pakistan Livestock Census, 2006

99. 5. Related Industries
FOOD INDUSTRY
•UHT Milk is utilized by MNC’s and large Companies where as Small
confectionary shops utilize loose, untreated milk which results in various
diseases as well
•Many of the end products of food industry are a product of dairy industry
•Some of the products include yoghurt, butter, cheese, ice-cream etc
•Even Local Halwais play a significant role in food sector’s demand for dairy
products

100. VETERINARY INDUSTRY
•This sector is in its inception stages in Pakistan
•It is in need of proper qualified doctors
•It also requires a proper infrastructure as well as vet clinics which
are currently In far flung areas
•It is very important to keep in mind that inability to treat animals
properly has a direct impact on the yield of milk.
•Formal Sector has been successful in bringing qualified doctors
and medicine from abroad giving them an edge over the informal
sector
•In light of our Visit to Cattle Colony Visit, we came to know that
There is a lot of scope in the industry
There is slight regulation of government in this industry
Few Major Stake holders are controlling the industry
(Details in the Interview)

101. LIVESTOCK SECTOR
•It is one of the most significant sub-sectors of dairy industry after agriculture
industry.
•It contributes around 11% to the total GDP
•It is one of the areas for concern as around 30-35 million people are engaged in
livestock
•The Sector provides
Milk
Meat
Leather
• The formal sector has a proper record of the number of animals and is very
systematic which is lacking in the informal sector
•Increase in fodder prices, high transport costs and water shortages has also left a
negative impact on this sector
•Also government has no strategy of raising farm animals in a systematic manner
•Smuggling of animals, illegal practices by farmers and current government’s
decision to allow export of animals has had a cripple down impact on this sector

102. TRANSPORT SECTOR
•As milk is a product that is perishable therefore it needs to be
transported within 4 hrs of lactation.
•Proper transportation is used to supply milk throughout the city on
time.
•Loose milk producers have to seek transport facilities which increases
their cost where as processed milk producers have their own transport
facilities giving them an edge
•Recent increase in transportation prices has had a negative impact on
dairy industry
•Most of the Gawala’s have now shifted to CNG transport as an
alternative

103. ENERGY SECTOR
•Energy sector can also be considered as a related industry
•It plays an important role at the end of the supply chain system
•Electricity can be produced from the waste that the animals produce in the
dairy industry which is basically done by the formal sector
•This type of utilization is not very common in Pakistan although in abroad it is a
reasonable source of power generation
•Although both sectors are heavily dependent on government for the services,
but formal sector can afford other alternative sources which informal can not.
(Cattle Colony)

104. Recommendations
• the government and the dairy association should directly buy feed stock
from the growers and supply it at subsidized rates to dairy farmers
• Government in collaboration with Zarai-Taraqiati Bank should either
extend credit facility to the farmers or encourage banks to do so by
providing security/collaterals to them.
• Pakistan Dairy Association in collaboration with government should
undertake a campaign to educate farmers as to the need of maintaining
hygiene in milk collection and how it affects quality and productivity

105. References
• Arsalan Farooq, S. K. (n.d.). Dairy Sector.
• DAWN, T. (n.d.). All About/ Live Stock. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from Pakissan:
http://www.pakissan.com/english/allabout/livestock/dairy/dairy.industries.in.pakistan.shtml
• Dr Khushi Muhammad, D. F. (2012, September 16). FMD: a threat to dairy industry!
• Hasan, M. (2012, May 11). Emerging markets will drive growth of dairy industry.
• Hassan Shahid, O. S. (2012). Dairy Industry of Pakistan. European Journal of Business and
Management , 2.
• Jassar Farms (PVT) LTD. (2011). Pakistan Dairy Industry – Overview. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from
Jassar Farms: http://www.jassarfarms.com/english/?page_id=63
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