Daily life in the Middle Ages
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During the Medieval period in Europe: - Agricultural societies lived in small villages and worked together to farm the land, as rural life was more common than urban life. Societies were relatively small. - Most people were either freemen who worked for themselves or serfs who were permanently tied to the land they rented from lords in exchange for protection. - Trade was an important part of the economy, with people selling goods from their homes, though it did require some wealth. Guild systems trained skilled workers and regulated prices and quality in their professions. - Marriage was often an economic and social arrangement decided by families, though dowries provided economic security for wives if their husbands died. Basic medical
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Feudalism was a hierarchical system where the king granted land to lords in exchange for military service. Lords ruled over sections of land and peasants worked the land in exchange for protection. This system ensured security and order but restricted individual rights. Peasants were at the bottom and had little freedom while kings, lords, knights and merchants held higher positions with more power and wealth. Feudalism declined as the economy changed after the Black Plague and lords and peasants demanded more power and rights.
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Medieval society was organized in a strict feudal hierarchy. At the top was the king, who owned all the land and granted portions to noblemen in exchange for their military service. Below the noblemen were knights and clergy who fought and prayed on their behalf. At the bottom were peasants and servants who worked the land in return for protection from their lord. Everyone owed allegiance and service to those ranked above them in the feudal pyramid structure.
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Hera gave birth to Hephaestus, but threw him off Mount Olympus because he was ugly. He was rescued by the sea nymph Thetis and lived in an underwater cave, where he created his first forge. Hera later saw jewelry made by Hephaestus and learned he was alive. She had him craft gifts for the Olympians, including elaborate thrones. Impressed by his craftsmanship, the gods welcomed Hephaestus to Mount Olympus and arranged his marriage to Aphrodite.
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The document discusses the Salem Witch Trials that took place in Salem Village (now Danvers), Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. It mentions that witches were believed to have signed their souls away to the devil in blood. Over 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft and 20 were executed by hanging. Key figures involved included Reverend Parris, his slave Tituba, and accused witch George Burroughs.
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The document briefly mentions several key events and figures from early North American history including Jacques Cartier exploring the Northwest Passage, beaver trapping, Father Jacques Marquette's Jesuit mission to convert natives, and Haiti being colonized by France in 1663.
Spanish colonization
The Encomienda System entrusted Spanish colonists called encomenderos to oversee native populations, requiring natives to provide labor and taxes in exchange for instruction in Christianity and Spanish culture. However, the Catholic Church opposed aspects of the system that they viewed as oppressive to indigenous people.
Fall of Rome
We should care about others. All people deserve compassion. Working together towards kindness and understanding benefits everyone.
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The Celts were an ancient people who originated in northern Spain and migrated to the British Isles as Mesolithic settlers fleeing the last ice age. They descended from Mesolithic settlers who left northern Spain for the British isles as the ice age ended.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Daily life in the Middle Ages
- 2. 1000 to 1300 Medieval Golden Age
- 3. Faith in the Middle Ages
- 4. Agricultural societies: groups of families/clans would live in small villages, share pasture, and work together. Rural life was more prevalent than urban life. European medieval societies relatively small.
- 5. Freemen: Not bound to any particular plot of land. They worked for themselves. Relatively free economically. Serf: Not free/watered down version of Roman slavery. They did not own their land, they may rent a small plot and exchanged taxation for protection. Permanently fixed to the land and lord led to stability for them.
- 7. Not the dominate form of life. Required a bit of wealth because you bought most items necessary for life. People sold goods and services out of the ground floor of their homes. Goods would be out on display for purchase.
- 8. Guild System Guilds: Professional organizations that trained new artisans (skilled workers) and protected their professional interests. (prices, labor supply, quality)
- 9. Apprentice to Master Individuals who desired to learn skilled labor apprenticed themselves to a guild and learned the craft from an approved teacher. You would then become a journeyman, which meant you still worked under a master but were proficient in most areas of your craft.
- 11. Economic as well as a emotional consideration. Brides and grooms did not have a lot of say in choosing a spouse. Dowry- gift that the husband/husband’s family gave to the wife/wife’s family which secured the wife economically if the husband died. (Her safety net if the husband passed) Wife’s family bargained to ensure the wife’s security
- 12. Health
- 13. Daily Life in the Middle Ages Video
Editor's Notes
- Past year 1000 high middles ages, changes I life and faith, different than Charlemagne's time
- Lots illiteracy but not stupid, preliterate----- rich oral tradition, people retain more in their minds and memories, we do not have to memorize anymore. Troubadours memorized and recounted long poetic narrative stories. They could recite entire books. Common people rely on memory for scripture, made up for lack of literacy the way they cold. Hierarchical can be abusive and helpful
- Many people would want to be serfs
- Abuses existed but they wanted and recognized authority.
- Shambles street york, life walking around essex street in salem
- Also didn’t want to be too good. You had to conform to general standards, not so good so people only went to you. Guilds will help break down feudalism. Shops