International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tsunami risk assessment of sandwip island in the coast of bangladesh using gi...eSAT Journals
Abstract The threat of tsunami on the coastal region of Bangladesh has emerged after the Great Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004. Previously, it was thought that Bangladesh is beyond the threat of tsunami but the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami has raised the need for assessing tsunami risk on Bangladesh coast, since about 32 percent of the people live in these areas. A number of geological faults have been identified in the vicinity of Bay of Bengal; which are currently being considered for potential sources of underwater earthquake. For this study, the guidelines from Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) is followed which includes assessing the hazard, vulnerability and final risk due to tsunami. GIS analysis was performed on the tsunami hazard map to find the ultimate risk. From the analysis it was found that a minimum of about 60 percent of people in the shelter units which are susceptible to potential inundation are at risk to lose their lives. With rise of inundation heights, the percentage of possible loss of people also rises accordingly. Again a night-time tsunami poses more threat to people than a day-time tsunami. It was focused to combine the results of hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment for a community in the coastal belt of Bangladesh. Keywords: IOC Guidelines, Day and Night Time Tsunami, Risk Mapping
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This document discusses various issues related to sustainability and the environment over the next 50 years. It identifies the top 10 problems facing humanity as energy, water, food, environment, poverty, terrorism/war, disease, education, democracy, and population. It discusses factors driving population growth such as fertility rates, infant mortality, longevity, agriculture, and industrialization. Key challenges are managing sustainable development with limited resources and an ever growing population putting pressure on the environment. Roles of technology and engineering are discussed.
Natural Disaster (Tsunami) and Its Socio Economic and Environmental Impact – ...IJERA Editor
Natural Disaster (Tsunami) and Its Socio Economic And Environmental Impact – A Case Study Of
Kanyakumari Coast”. Kanyakumari is the southernmost district of Tamil Nadu. The software Arc Gis are used
to demarcate the Natural Disaster ( Tsunami) and its socio Economic and Environment Impact. The district lies
between longitudes is 77˚15‟ E 77˚36‟ Eastern longitudes. The Latitudes is 8˚03‟ N to 8˚35‟ Northern
latitudes.The District is bound by Tirunelveli District on the North and the East. The South Eastern boundary is
the Gulf of Manner. On the South and the South West, the boundaries are the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea.
On the West and Northwest it is bounded by Kerala. The Kanyakumari District total areas area is 1430.3Km.
The Coastal Villages elevations are 5 meter to 50 meter above mean sea level.Tirunelveli linked with the
Kanyakumari city by both road and railways. It is located south of Trichy at distance of 335km .Kanyakumari
was formed 1835 AD. It has an area of 1671.3 Km2 with 16.76 Lakh populations as per 2011 Census. The study
made by the researcher confirmed the various relief measures carried out in the affected areas in general and in
Agashteeshwaram Taluk in Kanyakumari measures be programmed in such a way that they facilities of their
livelihood besides regaining their aspirations of life.
Experiences From The Tohoku Disaster In Japan And Stakeholder Perceptions On ...Prabhakar SVRK
The presentation has two parts, the first part informs about the important lessons learned from the 2011 Tohoku disaster in Japan and the second part informs about the implications of loss and damage associated with climate change and adaptation in terms of the stakeholder perceptions and what they mean for knowledge networks.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sv_R_K_Prabhakar/publication/264744472_Experiences_from_the_Tohoku_Disaster_in_Japan_and_Stakeholder_Perceptions_on_Loss_and_Damage_Associated_with_Climate_Change_and_Adaptation/links/53edc21b0cf26b9b7dc5fd93?origin=publication_detail
CIB TG66 India Webinar 20120628 Mahua Mukherjee Beyond the buildingINIVE EEIG
CIB TASK GROUP 66 WEB EVENT
"THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS POLICY IN INDIA AND BEYOND"
THURSDAY 28 JUNE 2012
2 pm – 4 pm Indian Standard Time
AGENDA
- Introduction, by Jean Carassus, CIB TG66 Coordinator, Professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris Institute of Technology, mandated by Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (France).
- The Implementation of Energy Efficient Buildings’ Policy in India- by Priyanka Kochar, Programme Manager, Sustainable Habitats Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi.
- Beyond the Building: Energy Efficient Surrounding is Future of India, by Dr Mahua Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture & Planning, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
- Conclusion by Peter Wouters, CIB Marketing and Communication Chair, Director at Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI, Belgium),
BACKGROUND FOR THIS EVENT
CIB Task Group 66 is setting up several meetings to capitalize high level information on "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS POLICIES IN 5 CONTINENTS".
The first event was an International Seminar organized in Brussels. It was dedicated to the European policy (four presentations), the action of three international organizations (UNEP-SBCI, IEA, WBCSD) and the policies of four countries: Brazil, China, South Africa and the USA.
The second event was an Internet Session dedicated to Europe, with five presentations from Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands and Poland.
The third event was an Internet Session dedicated to North America, with five presentations from Canada, Mexico and the USA.
The fourth event was an Internet Session dedicated to South America, with five presentations from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela.
To listen to registered conferences and see presentations from those events, visit
http://cib.sympraxis.eu
The document discusses the evolving concept of energy security using Japan as a case study. It provides background on Japan's energy situation, noting its lack of natural resources and reliance on imports. The 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster profoundly impacted Japan's energy security by forcing the shutdown of nuclear plants, its largest domestic energy source. While energy security was traditionally focused on economic and military concerns, the document argues the concept must now encompass environmental factors as well. Japan's policies have increasingly recognized the connections between economic, energy, and environmental security, known as the "3Es." The Fukushima disaster illustrated that energy security is an emerging concept that requires constant reassessment to account for new technologies and risks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tsunami risk assessment of sandwip island in the coast of bangladesh using gi...eSAT Journals
Abstract The threat of tsunami on the coastal region of Bangladesh has emerged after the Great Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004. Previously, it was thought that Bangladesh is beyond the threat of tsunami but the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami has raised the need for assessing tsunami risk on Bangladesh coast, since about 32 percent of the people live in these areas. A number of geological faults have been identified in the vicinity of Bay of Bengal; which are currently being considered for potential sources of underwater earthquake. For this study, the guidelines from Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) is followed which includes assessing the hazard, vulnerability and final risk due to tsunami. GIS analysis was performed on the tsunami hazard map to find the ultimate risk. From the analysis it was found that a minimum of about 60 percent of people in the shelter units which are susceptible to potential inundation are at risk to lose their lives. With rise of inundation heights, the percentage of possible loss of people also rises accordingly. Again a night-time tsunami poses more threat to people than a day-time tsunami. It was focused to combine the results of hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment for a community in the coastal belt of Bangladesh. Keywords: IOC Guidelines, Day and Night Time Tsunami, Risk Mapping
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This document discusses various issues related to sustainability and the environment over the next 50 years. It identifies the top 10 problems facing humanity as energy, water, food, environment, poverty, terrorism/war, disease, education, democracy, and population. It discusses factors driving population growth such as fertility rates, infant mortality, longevity, agriculture, and industrialization. Key challenges are managing sustainable development with limited resources and an ever growing population putting pressure on the environment. Roles of technology and engineering are discussed.
Natural Disaster (Tsunami) and Its Socio Economic and Environmental Impact – ...IJERA Editor
Natural Disaster (Tsunami) and Its Socio Economic And Environmental Impact – A Case Study Of
Kanyakumari Coast”. Kanyakumari is the southernmost district of Tamil Nadu. The software Arc Gis are used
to demarcate the Natural Disaster ( Tsunami) and its socio Economic and Environment Impact. The district lies
between longitudes is 77˚15‟ E 77˚36‟ Eastern longitudes. The Latitudes is 8˚03‟ N to 8˚35‟ Northern
latitudes.The District is bound by Tirunelveli District on the North and the East. The South Eastern boundary is
the Gulf of Manner. On the South and the South West, the boundaries are the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea.
On the West and Northwest it is bounded by Kerala. The Kanyakumari District total areas area is 1430.3Km.
The Coastal Villages elevations are 5 meter to 50 meter above mean sea level.Tirunelveli linked with the
Kanyakumari city by both road and railways. It is located south of Trichy at distance of 335km .Kanyakumari
was formed 1835 AD. It has an area of 1671.3 Km2 with 16.76 Lakh populations as per 2011 Census. The study
made by the researcher confirmed the various relief measures carried out in the affected areas in general and in
Agashteeshwaram Taluk in Kanyakumari measures be programmed in such a way that they facilities of their
livelihood besides regaining their aspirations of life.
Experiences From The Tohoku Disaster In Japan And Stakeholder Perceptions On ...Prabhakar SVRK
The presentation has two parts, the first part informs about the important lessons learned from the 2011 Tohoku disaster in Japan and the second part informs about the implications of loss and damage associated with climate change and adaptation in terms of the stakeholder perceptions and what they mean for knowledge networks.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sv_R_K_Prabhakar/publication/264744472_Experiences_from_the_Tohoku_Disaster_in_Japan_and_Stakeholder_Perceptions_on_Loss_and_Damage_Associated_with_Climate_Change_and_Adaptation/links/53edc21b0cf26b9b7dc5fd93?origin=publication_detail
CIB TG66 India Webinar 20120628 Mahua Mukherjee Beyond the buildingINIVE EEIG
CIB TASK GROUP 66 WEB EVENT
"THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS POLICY IN INDIA AND BEYOND"
THURSDAY 28 JUNE 2012
2 pm – 4 pm Indian Standard Time
AGENDA
- Introduction, by Jean Carassus, CIB TG66 Coordinator, Professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris Institute of Technology, mandated by Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (France).
- The Implementation of Energy Efficient Buildings’ Policy in India- by Priyanka Kochar, Programme Manager, Sustainable Habitats Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi.
- Beyond the Building: Energy Efficient Surrounding is Future of India, by Dr Mahua Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture & Planning, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
- Conclusion by Peter Wouters, CIB Marketing and Communication Chair, Director at Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI, Belgium),
BACKGROUND FOR THIS EVENT
CIB Task Group 66 is setting up several meetings to capitalize high level information on "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS POLICIES IN 5 CONTINENTS".
The first event was an International Seminar organized in Brussels. It was dedicated to the European policy (four presentations), the action of three international organizations (UNEP-SBCI, IEA, WBCSD) and the policies of four countries: Brazil, China, South Africa and the USA.
The second event was an Internet Session dedicated to Europe, with five presentations from Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands and Poland.
The third event was an Internet Session dedicated to North America, with five presentations from Canada, Mexico and the USA.
The fourth event was an Internet Session dedicated to South America, with five presentations from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela.
To listen to registered conferences and see presentations from those events, visit
http://cib.sympraxis.eu
The document discusses the evolving concept of energy security using Japan as a case study. It provides background on Japan's energy situation, noting its lack of natural resources and reliance on imports. The 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster profoundly impacted Japan's energy security by forcing the shutdown of nuclear plants, its largest domestic energy source. While energy security was traditionally focused on economic and military concerns, the document argues the concept must now encompass environmental factors as well. Japan's policies have increasingly recognized the connections between economic, energy, and environmental security, known as the "3Es." The Fukushima disaster illustrated that energy security is an emerging concept that requires constant reassessment to account for new technologies and risks.
O documento descreve a IV Reunião Técnica Regional do Proinfância sobre Educação Infantil 100% Inclusiva realizada pelo MEC. O objetivo é apoiar 1.232 municípios que não possuem inclusão total de crianças com deficiência na educação infantil, por meio de consultoria técnica, formação de gestores, elaboração de planos de ação e monitoramento.
The document discusses elementary set theory. It defines basic set theory concepts like sets, subsets, empty sets, finite and infinite sets, power sets, unions, intersections, and complements of sets. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts and properties like if A is a subset of B, then the power set of A is a subset of the power set of B. The document serves as an introduction to foundational concepts in set theory.
India is grappling with the highest ever current-account deficit, the broadest measure of trade, mainly because of its gold and crude oil imports, weakening the rupee to a record against the U.S. dollar. Over the past few years, investment in gold has increased significantly especially in bullion, bars, and securities related to bullion. www.unitedworld.edu.in
On 14th July 2014 a memorial symposium to celebrate the life and work of Professor Jean-Claude Bradley, the father of Open Notebook Science, used this photo loop to connect us to some of his activities and give us a glimpse into his personal life.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on global wheat production. Researchers found that rising temperatures will significantly reduce wheat yields across different regions of the world by the end of the century. Under a high emissions scenario, wheat production is projected to decrease between 6-27% globally depending on the region, posing substantial risks to global food security.
Conheça Joanesburgo porta de entrada do continente africanoalqlima
Joanesburgo é a maior cidade da África do Sul e o principal ponto de entrada para o continente africano, tornando seu aeroporto o mais movimentado da África. A cidade possui uma economia forte baseada em ouro e diamantes e atrações turísticas como o Montecasino, com cassinos, restaurantes e zoológico, e safáris populares como o Parque Nacional Kruger.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of lane width on passenger car unit (PCU) capacity under mixed traffic conditions on congested highways in India. Data on traffic composition and vehicle speeds was collected across 5 highways in Nagpur City. PCU values, which allow different vehicle types to be converted to a common unit, were calculated for different vehicle types based on the speed ratio and space occupancy ratio compared to a passenger car. PCU values varied by vehicle type and highway section depending on factors like traffic volume and lane width. The study found PCU values changed significantly with changes in these factors. Speed-volume relationships were also analyzed and typical curves were presented.
O documento descreve como as monções afetam o clima da Ásia do Sul e Sudeste, causando períodos úmidos e secos. Durante o verão, as massas de ar quentes sobre o continente causam ventos úmidos vindos do oceano, trazendo chuvas torrenciais. No inverno, ventos frios sopram do continente para o oceano, causando uma longa estiagem. Alternando entre essas monções marítima e continental, o clima na região é altamente variável de um ano para outro.
This very short document appears to be the title "WORLD - REFLEXION 2" along with a long string of non-printing characters and a web address. In just 3 sentences or less, it is difficult to discern much meaningful content or essential information from this document.
El documento describe una lección sobre el lanzamiento de peso en educación física. Los estudiantes se dividen en grupos para grabarse lanzando una pelota medicinal y analizar su técnica en vídeo, con el objetivo de conocer la técnica básica del lanzamiento de peso y utilizar diferentes ángulos de cámara. La lección concluye con una evaluación basada en la participación y el análisis de los vídeos.
This document discusses ways to achieve success and provides advice on overcoming obstacles. It emphasizes having purpose and passion, focusing on strengths, persevering through challenges, and relying on prayer. Success is portrayed as a journey that requires daily effort, learning from mistakes, developing talents, and sharing talents with others. The key messages are that success does not happen overnight, it is determined by daily actions, and those who are given talents have a responsibility to develop and deliver them.
Este documento describe brevemente la civilización maya, azteca e inca. Describe la ubicación y características geográficas de cada civilización, así como aspectos de su organización política, economía, sociedad y religión. También destaca algunos logros culturales como su escritura, calendarios y arquitectura.
A aderência das práticas contábeis das entidades do terceiro setor às normas ...berbone
1) O documento analisa as práticas contábeis de organizações do terceiro setor em São Paulo e sua aderência às normas contábeis brasileiras.
2) Foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo em 6 organizações para avaliar seus processos contábeis em comparação aos requisitos contábeis.
3) Os resultados indicaram que as normas contábeis brasileiras focam em empresas e fornecem pouca orientação para a contabilidade de organizações sociais.
OECD Workshop: Learning from crises and fostering the continuous improvement...OECD Governance
Presentation by Prof. Yuichi Ono, Tohoku University, Japan.
The workshop on “Learning from crises and fostering the continuous improvement of risk governance and management”, jointly organised with the governments of the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, was held in Oslo, Norway on 17-18 September 2014. More information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/risk/high-level-risk-forum-oslo-workshop-2014.htm
The tsunami; its mechanisms, socioeconomic and environmental impacts mike mukuwaMikeMukuwa
The document discusses tsunamis, their causes, impacts, and mitigation. It begins by defining natural hazards and disasters. It then defines tsunamis, their measurement, and distinguishes them from wind waves. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impacts are described as the main causes of tsunamis. The Pacific Ocean experiences most tsunamis, especially along subduction zones. Tsunamis cause death, disease, and massive reconstruction costs. They also contaminate soil and water, destroy habitats, and can spread radiation from damaged nuclear plants. Planting mangroves and trees along coastlines can help mitigate tsunami impacts by reducing wave energy.
O documento descreve a IV Reunião Técnica Regional do Proinfância sobre Educação Infantil 100% Inclusiva realizada pelo MEC. O objetivo é apoiar 1.232 municípios que não possuem inclusão total de crianças com deficiência na educação infantil, por meio de consultoria técnica, formação de gestores, elaboração de planos de ação e monitoramento.
The document discusses elementary set theory. It defines basic set theory concepts like sets, subsets, empty sets, finite and infinite sets, power sets, unions, intersections, and complements of sets. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts and properties like if A is a subset of B, then the power set of A is a subset of the power set of B. The document serves as an introduction to foundational concepts in set theory.
India is grappling with the highest ever current-account deficit, the broadest measure of trade, mainly because of its gold and crude oil imports, weakening the rupee to a record against the U.S. dollar. Over the past few years, investment in gold has increased significantly especially in bullion, bars, and securities related to bullion. www.unitedworld.edu.in
On 14th July 2014 a memorial symposium to celebrate the life and work of Professor Jean-Claude Bradley, the father of Open Notebook Science, used this photo loop to connect us to some of his activities and give us a glimpse into his personal life.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on global wheat production. Researchers found that rising temperatures will significantly reduce wheat yields across different regions of the world by the end of the century. Under a high emissions scenario, wheat production is projected to decrease between 6-27% globally depending on the region, posing substantial risks to global food security.
Conheça Joanesburgo porta de entrada do continente africanoalqlima
Joanesburgo é a maior cidade da África do Sul e o principal ponto de entrada para o continente africano, tornando seu aeroporto o mais movimentado da África. A cidade possui uma economia forte baseada em ouro e diamantes e atrações turísticas como o Montecasino, com cassinos, restaurantes e zoológico, e safáris populares como o Parque Nacional Kruger.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of lane width on passenger car unit (PCU) capacity under mixed traffic conditions on congested highways in India. Data on traffic composition and vehicle speeds was collected across 5 highways in Nagpur City. PCU values, which allow different vehicle types to be converted to a common unit, were calculated for different vehicle types based on the speed ratio and space occupancy ratio compared to a passenger car. PCU values varied by vehicle type and highway section depending on factors like traffic volume and lane width. The study found PCU values changed significantly with changes in these factors. Speed-volume relationships were also analyzed and typical curves were presented.
O documento descreve como as monções afetam o clima da Ásia do Sul e Sudeste, causando períodos úmidos e secos. Durante o verão, as massas de ar quentes sobre o continente causam ventos úmidos vindos do oceano, trazendo chuvas torrenciais. No inverno, ventos frios sopram do continente para o oceano, causando uma longa estiagem. Alternando entre essas monções marítima e continental, o clima na região é altamente variável de um ano para outro.
This very short document appears to be the title "WORLD - REFLEXION 2" along with a long string of non-printing characters and a web address. In just 3 sentences or less, it is difficult to discern much meaningful content or essential information from this document.
El documento describe una lección sobre el lanzamiento de peso en educación física. Los estudiantes se dividen en grupos para grabarse lanzando una pelota medicinal y analizar su técnica en vídeo, con el objetivo de conocer la técnica básica del lanzamiento de peso y utilizar diferentes ángulos de cámara. La lección concluye con una evaluación basada en la participación y el análisis de los vídeos.
This document discusses ways to achieve success and provides advice on overcoming obstacles. It emphasizes having purpose and passion, focusing on strengths, persevering through challenges, and relying on prayer. Success is portrayed as a journey that requires daily effort, learning from mistakes, developing talents, and sharing talents with others. The key messages are that success does not happen overnight, it is determined by daily actions, and those who are given talents have a responsibility to develop and deliver them.
Este documento describe brevemente la civilización maya, azteca e inca. Describe la ubicación y características geográficas de cada civilización, así como aspectos de su organización política, economía, sociedad y religión. También destaca algunos logros culturales como su escritura, calendarios y arquitectura.
A aderência das práticas contábeis das entidades do terceiro setor às normas ...berbone
1) O documento analisa as práticas contábeis de organizações do terceiro setor em São Paulo e sua aderência às normas contábeis brasileiras.
2) Foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo em 6 organizações para avaliar seus processos contábeis em comparação aos requisitos contábeis.
3) Os resultados indicaram que as normas contábeis brasileiras focam em empresas e fornecem pouca orientação para a contabilidade de organizações sociais.
OECD Workshop: Learning from crises and fostering the continuous improvement...OECD Governance
Presentation by Prof. Yuichi Ono, Tohoku University, Japan.
The workshop on “Learning from crises and fostering the continuous improvement of risk governance and management”, jointly organised with the governments of the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, was held in Oslo, Norway on 17-18 September 2014. More information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/risk/high-level-risk-forum-oslo-workshop-2014.htm
The tsunami; its mechanisms, socioeconomic and environmental impacts mike mukuwaMikeMukuwa
The document discusses tsunamis, their causes, impacts, and mitigation. It begins by defining natural hazards and disasters. It then defines tsunamis, their measurement, and distinguishes them from wind waves. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impacts are described as the main causes of tsunamis. The Pacific Ocean experiences most tsunamis, especially along subduction zones. Tsunamis cause death, disease, and massive reconstruction costs. They also contaminate soil and water, destroy habitats, and can spread radiation from damaged nuclear plants. Planting mangroves and trees along coastlines can help mitigate tsunami impacts by reducing wave energy.
Tarang Thakur presents on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The tsunami was caused by a 9.1 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia on December 26, 2004. It generated waves as high as 15 meters that impacted 14 countries around the Indian Ocean, most severely in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. Approximately 230,000 people were killed or missing, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history. Massive relief and rebuilding efforts were undertaken in the aftermath by governments, organizations, and individuals spending $7.5 billion total. New warning systems using technology like seafloor sensors and satellite data have also been developed to detect future tsunamis earlier.
The document summarizes a project on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It defines tsunamis as large ocean waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. The 2004 tsunami was caused by a 9.1-9.3 magnitude earthquake in the Indian Ocean. It killed over 227,000 people across 14 countries. The impacts included massive loss of life, property damage estimated at $10 billion, and environmental threats. The response involved emergency assistance and long-term recovery efforts like temporary housing, rebuilding infrastructure, and counseling. Governments and communities must take steps to reduce risks and prepare for future tsunamis.
IRJET- Temporal Changes of Coastal Cliffs : A Case Study from VarkalaIRJET Journal
This document discusses temporal changes to coastal cliffs in Varkala, India through a case study. It analyzes satellite imagery from 2003 and 2019 and compares it to a 1966 topographical map to estimate changes to the Varkala Beach shoreline over decades. Coastal erosion may impact landscape quality. The study area contains unique red laterite cliffs that are an important tourist feature but also geologically significant. Factors like unauthorized construction, vehicle traffic, and rainfall are cited as causing landslides. QGIS is used to delineate cliff erosion hazards to inform coastal management and development planning.
Study of Natural Disaster and its Impact in Uttarakhandijsrd.com
This document summarizes a study on natural disasters and their impacts in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It discusses several types of natural disasters that frequently occur in Uttarakhand, including floods, landslides, cloudbursts, forest fires, and avalanches. The study focuses on a devastating flood in June 2013 caused by heavy rainfall and glacier melting that killed over 5,700 people. Graphs show death tolls and occurrences of earthquakes, flash floods, avalanches, and cloudbursts by year. The conclusion states that while disasters cannot be stopped, their impacts can be minimized through preparedness, education, post-disaster relief, and rebuilding infrastructure to be more resilient.
This document discusses environmental issues and damage in Indonesia. It begins with background on global efforts to address environmental problems like the Earth Summit. It then discusses causes of environmental damage in Indonesia, including uncontrolled deforestation which has reduced Indonesia's forests by 72% and led to increased disasters. Events that cause natural damage like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes are also described. The document ends by discussing efforts to combat environmental damage, including producing oil naturally, desalination, hydrogen power, solar energy, converting heat from the sea, and tidal energy.
IRJET- Development Control Regulation Strategies for Disaster Management- Cas...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on development control regulation strategies for disaster management in Visakhapatnam, India. It discusses how natural disasters like cyclones can significantly impact economic development by causing loss of life, infrastructure damage, and interrupting services. The study focuses on assessing land use regulations and development control policies in relation to disaster management. It uses the 2014 Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam as a case study. The study aims to recommend policy changes to residential and commercial building guidelines to reduce wind tunnel effects and cyclone damage.
The document describes plans for the proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra, India. The project would involve constructing 6 nuclear reactors, each producing 1,650 megawatts, for a total capacity of 9,900 megawatts. This would make it the world's largest nuclear power station. The reactors would be supplied by Areva of France. While proponents believe it will provide clean energy and economic benefits, local residents have strongly protested due to environmental and safety concerns given the site's seismic activity and proximity to biodiversity. There is an ongoing debate around the project weighing its costs and risks versus its energy needs.
This document discusses natural disaster risks and provides examples of some of the largest earthquakes in the world. It summarizes key details about major earthquakes such as the magnitude, location, date, and impacts. These include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that caused over 230,000 deaths in Indonesia, the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan that resulted in over 15,000 fatalities, and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China that led to around 88,000 deaths. The document also outlines international frameworks for disaster risk reduction, including the Hyogo Framework and Sendai Framework, and principles of building resilience through approaches like ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction.
This document summarizes the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It provides background on the earthquake that caused the tsunami, the countries affected, and the huge loss of life and economic impacts. It discusses the lack of early warning systems and disaster preparedness. It outlines the response efforts by governments and relief organizations. It also describes the establishment of the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System in 2007 to help detect future tsunamis and provide warnings. The document stresses the importance of public education, regional cooperation, and building more resilient infrastructure.
Environmental issues affect all nations. While some countries still use fossil fuels, natural gas produces less greenhouse gases than petroleum or coal. This paper discusses environmental damage in Indonesia, including deforestation, pollution, and natural disasters. Efforts are being made through sustainable development, conservation, alternative energy sources, and community involvement to address these issues.
Environmental issues affect all nations. While some countries still use fossil fuels, natural gas is more economically and environmentally friendly than petroleum or coal. This paper discusses environmental damage in Indonesia, its causes, efforts to prevent further harm, and sustainable development. Key causes of environmental degradation in Indonesia include deforestation, pollution, and natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes exacerbated by climate change. The government and communities are taking actions like reforestation, pollution control, and green energy to promote long-term environmental conservation and sustainable resource use.
Makalah bahasa inggris permasalahn lingkunganWarnet Raha
Environmental issues affect all nations. While some countries still use fossil fuels, natural gas produces less greenhouse gases than petroleum or coal. This paper discusses environmental damage in Indonesia, including deforestation, pollution, and natural disasters. Efforts are being made through sustainable development, conservation, alternative energy sources, and community involvement to address these issues.
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Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 41, No.6, Jun 2012, pp.12-20 Review Article
Crisis Management of Tohoku; Japan Earthquake and Tsunami,
11 March 2011
*M Zaré 1, S Ghaychi Afrouz 2
1. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran
2. Mining Engineering, School of Mining Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
(Received 12 Dec 2011; accepted 22 Apr 2012)
Introduction
The magnitude 9.0 Japan’s Tohoku Earthquake
occurred at 14:46 local time on Friday, 11 March
2011, 125 km east coast of Honshu and 380 km
far from Tokyo and rattled the large parts of Ja-
pan and some part of east China and Russia with
30 km depth of the hypocenter (1). This earth-
quake that lasted approximately 3 minutes (170
seconds) caused a 130 km long by 159 km wide
rupture zone on the pacific plate subduction zone
and followed by a huge tsunami with more than
40 meter waves. The destructive aftermaths of this
incident made an irreparable disaster not only for
the Japan, but also for the whole world because
except for the enormous death toll and debris, the
damages of nuclear power plants were a hazard-
ous unexpected tragedy.
Casualties and damages
According to the report of the Japanese National
Police Agency, 15854 dead, 3167 missing and
26992 injured across twenty prefectures are the
result of this devastating earthquake and tsunami
which ruined more than 125000 buildings. Moreo-
ver, it caused long blackouts for more than 4.4
million buildings and left 1.5 million buildings out
of water for days (2), also large fires were triggered
one after another even for weeks after the main
quake. Explosion and demolition of the Fuku-
Abstract
The huge earthquake in 11 March 2012 which followed by a destructive tsunami in Japan was largest recorded
earthquake in the history. Japan is pioneer in disaster management, especially earthquakes. How this developed
country faced this disaster, which had significant worldwide effects? The humanitarian behavior of the Japanese
people amazingly wondered the word’s media, meanwhile the management of government and authorities
showed some deficiencies. The impact of the disaster is followed up after the event and the different impacts are
tried to be analyzed in different sectors. The situation one year after Japan 2011 earthquake and Tsunami is over-
viewed. The reason of Japanese plans failure was the scale of tsunami, having higher waves than what was as-
sumed, especially in the design of the Nuclear Power Plant. Japanese authorities considered economic benefits
more than safety and moral factors exacerbate the situation. Major lessons to be learnt are 1) the effectiveness of
disaster management should be restudied in all hazardous countries; 2) the importance of the high-Tech early-
warning systems in reducing risk; 3) Reconsi ...
Effect of Tsunami Loads on Ulak Karang Shelter Building in Padang Cityijtsrd
1) The document discusses the effect of tsunami loads on the Ulak Karang Shelter structure in Padang City, Indonesia.
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3) The study evaluates the shelter structure based on FEMA-646 standards by analyzing it with and without tsunami loads. A variety of tsunami loads including hydrostatic, buoyant, hydrodynamic, surge, impact, debris and more are calculated.
India is a peninsular country three sides covered with water. It faces a heavy monsoon season that causes large scale destruction throughout the country. Perennial rivers such as Ganga, Brahmaputra, etc. always causes flooding in north India and cyclones and heavy monsoon are the reason for flood in southern parts of India. India is the one of the vulnerable country for climatic change. It should work to provide flood proof, safe and affordable structures for all citizens. For centuries, the coastline has been the focus for variety of activities including industries, agriculture, recreation and fisheries. All the major cities in India have developed along the coastline. Over the past centuries, the sea level increased nearly eight inches in the coastal area and the scientists suggest a constant increase in sea level due to climatic change. There are two major factors for sea level rise, melting of ice sheets and thermal expansion of ocean. These factors are the result of global warming which cannot be changed easily. The sea level rise will have multiple impacts like migrating from coastal areas, frequent flooding, erode beaches; the net result will be migration from this densely populated areas. This report will explore and documents the various ways of protecting and creating a sustainable living environment for seaside and riverside residents. This will document the projection sea level rise and in change in climate will increase the frequencies of flood. This dissertation will answer the questions like “How can a structure sits in ground can survive during floods?” The techniques to provide low flood residents Amphibious housing functioning both in land and water. Amphibious Architecture is cost effective and safe alternative for permanent static elevation and it is achieved by buoyant foundations.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
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Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
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Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
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Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
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Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
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The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
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Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
D045071825
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Construction Planning For The Next Generation Of Rural
Coastal India
S. Selvamuthukumar and Dr. G. Mohankumar
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar- 608002, INDIA.
Abstract
Construction activities in the rural coast is a typical phenomenon which involves social, psychological,
economical, environmental, geological, political, global, national as well as local issues of concern. Safe
reconstruction for the rural coastal community after the 2004 devastating tsunami was the common will of all
the twelve affected countries. In the subsequent tsunami of 2011, Japan experienced a multiple disasters and
could not be able to manage things. It was proved by many factors like lack of land use planning, quality of
construction, provision of basic amenities, health and total safety for Indian Tsunami reconstruction. Therefore,
scientific and technological based approach only can give a better solution. For a developing country like India,
having more rural based communities, the problem is serious and it becomes necessary to have the construction
activities with a control system to achieve a permanently safer system. The problem is also aggravated for the
next decade invited by the expected sea level rise and global warming issues, scarcity of water and other
essential construction materials and shortage of conventional power production. This paper brings out the
concept of providing an appropriate planning for the overall safe reconstruction in the rural east coast of India
for the next generation.
Key words: coastal planning, protection, renewable energy, tsunami reconstruction
I. Introduction
During the December 2004 Tsunami the
housing stock along the East coast of India, as well as
bridges and roads, suffered extensive damage by
direct pressure from tsunami waves, and scouring
damage was induced by the receding waves. Many of
the affected structures consisted of non-engineered,
poorly constructed houses belonging to the fishers
(Alpa Sheth et al., 2006). It destroyed thousands of
homes and displaced over 500,000 people in
Indonesia (IOM Report, 2005) and in Sri Lanka the
Tsunami left half a million people homeless and the
impacts intensified resource shortage, fuelled
inflation, constrained government's fiscal capacity,
and adversely affected housing reconstruction
(Jayasuriya et al. 2005). Satoko and Kazuya (2012)
presented a study conducted in North-eastern Japan
prior to 2011 earthquake (EQ) and after 2011 EQ
and Tsunami. The disastrous tsunami reached over
30m in height at several points, and more than 90%
of deaths were related to drowning.
The scientists alert on the sea level rise
which should be kept in mind while planning for the
reconstruction. The Inter governmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC-2001) published a guide to
help policy makers by, among other things, providing
potential scenarios for the end of 21st
century. These
projections received widespread support by many
within the scientific community, though they have
also been criticized as being too conservative. Some
other sources have predicted global sea level rise of
around 80 cm by the end of this century. Even before
2004 Tsunami, coastal zones and ecosystems in India
were under heavy stress. Tata Energy Resource
Institute (TERI) of India had made useful surveys
and reported the impacts of agriculture, aquaculture
and industrial developments on coastal ecosystems
leading to the destruction of vast areas of mangroves.
During the last 20 years, India has
experienced 10 major EQs that have claimed more
than 35000 lives. Almost 58% of our total land mass
is prone to EQs of moderate to very high intensity.
India has a long coastline running 7516 km long and
the entire coastal stretch of South India is exposed to
Tsunami, cyclone, waves and storm surges. On an
average, five to six tropical cyclones strike every
year, of which two or three are very severe. More
cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal than in the
Arabian Sea and every year the east coast is affected
by cyclones and Tsunami. The Super Cyclone (1999),
Thane cyclone (2010) and Tsunami 2004 claimed
thousands of human lives devastating agricultural
crops and rendering lakhs of people homeless.
A study conducted after the 2004 tsunami in
18 coastal hamlets along the south-east coast of India
reiterates the importance of coastal mangrove
vegetations and location characteristics of human
inhabitation to protect lives and wealth from the fury
of tsunami (Kathiresan and Rajendran, 2005). The
tsunami caused human death and loss of wealth was
decreased with the area of coastal vegetation,
distance and elevation of human inhabitation from
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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www.ijera.com 19 | P a g e
the sea. The aim of reducing future life loss and
property damage can be achieved only by a long term
commitment. Janakarajan (2009) examined the
challenges of sea and level rise climate change
impacts and disaster risk reduction strategies in Tamil
Nadu state of India through research. It is concluded
that the existing adaptation measures undertaken by
the communities are adhoc and not sustainable in the
long term.
The first suggestion by the Malaysian
Government was to build houses outside a green zone
of 3km from the shore line but was decisively
rejected by the local authorities in Aceh (Regan,
2006). It was anticipated that a smaller tsunami wave
than the 10+ metre event that occurred in 2004 would
be sufficient for design. The assumption was that this
event was rare and it was also stated that in the next
30-40 years that the return period of a tsunami in the
area was of the order of 1 in 35 years (Wilkinson,
2005). The Indonesian government with International
Organization for Migration (IOM) built 11000 pre-
fabricated houses for vulnerable Acehnese homeless
families. IOM’s emergency response programme had
provided them with three types of shelter either as
tents or emergency shelters or transitional shelters.
Buildings can be created to withstand the
EQs, but designers remain largely powerless in
thwarting the destructive forces of a tsunami. But
engineers hope to possibly change the way buildings
designed in coastal regions. Renata (2011) had
discussions with mailing engineers and concluded
briefly in the aspect of the goal of Engineers. At the
Tsunami in Japan, lots of buildings were flooded by
Tsunami waves and some of them were moved by the
waves. Ventasal (2012) tried some Tsunami resistant
house design and Tsunami resistant building design
example introduced by FDN Engineering was
designed to withstand extreme forces including
tsunami shown in figure 1(a). Engineers are
designing methods and techniques to design a
building on columns for coastal areas. Jay Shafer
(2008) has come up with Tumbleweed houses which
can be put nearly anywhere shown in figure 1(b). He
declares that it produces less than 4 tons of
greenhouse gases during a typical Minnesota winter.
But for a rural coast it will not serve in India.
(a) FDN Design (Ventasal, 2012) (b) Tumbleweed
houses (Jay Shafer, 2008)
Fig.1 Some promoted system of buildings
Jay Raskin et al (2009) reported about the
tsunami evacuation buildings (TEB) as new risk
management approach to the Cascadia EQ and
tsunami. TEBs are important elements to insure
schools, essential facilities, and government buildings
able to meet their everyday purposes, and continue to
function after the EQ and tsunami. Preliminary
design, technical and social issues are considered,
including tsunami dissipater to deflect wave energy
away from the TEB and geotechnical and structural
design to survive a magnitude 9EQ and near field
tsunami. Japan has proposed an anti Tsunami system
shown in figure 2. In total, of all the requirements, a
planning for safety construction with control system
becomes the prime need of the hour.
Fig. 2 A new Anti-tsunami Archipelago for Japan
Prabhakar et al (2011) give some critical
review of civil engineering aspects to be adopted
with tsunami’s effects and the combination of EQs
and tsunamis in mind. It also gives facts about
characteristics of tsunami induced waves. Andhra
Pradesh government constructed 1230 dwelling units
in the proposed tsunami-resistant housing colonies
for fishermen in the coastal villages of Vizianagaram
district. Soil investigations were carried out in the
proposed sites and recommendations/guidelines were
given for better tsunami resistant building. The
rescue and relief work undertaken in the Andaman
and Nicobar islands and in mainland India after the
tsunami was massive (Murty et al, 2006). A number
of new initiatives undertaken by the government and
non-governmental agencies were innovative and
successful because full powers being given to all the
eleven zonal chiefs.
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Pittet et al (2007) reports on housing reconstruction
in Tamil Nadu after the 2004 tsunami. Published by
the Institute for Applied Sustainability to the Built
Environment, this document illustrates the social,
environmental and economic advantages of
vernacular housing, and sets out to inform agencies
involved in post-disaster recovery about the
importance of recognizing and building upon local
housing culture and building capacity. This article
was useful for a range of agencies involved in post-
disaster housing reconstruction in local community
settings.
An estimated, 53290 homes were destroyed
and 11694 houses damaged in Tamil Nadu (GoTN
Report, 2008). The entire physical infrastructure,
though sparing along the coast, was also destroyed,
including facilities for fishing and related
occupations. The damage was estimated at US$ 880
million. Multilateral organizations, donors, NGOs,
religious organizations, civil societies, and
corporations provided phenomenal logistic, monetary
and technical support for housing reconstruction.
Apart from the originally proposed number of
houses, additionally 39692 houses are being
constructed by NGOs in varying locations for
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and people
below the poverty line. Construction of these houses
was taken up for families whose houses were not
damaged by tsunami. These families belong to the
most disadvantaged sections of the society namely
Irulas, fish workers and families who are living very
close to the sea and face frequent disastrous
situations.
After the tsunami, fishermen families opted
for concrete houses instead of huts. Once their
opinion was obtained, the model was then placed
before district level committee for approval (GoTN
Report, 2008). Environmental guidelines for building
the infrastructure were followed. The type and design
of the construction were sent to Public Works
Department for certification. All the details are
provided for the type of building recommended for
27 houses in the coastal habitation of
Kodiyampalayam (Panchayat) in Nagapattinam
District. SEVAI Foundation reconstructed 600
disaster risk reduction homes as post-disaster of
tsunami reconstruction in Poompuhar Tamil Nadu
state of India (Govindaraju, 2011). As the villages are
located very close to the coast and also at low level,
the plinth level is insufficient for future sea level rise.
Jennifer Duyne, University of Zurich and
University of Applied Science, Lugano, posed the
challenges and risks in post-tsunami housing
reconstruction in Tamil Nadu. Though the
government has distinguished itself for excellent
disaster management, good governance in a post
disaster situation is inadequate and cannot overcome
all the chronic problems that existed prior to the
disaster (NCRC Report, 2005). Information systems
and data bases have to be in place to ensure that all
operations in the post disaster situation are properly
planned and executed.
Special emphasis was laid based on CZR
(Coastal zone regulation) guidelines on migration to
the new location in order to keep communities
together. The selected sites were mostly close to their
previous homes but preferably beyond 200 meters
from high-tide line as physically observed. GoTN
had to perform a balancing act by shifting affected
fishing communities to safer places without
distancing them from the coast and the sea explaining
the importance of relocation. Ankush Agarwal (2007)
illustrated the architecture, damaging effects of
cyclones, site selection, and design of cyclone
resistant structures for Indian Coastal line. The
failure components and catastrophic failures of the
types of houses are also explained for cyclone prone
area.
II. Appropriate Coastal Planning
The increasing frequency and ferocity, the
extent of the damage both human and economic the
resources required for reconstruction work, all
compelled the policy makers and administrators to do
a reappraisal of Institutional and policy frameworks
and to develop new frameworks for holistic disaster
management in India. A legal and institutional
framework for disaster management was established
through the Disaster Management Act that was
passed by the Indian Parliament in 2005 and the
National policy on disaster management was
approved in 2009. An ideal coastal construction
planning for habitation is shown in figure 3 aiming
for
A good lay out at a safely planned long standing
land use
Permanent shelters resistant against EQ,
Tsunami/SLR, floods and cyclone
Coastal protection against erosion,
Protection for sea water intrusion and Tsunami.
Prediction and early warning against disasters
Permanent power supply and exploitation of
renewable energy.
Water supply and drainage forever and common
facilities and
Evacuation structure for emergency
2.1 Coastal Disaster Resistant Structures
Coastal erosion, sea water intrusion, sea
level rise, and backwater problems exist throughout
the year in the East coast of India. Seasonal hazards
and the unexpected Tsunami bring catastrophic,
causing heavy loss of lives and properties. Therefore
the structure should be oriented for resistance against
the coastal forces with properly shaped and designed
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as EQ resistant. Various house plans that divert the
tsunami waves are given in figure 4.
Specific design principles for Tsunami
should involve distance from the sea and elevation
above mean sea level. Engineers are designing
methods and techniques to design a building on
columns for coastal areas where Tsunamis can take
place. In such cases much attention should be given
for earthquake resistance. Reinforced concrete
buildings obviously will be cyclone resistant.
Therefore a reinforced concrete type is more suitable
for coastal disaster resistant structure.
2.2 Control system
A conceptual controlled design shall be
developed for coastal zone (figure 5) by a proper
permanent protection system including disaster
warning system, land use planning and Tsunami
evacuation system incorporating several elements as
follows:
A complete protection by bio-shield having
mangroves and woodlands
Proper land use planning (atleast 1km away from
the coast line)
A evacuation building(EB) with salient features
The EB should be raised on columns to allow
seawater to pass beneath the structure and open
in other times to make activities.
The safe floor level shall be set above the most
of the rare tsunami events.
A roof terrace shall be designed to provide more
refuge area.
Exterior stairs should be visible to easily identify
the evacuation building.
The lower level accessibility shall be planned
with the use of elevators designed to be
functional after the earthquake.
Strategies for wave energy dissipater to reduce
tsunami actions on the TEB can be provided.
Exploitation of renewable energies can be
promoted
Fig. 3 An Ideal Scheme for coastal reconstruction
Fig.4 Appropriate single / multiple house plans for Tsunami resistantance
TsunamiWaves
Coastal
Construction
Planning
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Fig. 5 An ideal plan for a reconstruction with control system
A coastal protection system should be cost
effective unlike sea walls. There is not much
attention given to coastal protection in Indian coastal
line. Only in few locations sea erosion was protected
by several means of provisions like fencing with cut
palm trees, walling with stone boulders and
development of mangrove forests. Sundar and
Sundaravadivelu (2005) have made a survey for the
Tamil Nadu coastal line to study the shore conditions
after the 2004 Tsunami and discussed the suitable
protection measures. Variety of methods has been
suggested for shore protection and bio shield seems
to be more appropriate for the east coast. Human
inhabitation should be encouraged more than 1km
from the shoreline in elevated places, behind dense
mangroves and or other coastal vegetation. Some
plant species, suitable to grow in between human
inhabitation and the sea for coastal protection.
2.3 Renewable energy
Acute shortage of conventional power will
be experienced by all the countries in future and
several countries have already started exploiting the
non-conventional renewable energies. Among the
renewable energies, solar energy can be the best
choice and help including distributed power, solar
cookers, water sterilization, distillation, and
desalination (Yogi Goswami, 2005). Solar photo
voltaic (PV) systems provide the fastest way for
reestablishing power for electricity needs of
appliances and light in some affected areas. Solar
distillation and desalination systems can make clean
water from the sea water. The biggest solar garden of
Asia is installed at a remote village (Saranga) of
Gujarat state of India. The roof of a building
installed with solar panels can produce up to 150 kW
of electricity in each building. As India is having
maximum summer and more exposure of sun light,
exploitation of solar energy can serve the next
generation in the coastal line. The power requirement
can be computed for an individual house and the
solar panels can be accordingly designed and
installed. The government of India has come with the
supply of appliances at subsidiary rate. Therefore a
solar energy system can be designed for a coastal
layout to have continuous power supply.
2.4 Community Participation
Community participation has been
recognized as an important element in disaster
management to build disaster resilient communities
and the desired characteristics of tsunami resilient
communities have been well understood. Lorna
(2009) highlights the features, processes, components
and gains of community based disaster management
showcased in Philippine (one of the world’s most
disaster-prone Asian countries, having identified
almost eight disasters a year). People’s awareness of
what to do at the event of an EQ and tsunami and
regular conduct of exercises/mock drills helped them
in Japan during 2011 Tsunami. The expectations after
a disaster will be high for an affected coastal
community towards the reconstruction. However
community participation will lead to better coastal
planning and management.
2.5 Institutional Participation
SEEDS India (Social Economic Educational
Development Service) has developed a methodology
for school safety in India and tested the methodology
in about 500 schools in various parts of India which
are prone to natural hazards. Considering school-
specific hazards, teachers and students are guided to
develop a disaster management plan for mitigation,
preparedness and response. Such education,
conducted before the 2011 tsunami, guided the pupils
at schools in Ishinomaki (city completely washed
away in Japan) to successfully escape from tsunami.
The School children of Tsunami affected
region in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu state are
engaged in educational trips and given awareness
training about the disasters. 20 such trips with at least
200 children in each trip benefited by this
programme. Types, causes and management of
≤ 1 km
Mangroves
New
location
Wood land
Ocean waves
Evacuation building
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disasters, does and don’ts, use of solar and wind
energy, impact of sea level rise etc. were discussed.
Model tests were conducted to check whether
adequte awarness be created in their minds about the
disaster management. This approach by the
department of Structural Engineering, Annamalai
University has attracted the people as well as other
institutions around. This department has offered
typical projects through post-graduate and doctoral
reaserch programmes to identify problems and
provide a permanent solution for the disaster
management in the coastal zone (Balamurugan,
2012). Many similar activities can be planned by the
near by institutions and projects formulated towards a
safer and better longstanding disaster free coastal
habitation. For a rural based coastal line the
Institutional participation can help the downtrodden
coastal community. Decision-making in an
interactive and co-influencing learning arena is very
essential and requires institutional adaptation.
2.6. Proposed Model Houses
Tsunami resistane houses suitably planned
and recommended for a rural coastal rehabilitation
are shown in figures 6 and 7. These houses will have
utilities as listed.
The building is designed as
EQ/Tsunami/cyclone/flood resistant type of
RCC.
Corrosion free Fibre reinforced Polymer rebars
are used instead of conventional steel
The building is raised on columns to allow
seawater to pass beneath the structure (soft story)
and open in other routine times to make
multipurpose.
Disaster information and alert system is
accessible for the people of the house
The Terrace level is set above the most of the
rare tsunami events.
Terrace is designed to provide additional
accommodation.
Emergency power supply is made possible with
the solar/wing energy.
Water supplied from elevated water tank is
directly discharged in to the small capacity water
tank provided at the terrace in each house.
Desalination plant is available in each housing
unit.
Fig.6 Proposed houses for Tsunami resistance
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www.ijera.com 24 | P a g e
Fig.7 Appropriate house for Rural Coastal area
III. Conclusion
The coastal disasters and sea level rise,
scarcity of construction materials and skilled labors,
shortage of conventional power and fuels,
industrialization of coastal area, rapid growth of the
coastal population, mass employment problem, lack
of motivation to the coastal society and some extent
of corruption lead to a slackness in promoting the
disaster mitigation programme. Loss of life and
property by the Tsunami of 2004 could have been
avoided if the coastal zone management was properly
understood and implemented. The better land use
planning, innovative architecture and appropriate
technologies of disaster resistant structural
constructions have helped the affected community by
the post tsunami reconstruction. As it is lagging in
many aspects, and based on the thorough literature
collection and review, a better plan for the next
generation with a control system proposed has been
explained. The construction plan with control system
that include land use planning, coastal protection
system, disaster resistant structure, evacuation
system, disaster warning system, exploitation of
renewable energies, effective community
participation and institutional contribution can only
fulfill the total requirements for better coastal
planning.
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