International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Uttarakhand was formed on 9th November 2000 as the 27th state of India, carved out of northern Uttar Pradesh. It is located in the Himalayan foothills, sharing borders with China and Nepal. The state has a population of over 10 million people and its capital is Dehradun. Uttarakhand is known for its natural beauty, Hindu pilgrimage sites, and mountain terrain. The main languages spoken are Garhwali and Kumaoni, while Hindi is most widely understood.
this ppt will show you all about uttrakhand and its based on ek bharat shrest bharat for uttrakhand and karnataka.This has all the details and photos that would be needed for a project
Ujjain is an ancient city in Madhya Pradesh, India situated on the banks of the Kshipra River. It is an important Hindu pilgrimage site known for historic temples like the Mahakaleshwar Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and the Bade Ganesh Temple housing a colorful Ganesh statue. Some of the other religious and historic landmarks in Ujjain include the Harsiddhi Temple, Kal Bhairav Temple, Jantar Mantar Observatory, Bhartrihari Caves, Chintaman Ganesh Temple, Ram Ghat, Gopal Mandir, and the ISKCON Temple. Ujjain also hosts the Kumbh Mela, one of the largest religious
Arunachal Pradesh is a state located in northeast India that borders Bhutan, Burma, and China. It has a diverse landscape and climate due to its location in the Himalayas. Arunachal Pradesh has a rich cultural heritage stemming from its many indigenous tribes like the Aka, Apatani, and Wancho peoples. The climate and weather varies significantly with elevation, ranging from alpine in the high elevations near Tibet to subtropical in the lower elevations.
Souvenir book for PHD Chamber of Commerce 6th Indian Heritage Tourism Conclav...Ambuj Saxena
PHD Chamber of Commerce and BnBNation launched a souvenir book at the end of the 6th Indian Heritage Tourism conclave held in Khajuraho from 16th to 17th March 2017.
Ujjain is an ancient city in India with great historical and religious significance. It features prominently in Hindu texts as a seat of learning. The city contains thousands of temples, with the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple being the most important dedicated to Lord Shiva. Nearby is the Harsiddhi Mata Temple, one of 51 major Shakti Peethas. The Bade Ganeshji ka Mandir houses one of the largest statues of Lord Ganesha. Ujjain's population is predominantly Hindu but also contains a Muslim minority. Major festivals include the Kumbh Mela held every 12 years.
Rajasthan is located in northwestern India and is the largest state by area. It has a population of over 68 million people and is known for its forts, palaces, and culture. The state capital is Jaipur, and the chief minister is Vasundhara Raje. Rajasthan has a developing economy based around tourism, agriculture, mining, and industry. The state is working to improve infrastructure like roads and promote sectors like renewable energy and tourism.
An interactive Power Point Presentation describing about India's History, Culture, Languages, Art and Architecture. Ended with a video showing the spirit of patriotism in Indian's for India.
Uttarakhand was formed on 9th November 2000 as the 27th state of India, carved out of northern Uttar Pradesh. It is located in the Himalayan foothills, sharing borders with China and Nepal. The state has a population of over 10 million people and its capital is Dehradun. Uttarakhand is known for its natural beauty, Hindu pilgrimage sites, and mountain terrain. The main languages spoken are Garhwali and Kumaoni, while Hindi is most widely understood.
this ppt will show you all about uttrakhand and its based on ek bharat shrest bharat for uttrakhand and karnataka.This has all the details and photos that would be needed for a project
Ujjain is an ancient city in Madhya Pradesh, India situated on the banks of the Kshipra River. It is an important Hindu pilgrimage site known for historic temples like the Mahakaleshwar Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and the Bade Ganesh Temple housing a colorful Ganesh statue. Some of the other religious and historic landmarks in Ujjain include the Harsiddhi Temple, Kal Bhairav Temple, Jantar Mantar Observatory, Bhartrihari Caves, Chintaman Ganesh Temple, Ram Ghat, Gopal Mandir, and the ISKCON Temple. Ujjain also hosts the Kumbh Mela, one of the largest religious
Arunachal Pradesh is a state located in northeast India that borders Bhutan, Burma, and China. It has a diverse landscape and climate due to its location in the Himalayas. Arunachal Pradesh has a rich cultural heritage stemming from its many indigenous tribes like the Aka, Apatani, and Wancho peoples. The climate and weather varies significantly with elevation, ranging from alpine in the high elevations near Tibet to subtropical in the lower elevations.
Souvenir book for PHD Chamber of Commerce 6th Indian Heritage Tourism Conclav...Ambuj Saxena
PHD Chamber of Commerce and BnBNation launched a souvenir book at the end of the 6th Indian Heritage Tourism conclave held in Khajuraho from 16th to 17th March 2017.
Ujjain is an ancient city in India with great historical and religious significance. It features prominently in Hindu texts as a seat of learning. The city contains thousands of temples, with the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple being the most important dedicated to Lord Shiva. Nearby is the Harsiddhi Mata Temple, one of 51 major Shakti Peethas. The Bade Ganeshji ka Mandir houses one of the largest statues of Lord Ganesha. Ujjain's population is predominantly Hindu but also contains a Muslim minority. Major festivals include the Kumbh Mela held every 12 years.
Rajasthan is located in northwestern India and is the largest state by area. It has a population of over 68 million people and is known for its forts, palaces, and culture. The state capital is Jaipur, and the chief minister is Vasundhara Raje. Rajasthan has a developing economy based around tourism, agriculture, mining, and industry. The state is working to improve infrastructure like roads and promote sectors like renewable energy and tourism.
An interactive Power Point Presentation describing about India's History, Culture, Languages, Art and Architecture. Ended with a video showing the spirit of patriotism in Indian's for India.
In Civilizational march of HInduism, we have proved that culture advances without political motives, trade can proceed without imperialist designs, settlements can take place without colonial excesses and literature, religion and language can be transported without xenophobia.
This document provides an introduction to Ernakulam, Kerala. It discusses that Ernakulam was formed in 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act. It has a population of over 33 million as per the 2011 census. The capital is Thiruvananthapuram and the official language is Malayalam. It provides lists of the current Chief Minister and ministers. It also describes some of Ernakulam's famous sports, dances, foods, animals, and the religious breakdown of the population.
The document provides an overview of the history, geography, culture, and politics of India. It discusses the early settlements and civilizations in India, the development of major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. It describes the various empires and dynasties that ruled over the subcontinent for over two millennia. It also summarizes the establishment of British rule in India and the subsequent independence movement. Additionally, it outlines key facts about India's geography, neighboring countries, national symbols, major festivals, cuisine, clothing, languages and literature. The constitution of India is also briefly explained.
The document provides information about the state of Uttarakhand in India. It discusses Uttarakhand's geography, climate, population statistics, and formation as a state. It also describes several important religious sites in Uttarakhand including Char Dham, Panch Kedar, Panch Prayag, Rishikesh, and Haridwar. Major festivals and national parks in Uttarakhand are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of Rajasthan, India. It discusses the state's geography, noting that Rajasthan is the largest state and has Jaipur as its capital. The document then covers Rajasthan's history from the Indus Valley Civilization to its formation in 1949. It also summarizes Rajasthan's economy, noting agriculture and tourism as key industries. The document concludes with brief discussions of Rajasthani culture, fairs and festivals, and prominent historical leaders.
The document summarizes key physical and human geographical features of South Asia. It discusses important rivers such as the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra rivers. It also mentions the Himalayan Mountains and Deccan Plateau. In terms of human geography, it outlines major ethnic groups like the Indo-Aryans and languages spoken in South Asia such as Hindi, English, and the large number of languages in India. It concludes that the population of South and East Asia makes up about one third of the world's total population.
Rajasthan is the largest state in India by area. It encompasses most of the Thar Desert and shares borders with several other Indian states as well as Pakistan. Rajasthan has a population of over 68 million and its economy is primarily based on agriculture, with wheat, barley and other crops being important. The state contains several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries that are home to endangered species such as the Great Indian Bustard.
This document provides an overview of West, Inner, and South Asia from ancient times to 1000 CE. It discusses the major empires that emerged, including the Achaemenid Empire in Iran, the Seleucid Empire, the Parthian Empire, the Sasanid Empire in Iran, and the Maurya Empire in India. For each empire, it summarizes the key factors in their rise, social and economic institutions, and religious developments. It also describes other groups that influenced the region like the Indo-Greeks, Scythians, and Kushans. The overall purpose is to outline the political and cultural history of Asia during this time period.
Karnataka is an enormous state located in Southwestern India. It is surrounded by other major Indian states and contains diverse geography from coastal regions to plateaus. Karnataka has a population of over 52 million people and a state GDP of $34.41 billion. The state has a long history and was previously known as Mysore. It is known for being a center of education, technology, literature, and classical Indian music. Bangalore is the capital and largest city, and has become a major hub for the technology industry.
Karnataka is a state located in southern India with a population of over 61 million people according to the 2011 census. Kannada is the official language, spoken by 66% of residents, while other languages include Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, and Malayalam. The state has a diverse landscape from coastal plains to forested hills and a long history of dynasties that have contributed greatly to Karnataka's culture and development.
The document provides an overview of the geography, climate, vegetation, and history of South Asia. It describes the major geographical features like the Himalayan Mountains and river systems like the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra rivers. It discusses how the formation of the Himalayas influenced other landforms and natural resources in the region. It also provides brief summaries of the history, culture, languages, and governments of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and other South Asian countries.
King Harshavardhana - Kings of India – Mocomi.comMocomi Kids
The Gupta Empire fell in the 6th century, breaking northern India into small states. Harsha Vardhana united these states under his rule after avenging his brother's murder. He conquered territories across northern India and was a patron of the arts and supporter of the Nalanda university. However, after Harsha's death without an heir after 41 years of rule, his empire disintegrated and competing powers fought for control of northern India.
The document provides information on the geographic settings of ancient India and China. It discusses how India's location on a peninsula, surrounded by seas and mountains like the Himalayas, allowed early Indian civilization to develop with some isolation. The key features of India's landscape including the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers and the monsoon climate system are also summarized. Details are given on the Indus Valley civilization centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, including their urban planning, religion, economy, and eventual decline. For ancient China, key geographic barriers that surrounded its central region are outlined, and important features like the Yellow River are noted. Details of the early Shang
The document provides information on the geographic settings of ancient India and China. It discusses how India's location on a peninsula, surrounded by seas and mountains like the Himalayas, allowed early Indian civilization to develop with some isolation. The key features of India's landscape including the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers are also noted. For ancient China, the document outlines how geographic barriers like mountains and deserts surrounded the central region, which the Chinese called the "Middle Kingdom." It then provides brief overviews of the Indus Valley and Harappa/Mohenjo-Daro civilizations in India as well as the Shang Dynasty in China.
This document provides an overview of India, including brief sections on its history, geography, neighbours, religions, culture, ways of life, and symbols. It discusses India's ancient civilizations, periods under Mughal and British rule, and its path to independence. Key facts noted include India having the second largest population in the world, with over 20 official languages and religious diversity, notably Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist and Christian populations. The document also summarizes aspects of Indian culture like the caste system, importance of family and relationships, and role of religion in daily life.
Karnataka has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. Several important pre-historic sites have been discovered across the state. During ancient times, the Mauryan emperor Ashoka's edicts are found in various parts of Karnataka, indicating the region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Subsequently, the Satavahanas and the Pallavas ruled over parts of Karnataka. The Kadambas and Gangas emerged as indigenous dynasties controlling separate regions. The Chalukyas of Badami later conquered much of the state. Their rule was followed by the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas of Kalyana. The Vijayanagara Empire and Bahmani Sultan
The Yimeng Mountain Tourist Area is located in central Shandong Province and includes scenic areas such as Lushan, Mengshan Yunmeng, and Guimeng. It covers 148 square kilometers and is a 5A-level tourist attraction known for scenic views like Mengshan Shouxian and Baizhang Waterfall. The area has a long history dating back over 2,000 years and contains significant cultural and historical sites from ancient Chinese dynasties. It was recognized as a UNESCO Global Geopark in 2019.
1) Chanakya studied at the renowned Taxila University in ancient India, where he gained vast knowledge in many subjects including politics and economics.
2) At Taxila, he met Chandragupta, who would later become the first emperor of the Mauryan Empire. Chanakya was outraged by the corrupt ruler of Patliputra and decided to help Chandragupta take the throne.
3) Together, Chanakya and Chandragupta worked to build an army and overthrow the Nanda dynasty through strategic political and military tactics, allowing Chandragupta to establish the new Mauryan Empire with Chanakya as his advisor.
IIT Kharagpur calendar 2021 Indian ancient insightsDeepakRaysoni
The document provides information about Indian knowledge systems from ancient times to the present. It discusses the origins and founders of key fields like astronomy, mathematics, health sciences, architecture, economics, chemistry, and more. The seven sages or Saptarishis are identified as the forerunners of Indian knowledge systems. Specific rishis are linked to the foundations of disciplines like astronomy, health sciences, and environmental sciences. The calendar then provides short descriptions of these knowledge fields in each month.
In Civilizational march of HInduism, we have proved that culture advances without political motives, trade can proceed without imperialist designs, settlements can take place without colonial excesses and literature, religion and language can be transported without xenophobia.
This document provides an introduction to Ernakulam, Kerala. It discusses that Ernakulam was formed in 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act. It has a population of over 33 million as per the 2011 census. The capital is Thiruvananthapuram and the official language is Malayalam. It provides lists of the current Chief Minister and ministers. It also describes some of Ernakulam's famous sports, dances, foods, animals, and the religious breakdown of the population.
The document provides an overview of the history, geography, culture, and politics of India. It discusses the early settlements and civilizations in India, the development of major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. It describes the various empires and dynasties that ruled over the subcontinent for over two millennia. It also summarizes the establishment of British rule in India and the subsequent independence movement. Additionally, it outlines key facts about India's geography, neighboring countries, national symbols, major festivals, cuisine, clothing, languages and literature. The constitution of India is also briefly explained.
The document provides information about the state of Uttarakhand in India. It discusses Uttarakhand's geography, climate, population statistics, and formation as a state. It also describes several important religious sites in Uttarakhand including Char Dham, Panch Kedar, Panch Prayag, Rishikesh, and Haridwar. Major festivals and national parks in Uttarakhand are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of Rajasthan, India. It discusses the state's geography, noting that Rajasthan is the largest state and has Jaipur as its capital. The document then covers Rajasthan's history from the Indus Valley Civilization to its formation in 1949. It also summarizes Rajasthan's economy, noting agriculture and tourism as key industries. The document concludes with brief discussions of Rajasthani culture, fairs and festivals, and prominent historical leaders.
The document summarizes key physical and human geographical features of South Asia. It discusses important rivers such as the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra rivers. It also mentions the Himalayan Mountains and Deccan Plateau. In terms of human geography, it outlines major ethnic groups like the Indo-Aryans and languages spoken in South Asia such as Hindi, English, and the large number of languages in India. It concludes that the population of South and East Asia makes up about one third of the world's total population.
Rajasthan is the largest state in India by area. It encompasses most of the Thar Desert and shares borders with several other Indian states as well as Pakistan. Rajasthan has a population of over 68 million and its economy is primarily based on agriculture, with wheat, barley and other crops being important. The state contains several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries that are home to endangered species such as the Great Indian Bustard.
This document provides an overview of West, Inner, and South Asia from ancient times to 1000 CE. It discusses the major empires that emerged, including the Achaemenid Empire in Iran, the Seleucid Empire, the Parthian Empire, the Sasanid Empire in Iran, and the Maurya Empire in India. For each empire, it summarizes the key factors in their rise, social and economic institutions, and religious developments. It also describes other groups that influenced the region like the Indo-Greeks, Scythians, and Kushans. The overall purpose is to outline the political and cultural history of Asia during this time period.
Karnataka is an enormous state located in Southwestern India. It is surrounded by other major Indian states and contains diverse geography from coastal regions to plateaus. Karnataka has a population of over 52 million people and a state GDP of $34.41 billion. The state has a long history and was previously known as Mysore. It is known for being a center of education, technology, literature, and classical Indian music. Bangalore is the capital and largest city, and has become a major hub for the technology industry.
Karnataka is a state located in southern India with a population of over 61 million people according to the 2011 census. Kannada is the official language, spoken by 66% of residents, while other languages include Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, and Malayalam. The state has a diverse landscape from coastal plains to forested hills and a long history of dynasties that have contributed greatly to Karnataka's culture and development.
The document provides an overview of the geography, climate, vegetation, and history of South Asia. It describes the major geographical features like the Himalayan Mountains and river systems like the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra rivers. It discusses how the formation of the Himalayas influenced other landforms and natural resources in the region. It also provides brief summaries of the history, culture, languages, and governments of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and other South Asian countries.
King Harshavardhana - Kings of India – Mocomi.comMocomi Kids
The Gupta Empire fell in the 6th century, breaking northern India into small states. Harsha Vardhana united these states under his rule after avenging his brother's murder. He conquered territories across northern India and was a patron of the arts and supporter of the Nalanda university. However, after Harsha's death without an heir after 41 years of rule, his empire disintegrated and competing powers fought for control of northern India.
The document provides information on the geographic settings of ancient India and China. It discusses how India's location on a peninsula, surrounded by seas and mountains like the Himalayas, allowed early Indian civilization to develop with some isolation. The key features of India's landscape including the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers and the monsoon climate system are also summarized. Details are given on the Indus Valley civilization centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, including their urban planning, religion, economy, and eventual decline. For ancient China, key geographic barriers that surrounded its central region are outlined, and important features like the Yellow River are noted. Details of the early Shang
The document provides information on the geographic settings of ancient India and China. It discusses how India's location on a peninsula, surrounded by seas and mountains like the Himalayas, allowed early Indian civilization to develop with some isolation. The key features of India's landscape including the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers are also noted. For ancient China, the document outlines how geographic barriers like mountains and deserts surrounded the central region, which the Chinese called the "Middle Kingdom." It then provides brief overviews of the Indus Valley and Harappa/Mohenjo-Daro civilizations in India as well as the Shang Dynasty in China.
This document provides an overview of India, including brief sections on its history, geography, neighbours, religions, culture, ways of life, and symbols. It discusses India's ancient civilizations, periods under Mughal and British rule, and its path to independence. Key facts noted include India having the second largest population in the world, with over 20 official languages and religious diversity, notably Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist and Christian populations. The document also summarizes aspects of Indian culture like the caste system, importance of family and relationships, and role of religion in daily life.
Karnataka has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. Several important pre-historic sites have been discovered across the state. During ancient times, the Mauryan emperor Ashoka's edicts are found in various parts of Karnataka, indicating the region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Subsequently, the Satavahanas and the Pallavas ruled over parts of Karnataka. The Kadambas and Gangas emerged as indigenous dynasties controlling separate regions. The Chalukyas of Badami later conquered much of the state. Their rule was followed by the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas of Kalyana. The Vijayanagara Empire and Bahmani Sultan
The Yimeng Mountain Tourist Area is located in central Shandong Province and includes scenic areas such as Lushan, Mengshan Yunmeng, and Guimeng. It covers 148 square kilometers and is a 5A-level tourist attraction known for scenic views like Mengshan Shouxian and Baizhang Waterfall. The area has a long history dating back over 2,000 years and contains significant cultural and historical sites from ancient Chinese dynasties. It was recognized as a UNESCO Global Geopark in 2019.
1) Chanakya studied at the renowned Taxila University in ancient India, where he gained vast knowledge in many subjects including politics and economics.
2) At Taxila, he met Chandragupta, who would later become the first emperor of the Mauryan Empire. Chanakya was outraged by the corrupt ruler of Patliputra and decided to help Chandragupta take the throne.
3) Together, Chanakya and Chandragupta worked to build an army and overthrow the Nanda dynasty through strategic political and military tactics, allowing Chandragupta to establish the new Mauryan Empire with Chanakya as his advisor.
IIT Kharagpur calendar 2021 Indian ancient insightsDeepakRaysoni
The document provides information about Indian knowledge systems from ancient times to the present. It discusses the origins and founders of key fields like astronomy, mathematics, health sciences, architecture, economics, chemistry, and more. The seven sages or Saptarishis are identified as the forerunners of Indian knowledge systems. Specific rishis are linked to the foundations of disciplines like astronomy, health sciences, and environmental sciences. The calendar then provides short descriptions of these knowledge fields in each month.
The document discusses various advertising packages and discounts being offered by Belgacom Skynet for car campaigns, including packages on Skynet, AutoGids/Moniteur, and other sites. Discounts of up to 70% are offered on packages targeting reach, impact, and performance through options like pre-roll video ads, banners, and mailings to car enthusiasts. Minimum budgets and campaign lengths are specified.
Poteet High School in Texas analyzed its technology readiness and usage over 3 years from 2006-2009 using the Texas STaR Chart. The STaR Chart evaluates schools across 4 domains: Teaching and Learning, Educator Preparation, Leadership/Administration, and Infrastructure. Poteet High School received an "Advanced Tech" rating in all domains for 2006-2007 and 2007-2008, and in 3 domains for 2008-2009, showing consistent achievement of technology goals and progress towards state targets.
El documento resume los resultados de un estudio sobre la eficacia publicitaria de la prensa. El estudio analizó 11 sectores y encontró que la mayoría (77,8%) de los potenciales compradores de esos sectores son lectores de prensa. Además, los lectores de prensa prestan más atención a la publicidad y tienen más probabilidades de comprar productos después de ver los anuncios en la prensa, en comparación con el público en general. Finalmente, los potenciales compradores consideran que la publicidad en prensa es más in
Medicinal Plants Used By Tribal Communities: A Study of Uttarakhand Himalayan...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : The present paper is a study of the traditional medical practices by the tribes of Uttarakhand Region. Forest and forest products have historically played a significant role in the economy as well as culture and religious in this region since ancient time. Forest has played an important part in history of civilization. They have affected the distribution of mankind over the earth surface and have influenced the religious life of primitive people. In India, the Indigenous people are predominantly composed of the large and diverse tribal population scattered across several states. In Indian language, there is no exact equivalent for “Tribe”, but close synonyms are “Vanavasi (forest dwellers)” or “Adivasi”. Tribal people and medical practices are co-related with forest ecology. Tribal communities in this region like Bhotias, Rajees, Tharu, Boxas, and Jaunsarees are distinct in cultures, traditions, languages and customs but have an intimate attachment with forest for their basic needs such as food, fruits, edible roots, leaves, medicinally important plants etc. Their primary health care system is depending on traditional knowledge of medical practices and medicinal herbs. The research and utilization of the traditional medicinal system has become an essential part of the contemporary health care planning, report of world health organization 1978.Therefore the objective is to analyze the paper in two sections. Firstly, the importance of medicinal plants and secondarily, medicinal plants used by tribal communities in this Himalayan region. It is a combined study of historical and scientific approach of traditional medical practices in Uttarakhand.
ArunachalPradesh presentation on all details of place and culturedivyanshenterprisess
Arunachal Pradesh is located in northeast India. It borders Bhutan, Burma, and China. The capital is Itanagar. Some key tourist attractions include Tawang and its Buddhist monastery, Ziro known for cultural festivals, and Sela Lake near Bomdila. The state is diverse with over 20 tribes. Festivals are an important part of the culture. The landscape ranges from mountains to rivers and forests, supporting significant wildlife diversity. A permit is required for foreign tourists to visit protected areas.
Haryana is a state in northern India with Chandigarh as its capital. The majority religion is Hinduism. It has a population of over 25 million people spread across 19 districts. Haryana has a rich history and was a major contributor to India's Green Revolution. The state has a large agricultural economy growing crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton. Popular tourist destinations include Kurukshetra, known for the Bhagavad Gita, and Sultanpur National Park which is home to over 100 migratory bird species in winter.
Uttar Pradesh, often referred to as the heartland of India, is a land that resonates with spirituality, history, and cultural diversity. This northern state is renowned for its countless pilgrimage sites, each with its unique significance and charm. In this article, we will embark on a virtual journey through the spiritual tapestry of Uttar Pradesh, exploring its rich heritage, sacred destinations, and the profound experiences it offers to pilgrims and travelers alike.
The document provides information about the languages spoken in the Indian states of Haryana and Telangana. In Haryana, the primary language is Haryanvi, which is a dialect of Hindi. Other dialects spoken in some districts include Mewati, Ahirwati, and others. In Telangana, the official and most widely spoken language is Telugu. Other languages spoken include Urdu, which has been accorded official language status. Telugu language day is celebrated annually on September 9th.
The document provides information about Madhesh/Tarai, the southern plains region of Nepal that borders India. It discusses the geography, climate, population, and major cities and sites of the region. Historically, Madhesh has been referred to as the "Middle Country" in ancient texts. It has been ruled by various dynasties and was handed over to Nepal in pieces by the British in 1816 and 1860. Madheshis have advocated for their rights and identity through various movements since the 1950s against rule from Kathmandu.
This document provides an overview of the eight states of North East India - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim. It discusses the diverse landscape, ethnic groups, cultures, and histories of these states. It notes that while the states share a contiguous geographical location, they are distinct from each other in ethnic composition, historical background, and cultural heritage. The document aims to enhance awareness about these states, which have faced challenges in development due to their isolation but are rich in natural resources, cultures, and achievements.
Haryana is a state in Northern India with its capital in Chandigarh. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab in 1966 on the basis of language. Haryana has a population of over 21 million people and borders Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. The state has a rich cultural heritage dating back to ancient civilizations. It has a hot climate and is a leading producer of food grains and milk in India. Literacy rates have increased significantly in recent decades.
This document provides an overview of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It discusses the state's history as a territory disputed between India and China until it became a state of India in 1987. It also describes Arunachal Pradesh's geography in the Himalayas, climate that varies with elevation, diverse population of indigenous tribes, and economy that is developing hydroelectric power. The document outlines the state's cultural attractions for tourism like monasteries and national parks, as well as its educational and research institutions and traditional dances performed by its tribes.
This document provides an overview of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It discusses the state's history as a territory disputed between India and China until it became a state of India in 1987. It also describes Arunachal Pradesh's geography in the Himalayas, climate that varies with elevation, diverse population of indigenous tribes, and economy that is developing hydroelectric power. The document outlines the state's cultural attractions for tourism like monasteries and national parks, as well as its educational and research institutions and traditional dances performed by its tribes.
This document provides an overview of tourism in Hazara Division, Pakistan. It discusses the region's history, infrastructure, climate, population, and existing tourism activities. Some key points:
- The Sarhad Tourism Corporation was established in 1991 to promote tourism in NWFP province, but development occurred haphazardly without assessments or planning.
- Hazara Division has diverse landscapes ranging from plains to mountains up to 17,000 feet. It has a rich cultural history and potential for nature and heritage tourism.
- Existing tourism is concentrated in a few areas like Kaghan Valley and Lake Saiful Muluk. Infrastructure like roads needs improvement, and tourism is underdeveloped and underpromoted compared to potential.
This document provides an overview and background on tourism in Hazara Division, Pakistan. It discusses the region's history, climate, population, and infrastructure. Tourism in Hazara currently focuses on areas like Kaghan Valley and Lake Saiful Muluk, which offer natural beauty and cultural attractions. However, tourism development has been unplanned and uneven. The Sarhad Tourism Corporation was created to promote sustainable tourism development through private sector involvement. This regional master plan aims to systematically identify and develop tourism areas, improve infrastructure and services, market Hazara tourism domestically and internationally, and make the corporation self-financing.
This document provides an overview of tourism in Hazara Division, Pakistan. It discusses the region's history, infrastructure, climate, population, and existing tourism activities. Some key points:
- The Sarhad Tourism Corporation was established in 1991 to promote tourism in NWFP province, but development occurred haphazardly without assessments or planning.
- Hazara Division has diverse landscapes ranging from plains to mountains up to 17,000 feet. It has a rich cultural history and sites from ancient Hindu and Buddhist civilizations.
- Existing tourism is centered around areas like Kaghan Valley, Lake Saiful Muluk, and Galiyat hills, attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. However, facilities and promotions
This document provides background information on the Hazara region of Pakistan to inform a regional master plan for tourism development. It outlines the history and establishment of the Sarhad Tourism Corporation to promote tourism through the private sector. Key points include:
- Hazara has diverse landscapes, culture, and ecological resources but tourism has been unplanned, damaging the environment and wasting resources.
- The document reviews Hazara's geography, climate, population, and administrative divisions to understand the region's tourism potential and needs.
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A Study of the Development of Primary Education in Uttarkashi District (Uttarakhand) From 2001 To 2014 ?
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 8 ǁ August. 2014 ǁ PP.16-24
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A Study of the Development of Primary Education in Uttarkashi District (Uttarakhand) From 2001 To 2014 Anup Kumar 1, Ph.D. Scholar Himgiri Zee University Dehradun, Uttarakhand ABSTRACT : Primary education is recognized as perhaps the most significant phase of education for children’s development and learning. The present study focuses on the development of primary education contexts with relatively low formal school enrolment rates, where dropout and failure rates are alarming, and where many children leave school semi-literate, soon to relapse into illiteracy. Educated parents are able to prepare their child for the smooth entry into formal education but no doubt, uneducated parents are unable to do this. In many countries, including the UK, educational policy is subject to continuous change but unfortunately not in India. Enrolment is decreasing, dropout rate is higher, and number of schools is almost same in Uttarkashi district in Uttarakhand state. Free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of fourteen years is a constitutional commitment in India. The Government of India and state government initiated a number of programmes to achieve the goal of Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE), among which the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), launched in 2001.And Mid Day Meal in 1995 .which means 100 percent enrolment and retention of children with schooling facilities in all habitations. However, the present study highlights decrease in enrolment and retention. For successful implementation of any programme in general and educational programmes in particular, serious monitoring and an effective information system is required. KEYWORDS: Primary Education, Enrolment, Gross Enrolment ratio, Retention
I. INTRODUCTION
The state is frequently denoted as the Dev Bhumi or Land of God because it houses various religious places and places of worships that are regarded as the most sacred and propitious areas of devotion and pilgrimage. Uttarakhand was created by joining a number of districts from the northwestern part of Uttar Pradesh and a portion of the Himalayan Mountain Range. At present, it is the 27th state of the country. There are 13 Districts in Uttarakhand: Pithoragarh, Almora, Nainital, Bageshwar, Champawat, Uttar Kashi, Udham Singh Nagar, Chamoli, Dehradun, Pauri Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, and Haridwar (Urban). The Population of Uttarakhand as per the census of 2011 is 10,116,752. Out of these, the males constitute of 5,154,178 and females comprise of 4,962,574. The state had a growth rate of 19.17% over the last census. The male to female ratio is 1000: 963 and the population density is 189 per square kilometer. Out of the total population of Uttarakhand 69.45% resides in the rural areas. The total Rural Population of Uttarakhand is 7,025,583. The rest of the 30.55% resides in urban areas. The total Urban Population of Uttarakhand is 3,091,169. The Literacy Rate of Uttarakhand is 79.63 % with Male Literacy at 88.33 % and Female Literacy at 70.70 %. The Total Literate population of the state is 6,997,433. Uttarkashi is placed, at 30.73˚N latitude and 78.45˚E longitude, at a height of 1160 m above sea level. It is bounded by Chamoli District and China in the East, Dehradun District in the West, Himachal Pradesh in the North and Tehri and Rudraprayag District in the South. Uttarkashi as its name suggests is Kashi of north (Uttar) and is situated on the banks of river Bhagirathi. It is also called the land of Gods and Goddesses. The Ancient Vishwanath Temple devoted to Lord Shiva is situated at the heart of the town.
The Prestigious Nehru institute of mountaineering is also located in Uttarkashi, which conducts various mountaineering and rock climbing, bush craft, waterman ship courses.1 Uttarkashi District is a district of Garhwal division of the Uttarakhand state in northern India, and has its headquarters at Uttarkashi city. It has six Tehsils named after Badkot, Bhatwadi, Chiniyalisaud, Dunda, Purola, and Mori. The district is named after its headquarters town Uttarkashi, an ancient place with rich cultural heritage and as the name suggests is the Kashi of north (Uttara) held almost as high a veneration as Kashi of the plain (Varanasi). Both the Kashi of the plain (Varanasi) as well as the Kashi of north are situated on the banks of the river Ganga (Bhagirathi). The area, which is held sacred and known as Uttarkashi, lies between the rivers Syalam Gad also known as the Varuna
1 http://azimpremjifoundation.org/uttarkashi
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and Kaligad also known as the Asi. Uttarkashi District town lies high in the Himalaya range, and the district contains the source of both the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, which attract thousands of Hindu pilgrims.
The town lies on the main route to Gangotri, has many Hindu temples, and is considered an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The terrain and climate of Uttarkashi district provide uncongenial physical environment for human settlement. Yet undaunted by hazards and hardships this land was inhabited by hill tribes since ancient times bringing out the best in man his adaptive talents. The hill tribes namely Kiratas, Uttara Kurus, Khasas, Tanganas, Kunindas, and Pratanganas find references in the Upayana Parva of Mahabharata. The land of Uttarkashi district has been held sacred by Indians since ages where the seers and sages had found solace and spiritual aspirations and performed penances and where devas performed their sacrifices and Vedic language was better known and spoken than elsewhere. People came here for learning Vedic language and speech.2 HISTORY OF UTTARKASHI DISTRICT : Uttarkashi district was created on February 24, 1960 out of what then constituted the parganas of Rawain and Uttarkashi of Rawain tahsil of erstwhile Tehri Garhwal district. It sprawls in the extreme north-west corner of the state over an area of 8016 sq. kms. In the rugged terrain of the mystic Himalayas. On its north lie Himachal Pradesh State, the territory of Tibet, and the district of Chamoli in the east. The district is named after its headquarters town Uttarkashi, an ancient place with rich cultural heritage and as the name suggests is the Kashi of north (Uttara) held almost as high a veneration as Kashi of the plain (Varanasi). Both the Kashi of the plain (Varanasi) as well as the Kashi of north are situated on the banks of the river Ganga (Bhagirathi). The area, which is held sacred and known as Uttarkashi, lies between the rivers Syalam Gad also known as the Varuna and Kaligad also known as the Asi. The Varuna and the Asi are also the names of the rivers between which the Kashi of the plain lies. One of the holiest Ghats in Uttarkashi is Manikarnika so is the one by the same name in Varanasi. Both have temples dedicated to Vishwanath. The terrain and climate of Uttarkashi district provide uncongenial physical environment for human settlement. Yet undaunted by hazards and hardships this land was inhabited by hill tribes since ancient times bringing out the best in man his adaptive talents. The hill tribes namely Kiratas, Uttara Kurus, Khasas, Tanganas, Kunindas, and Pratanganas find references in the Upayana Parva of Mahabharata. The land of Uttarkashi district has been held sacred by Indians since ages where the seers and sages had found solace and spiritual aspirations and performed penances and where devas performed their sacrifices and Vedic language was better known and spoken than elsewhere. People came here for learning Vedic language and speach. According to an account given in the Mahabharata, Jada Bharatha a great sage performed penances at Uttarkashi. The Kedar Khand of Skanda Purna refers Uttarkashi and the rivers Bhagirathi, Jahanavi, and Bheel Ganga. The district of Uttarkashi was part of Gharwal Kingdom ruled by Garhwal dynasty that carried the cognomen `Pal' which was changed to Sah during 15th century conferred by Sultan of Delhi perhaps Bahlul Lodi. In 1803, Gorkhas of Nepal invaded Garhwal and Amar Singh Thapa was made Governor of this region. The Gorkhas encountered the British power in 1814, as their frontiers in Gharwal became determinous with those of the British. The border troubles prompted the Britishers to invade Garhwal. In April 1815, Gorkhas were ousted from Garhwal region and Garhwal was annexed as British district and was split up into eastern and western Garhwal. The British Government retained the eastern Garhwal. The western Garhwal, lying to the west of the Alaknanda River with the exception of the Dun was made over to the heir of Garhwal dynasty Sudarshan Sah. This state came to be known as Tehri Garhwal and it was merged with the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1949 after India attained independence in 1947.3
Uttarkashi District Population 2011 : In 2011, Uttarkashi had population of 329,686 of which male and female were 168335 and 161351 respectively. In 2001 census, Uttarkashi had a population of 295,013 of which males were 152,016 and remaining 142,997 were females. Uttarkashi District population constituted 3.27 percent of total Maharashtra population. In 2001 census, this figure for Uttarkashi District was at 3.48 percent of Maharashtra population. There was change of 11.89 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Uttarkashi District recorded increase of 23.07 percent to its population compared to 1991.
As per 2011 census, 92.64 % population of Uttarkashi districts lives in rural areas of villages. The total Uttarkashi district population living in rural areas is 305,781 of which males and females are 155,375 and
2 http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPSR%20-%20Uttarkashi.pdf
3 http://uttarkashi.nic.in/pages/display/54-history
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150,406 respectively. In rural areas of Uttarkashi district, in 2011 sex ratio is 959 females per 1000 males and in 2001 sex ratio was 941. If child sex ratio data of Uttarkashi district is considered, figure is 924 girls per 1000 boys. Child population in the age 0-6 is 43,663 in rural areas of which males were 22,691 and females were 20,972. The child population comprises 14.60 % of total rural population of Uttarkashi district. Literacy rate in rural areas of Uttarkashi district is 74.74 % as per census data 2011. Gender wise male and female literacy stood at 88.25 and 60.89 percent respectively. In total, 195,909 people were literate of which males and females were 117,095 and 78,814 respectively.4 Uttarkashi Literacy Rate 2011 : Average literacy rate of Uttarkashi in 2011 were 75.98 compared to 65.71 of 2001. If things are looked out at gender wise, male, and female literacy were 89.26 and 62.23 respectively. For 2001 census, same figures stood at 83.60 and 46.69 in Uttarkashi District. Total literate in Uttarkashi District were 215,126 of which male and female were 128,237 and 86,889 respectively in 2001,
Primary Education in Uttarkashi : School education besides being a basic human need is vital for raising the standard of life, providing gainful employment, removal of regional backwardness, thereby ensuring overall development and wellbeing of a country. Primary education is the foundation on which the development of every child and the nation as a whole built on. Uttarkashi is one of the hill district of Uttarakhand. In Uttarkashi, there are 769 primary schools and 23779 students were enrolled.5 Free and compulsory education to all children up to the age fourteen is constitutional commitment in India. The Parliament of India has passed Right through which education has become fundamental right of all children of age group 6-14 years. The country is yet to achieve the elusive goal of Universalisation of Elementary education (UEE), which means 100 percent enrolment and retention of children with schooling facilities in all habitations.
National Programme of Nutritional support of Primary Education (NP-NSPE) popularly known as the Mid-day-meal (MDM) scheme was formally launched on the 15th August 1995. The scheme envisaged every child in primary school to be provided cooked meal during the school hours with a maximum content of 450 calories and 12 gm of protein each day of school. Earlier state was the part of Uttar Pradesh before 8 Nov. 2000. In Uttar Pradesh dry ration distribution pattern was observed for Mid-day-meal scheme. Children enrolled in primary schools with their parents received food grain to carry it home every month. Only rice or wheat was provided to the children. It was not felt sufficient from nutritional point of view. With these efforts there was a slight improvement in enrolment but retention of these children in scheme is still remaining a challenge to the department and Govt. According to Health check-up drive under DPEP-III and SSA It was noticed that about 50% children enrolled in primary schools are anaemic. Percentage of girls child is little higher. This shows that the pattern of providing MDM is not up to the satisfaction of the children as well as the govt so far the enrolment and retention are concerned.Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA) is implemented as state's main programme for universalizing Elementary Education. Its overall goals include universal access and retention, bridging of gender and social category gaps in education and enhancement of learning levels of children. SSA provides a variety of interventions including inter alia opening of new schools and special training camps for the dropped out and out of school children for their admission in age appropriate classes, construction of schools and additional classrooms, separate toilets for boys and girls, adequate drinking water facilities, provisioning of regular teachers, part time teachers, training and academic resource support, textbooks, uniform and mainly supports for learning achievement.6 However, dispite of all above initiatives taken by state and centre governments, the overall development of primary schools especially in hill and rural areas is not satisfactory. In this connection, many questions automatically spring up in the minds of everyone concerned with primary education. How is the development of primary education in Uttrakhand? What is the situation of enrollment particularly in rural areas? What is the pupil teacher ratio and what are the infrastructural constraints in the schools? These are many such questions will find reliable answer only through serious sincere, scientific and systematic research. This study will be a humble attempt in this direction. Need of the study : There are number of studies in other states related to primary education. However, in Uttarakhand, there not any study related to primary education and there is a need to data study. The present study is an attempt to study the development of primary education in Uttarkashi district (Uttarakhand).
4 http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/574-uttarkashi.html http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/uttarakhand/ppt_figures_press 5 district Project Officer, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Uttarkashi 6 http://ssa.uk.gov.in/
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Problem Entitled: A Study Of The Development Of Primary Education In Uttarkashi District (Uttarakhand) From 2001 To 2014 Concept Employed in the Study
Development- Development in primary education refers to increase in enrollment, low dropout rate, good infrastructure, proper pupil teacher ratio, and good educational facilities.
Primary Education- School having class from 1st to 5th class is categorized as primary education in Uttrakhand government school education system.
II. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
Banerjee, Rukmini. (2000). conducted field studies in Mumbai and Delhi to focus Poverty and primary schooling: The study, analyzed the hurdles, which have to be crossed in order to achieve universal primary education. The study revealed that the reason for so many children not being in school had less to do with their families economic circumstances than with the school system's shortcomings. The inadequacy of the school system to attract and keep children is more crucial than households' economic conditions. School enrolment has risen dramatically in cities and villages, but the ability of the government school system to retain and adequately educate children has been less impressive. The study also revealed that achievement levels in primary schools were the same between Classes III and IV. It was observed that children who had been to school for several years are not permanently literate. The study suggested adopting a flexible approach, accountability to the community, innovative actions at the local level whether in the classroom or in the community must be recognized for the universalization of primary education in India. Commitment on the part of schools and communities to the education of all children must be publicly rewarded. Adhikari, Tejaswini. (2001). identified the gaps in the existing services and needs of students and teachers in the context of quality education. The survey included five schools, under Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC). The study revealed that the infrastructure of schools was in a very poor state. The number of classrooms, teachers, tables, and chairs were inadequate. For 420 students there were only three classrooms and only two teachers looked after the entire school. Due to their good accessible location and low cost education, most of the schools had a large number of children in their classrooms. There is a need to strengthen teachers on aspects of motivation, pro-children attitudes, and creative teaching learning process. Appointment of suitable staff is also recommended in order to lessen the burden on teachers. There is need to provide a good network of balwadis, restructure the human resource component of schools, and enhance community participation. There is also a need to provide training to functionaries. Objectives of the study
To study the Demographic features of primary schools in Uttarkashi District.
To trace the Growth and Development of primary education in Uttarkashi district in various aspects such as Schools, Teachers. Enrolment, retention.
Delimitation of the study : Delimitation is boundaries of the study. The delimitation of the study is a necessary point of research. Because it saves wastage of time, money and labor. The present study was confined to Uttarkashi district of Uttrakhand. The study was delimited to the government primary schools.
III. METHODOLOGY
The present study is an attempt to discuss the development of primary education. In this study, Primary and secondary data has been taken into consideration. The data has been collected from district project officer Serva Shiksha Abhiyan, Uttarkashi and annual reports of state government. It is a data study and qualitative, historical study in nature. All primary schools and their teachers, students in Uttarkashi district constituted the population. All govt primary schools of Uttarkashi district has been taken as a sample of the study by using purposive sampling method. Data Analysis
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TABLE NO-1
Population of Uttarkashi district year wise
YEAR POPULATION YEARWISE
2000-2001 295013
2001-2002 298494
2002-2003 301975
2003-2004 305456
2004-2005 308937
2005-2006 311418
2006-2007 314899
2007-2008 318380
2008-2009 321861
2009-2010 325342
2010-2011 329686
Source-District project officer SSA Uttarkashi District
Table one show the population year wise of Uttarkashi district (Uttarakhand)
there is a consistant growth in the population.
TABLE NO-2
NO.OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN UTTARKASHI DISTRICT
YEAR NO.OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS
2000-2001 699
2001-2002 699
2002-2003 699
2003-2004 699
2004-2005 700
2005-2006 716
2006-2007 741
2007-2008 758
2008-2009 769
2009-2010 769
2010-2011 769
2011-2012 769
2012-2013 769
Source-District project officer SSA Uttarkashi District
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Table no. 2 shows the no. of primary schools and its growth year wise. From 2001 to 2005 no. of schools
were same. The no. of schools rose from 2006 to 2013.
Table N0-3
Population Growth And Groth In Primary Schools In Uttarkashi District Year Wise From 2001 To 2010
Source-District project officer SSA Uttarkashi District
YEAR POPULATION GROWTH(%) GROWTH(%) IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS
2000-2001 1.17 0
2001-2002 1.16 0
2002-2003 1.15 0
2003-2004 1.13 0.001
2004-2005 1.12 0.022
2005-2006 1.11 0.035
2006-2007 1.1 0.022
2007-2008 1.09 0.014
2008-2009 1.08 0
2009-2010 1.31 0
Table no three shows the growth in population and growth in primary schools from 2001 to 2010. In this period,
there is a constant growth in population however; schools growth is not according to population. From2001 to
2004 there was zero growth in primary schools in 2006-it rose and up to 2008. In 2009 and2010, number was
same means growth was zero in this period.
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Table No -4
Enrolment In Primary Schools In Uttarkashi
YEAR ENROLLMENT IN PRI SCH YEARWISE
2000-2001 NA
2001-2002 NA
2002-2003 37441
2003-2004 36067
2004-2005 35457
2005-2006 39228
2006-2007 38110
2007-2008 45149
2008-2009 33153
2009-2010 28812
2010-2011 26988
Source-District project officer SSA Uttarkashi District
Table no four shows enrolment in primary schools in uttarkashi district. Table shows there is a constant decline
in enrolment from 2001 to 2011.
Table No-5
No. Of Boys And Girls Enrolled In Primary Schools
In Uttarkashi District
Source-District project officer SSA Uttarkashi District
YEAR NO. OF BOYS NO.OF GIRLS
2000-2001 NA NA
2001-2002 NA NA
2002-2003 17065 20376
2003-2004 15652 20415
2004-2005 15994 19463
2005-2006 17869 21359
2006-2007 17193 20917
2007-2008 21112 24037
2008-2009 15172 17981
2009-2010 13000 15812
2010-2011 11916 15072
2011-2012 10878 14028
2012-2013 10338 13441
2013-2014 9818 12829
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Table no five shows the number of boys and girls enrolled in primary schools in uttarkashi district. Percentage
of boys is lesser than girl’s percentage.
Table No-6
Percentage Of Girls And Boys In Primary Schools
In Uttarkashi District
YEAR % OF GIRLS ENROLMENT % OF BOYS ENROLMENT
2000-2001 NA NA
2001-2002 NA NA
2002-2003 54.42 45.58
2003-2004 56.6 43.4
2004-2005 54.8 45.2
2005-2006 54.44 45.56
2006-2007 54.88 45.12
2007-2008 53.23 46.77
2008-2009 54.23 45.77
2009-2010 54.87 45.13
2010-2011 55.84 44.16
2011-2012 56.32 43.68
2012-2013 56.52 43.68
2013-2014 56.64 43.36
Source-District project officer SSA Uttarkashi District
Table no six shows girl’s percentage is higher than boy’s percentage. Percentage of boys is decreasing
consistently.
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Findings of the study
There was consistent growth in population in Uttrakashi district from 2001 to 2011. In 2001, population was 295,013 and after a decade i.e. in 2011, it was 329,686.
During 2001-2002 there were 699 primary schools in Uttarkashi district.In2004-2005 number gone up to 700 In addition, in 20012-2013 there were 769 primary schools in the district. Total 70 primary schools were increased in last 13 years.
Percentage of growth of primary schools was zero from 2001 to 2003. Growth rose in 2003-2004,2004- 2005,2005-2006 and in 2007-2008 by 0.001, 0.022, 0.035,0.022and 0.014 respectively. During 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 schools, growth was zero.
Enrolment of boys and girls is decreasing. In 2002-2003 session there were 37,441 students were enrolled, in 2010-2011 session Enrolment was came down up to26,988.
IN2002-2003 there were 17065 boys enrolled and in 2013-2014session enrolment came down up to 9818. Similarly, in 2002-2003session girls enrolment was 20376. In addition, in 2013-2014 it was 12824.There was a huge down fall in enrolment of girls and boys from 2001 to 2014 onwards.
IV. CONCLUSION Education for children aged 6-14 is receiving a great deal of attention internationally. It is recognized as perhaps the most significant phase of education for children’s development and learning. Not over all development of primary schools especially in hill and rural areas is satisfactory. In this connection, many questions automatically spring up in the minds of everyone concerned with primary education. There is a need of serious implementation of state, centre governments sponsored programmes like SSA and Mid Day Meal especially in hill, and rural areas of Uttatakhand.Government and Education Department must take serious steps to make education policy for hill and rural areas of Uttatakhand. REFERENCES
[1] Adhikari, Tejaswini. (2001). Study of five NMMC schools in Navi Mumbai. Mumbai: Tata Ins of Social Sciences.
[2] Banerji, Rukmini. (2000). Poverty and primary schooling. Field studies from Mumbai and Delhi: Economic and Political weekly.
[3] District Project Officer SSA Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand [4] Provisional Population Totals (Uttarakhand), office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
[5] State Project Officer, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Uttarakhand
http://ssa.uk.gov.in/
[6] Uttarkhand Year Book 2013-14. vinsar