The document provides an overview of cyber crimes and the history of cyber crimes. It discusses how the first recorded cyber crime took place in 1820 when employees committed sabotage against a textile manufacturer who had introduced a new loom technology that threatened their jobs. It then covers various types of cyber crimes including viruses, worms, logic bombs, salami attacks, denial of service attacks, Trojan attacks, and more. It also discusses cyber crimes like hacking, cyber stalking, pornography, and trafficking. The document examines cyber crimes from individual, organizational, and societal perspectives and outlines India's legal framework for combating cyber crimes through the Information Technology Act of 2000.

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Introduction
• Computer Crime, E-Crime, Hi-Tech Crime
or Electronic Crime is where a computer is
the target of a crime or is the means adopted
to commit a crime.
• Most of these crimes are not new. Criminals
simply devise different ways to undertake
standard criminal activities such as fraud,
theft, blackmail, forgery, and embezzlement
using the new medium, often involving the
Internet

3. BRIEF HISTORY
The first recorded cyber crime took place in the year
1820. That is not surprising considering the fact
that the abacus, which is thought to be the earliest
form of a computer, has been around since 3500
B.C. in India, Japan and China. The era of modern
computers, however, began with the analytical
engine of Charles Babbage.
In 1820, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a textile
manufacturer in France, produced the loom. This
device allowed the repetition of a series of steps in
the weaving of special fabrics. This resulted in a
fear amongst Jacquard's employees that their
traditional employment and livelihood were being
threatened. They committed acts of sabotage to
discourage Jacquard from further use of the new
technology. This is the first recorded cyber crime.
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4. CONVENTIONAL CRIME
Crime is a social and economic phenomenon
and is as old as the human society. Crime is a
legal concept and has the sanction of the law.
Crime or an offence is “a legal wrong that can
be followed by criminal proceedings which may
result into punishment”. The hallmark of
criminality is that, it is breach of the criminal
law. Per Lord Atkin “the criminal quality of an
act cannot be discovered by reference to any
standard but one: is the act prohibited with
penal consequences”.
A crime may be said to be any conduct
accompanied by act or omission prohibited by
law and consequential breach of which is visited
by penal consequences.
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5. Defining Cyber Crime :
A simple yet sturdy definition of
cyber crime would be "unlawful
acts wherein the computer is
either a tool or a target or
both".
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6. REASONS FOR CYBER
CRIME
1. Capacity to store data in
comparatively small space
2. Easy to access
3.Complex
4.Negligence / Human error
5. Loss of evidence for tracing
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7. Viruses
A computer virus is a computer program that can
infect other computer programs by modifying
them in such a way as to include a (possibly
evolved) copy of it. Note that a program does not
have to perform outright damage (such as deleting
or corrupting files) in order to be called a "virus".
Viruses are programs that attach themselves to a
computer or a file and then circulate themselves
to other files and to other computers on a
network. They usually affect the data on a
computer, either by altering or deleting it.
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8. Worm attacks
Worms, unlike viruses do not
need the host to attach
themselves to. They merely
make functional copies of
themselves and do this
repeatedly till they eat up all
the available space on a
computer's memory.
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9. Logic bombs
These are event dependent programs. This
implies that these programs are created to
do something only when a certain event
(known as a trigger event) occurs. E.g. even
some viruses may be termed logic bombs
because they lie dormant all through the
year and become active only on a particular
date.
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10. Salami attacks
This kind of crime is normally prevalent in
the financial institutions or for the purpose
of committing financial crimes. An
important feature of this type of offence is
that the alteration is so small that it would
normally go unnoticed. E.g. the Ziegler
case wherein a logic bomb was introduced
in the bank’s system, which deducted 10
cents from every account and deposited it
in a particular account.
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11. Denial of Service Tools
Denial-of-service (or DoS) attacks are usually
launched to make a particular service
unavailable to someone who is authorized to use
it. These attacks may be launched using one
single computer or many computers across the
world. In the latter scenario, the attack is
known as a distributed denial of service attack.
Usually these attacks do not necessitate the
need to get access into anyone's system.
These attacks have been getting decidedly more
popular as more and more people realize the
amount and magnitude of loss, which can be
caused through them.
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12. Trojan attacks
This term has its origin in the word
‘Trojan horse’. In software field this
means an unauthorized programme,
which passively gains control over
another’s system by representing itself as
an authorised programme. The most
common form of installing a Trojan is
through e-mail. E.g. a Trojan was
installed in the computer of a lady film
director in the U.S. while chatting. The
cyber criminal through the web cam
installed in the computer obtained her
nude photographs. He further harassed
this lady.
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13. Internet time thefts
Normally in these kinds of thefts the
Internet surfing hours of the victim are
used up by another person. This is done
by gaining access to the login ID and
the password. E.g. Colonel Bajwa’s
case- the Internet hours were used up
by any other person. This was perhaps
one of the first reported cases related
to cyber crime in India. However this
case made the police infamous as to
their lack of understanding of the
nature of cyber crime.
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14. Web jacking
This term is derived from the term hi jacking. In
these kinds of offences the hacker gains access
and control over the web site of another. He may
even mutilate or change the information on the
site. This may be done for fulfilling political
objectives or for money. E.g. recently the site of
MIT (Ministry of Information Technology) was
hacked by the Pakistani hackers and some
obscene matter was placed therein. Further the
site of Bombay crime branch was also web jacked.
Another case of web jacking is that of the ‘gold
fish’ case. In this case the site was hacked and
the information pertaining to gold fish was
changed. Further a ransom of US $ 1 million was
demanded as ransom. Thus web jacking is a
process where by control over the site of another
is made backed by some consideration for it.
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15. Email spoofing
A spoofed email is one that appears to originate from one source but
has actually emerged from another source. Falsifying the name and
/ or email address of the originator of the email usually does email
spoofing. usually to send an email the sender has to enter the
following information:
i. email address of the receiver of the email
ii. email address(es) of the person(s) who will receive a copy of the
email (referred to as CC for carbon copy)
iii. email address(es) of the person(s) who will receive a copy of the
email (referred to as CC for carbon copy, but whose identities will
not be known to the other recipients of the e-mail (known as BCC
for blind carbon copy)
iv. Subject of the message (a short title / description of the message)
v. Message
Certain web-based email services like www.SendFakeMail.com, offer a
facility wherein in addition to the above, a sender can also enter the
email address of the purported sender of the email.
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16. Email bombing
Email bombing refers to sending a large amount of
emails to the victim resulting in the victim's email
account (in case of an individual) or servers (in
case of a company or an email service provider)
crashing. A simple way of achieving this would be
to subscribe the victim's email address to a large
number of mailing lists. Mailing lists are special
interest groups that share and exchange
information on a common topic of interest with
one another via email. Mailing lists are very
popular and can generate a lot of daily email traffic
- depending upon the mailing list. Some generate
only a few messages per day others generate
hundreds.
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17. Threatening emails
Email is a useful tool for
technology savvy criminals
thanks to the relative
anonymity offered by it. It
becomes fairly easy for anyone
with even a basic knowledge of
computers to become a
blackmailer by threatening
someone via e-mail.
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18. Phishing
The act of sending an e-mail to a user falsely claiming to
be an established legitimate enterprise in an attempt to
scam the user into surrendering private information
that will be used for identity theft. The e-mail directs
the user to visit a Web site where they are asked to
update personal information, such as passwords and
credit card, social security, and bank account numbers,
that the legitimate organization already has. The Web
site, however, is bogus and set up only to steal the
user's information.. By spamming large groups of
people, the phisher counted on the e-mail being read by
a percentage of people who actually had listed credit
card numbers with legitimately. Phishing, also referred
to as brand spoofing or carding, is a variation on
fishing, the idea being that bait is thrown out with the
hopes that while most will ignore the bait, some will be
tempted into biting.
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19. Computer vandalism
Vandalism means deliberately destroying
or damaging property of another. Thus
computer vandalism may include within
its purview any kind of physical harm
done to the computer of any person.
These acts may take the form of the theft
of a computer, some part of a computer
or a peripheral attached to the computer
or by physically damaging a computer or
its peripherals.
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20. Trafficking
Trafficking may assume different forms. It
may be trafficking in drugs, human beings,
arms weapons etc. These forms of trafficking
are going unchecked because they are
carried on under pseudonyms. A racket was
busted in Chennai where drugs were being
sold under the pseudonym of honey.
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Hacking
Hacking in simple terms means an illegal intrusion into a
computer system and/or network. There is an equivalent term
to hacking i.e. cracking, but from Indian Laws perspective
there is no difference between the term hacking and cracking.
Every act committed towards breaking into a computer and/or
network is hacking. Hackers write or use ready-made computer
programs to attack the target computer. They possess the
desire to destruct and they get the kick out of such
destruction. Some hackers hack for personal monetary gains,
such as to stealing the credit card information, transferring
money from various bank accounts to their own account
followed by withdrawal of money. They extort money from
some corporate giant threatening him to publish the stolen
information which is critical in nature.
Government websites are the hot targets of the hackers due to
the press coverage, it receives. Hackers enjoy the media
coverage.

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Pornography
Child Pornography
The Internet is being highly used by its
abusers to reach and abuse children
sexually, worldwide. The internet is very
fast becoming a household commodity in
India . It’s explosion has made the
children a viable victim to the cyber
crime. As more homes have access to
internet, more children would be using
the internet and more are the chances of
falling victim to the aggression of
pedophiles.

23. Cyber Stalking
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Cyber Stalking can be defined as the repeated
acts of harassment or threatening behavior of the
cyber criminal towards the victim by using
internet services. Stalking in General terms can
be referred to as the repeated acts of harassment
targeting the victim such as following the victim,
making harassing phone calls, killing the victims
pet, vandalizing victims property, leaving written
messages or objects. Stalking may be followed by
serious violent acts such as physical harm to the
victim and the same has to be treated and viewed
seriously. It all depends on the course of conduct
of the stalker.

24. Where the computer is a tool for an
unlawful act:
This kind of activity usually involves a
modification of a conventional crime by
using computers. Some examples are:
1. Financial Crimes
2. Cyber pornography
3. Sale of illegal articles
4. Online gambling
5. Intellectual Property crimes
6. Email spoofing
7. Forgery
8. Cyber Defamation
9. Cyber stalking
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25. Where the computer is the target for an unlawful
act:
It may be noted that in these activities the computer may also be
a tool. This kind of activity usually involves sophisticated
crimes usually out of the purview of conventional criminal
law. Some examples are:
1. Unauthorized access to computer systems or networks
2. Theft of information contained in electric form
3. Email bombing
4. Data diddling
5. Salami attacks
6. Denial of Service attack
7. Virus / Worm attacks
8. Logic bombs
9. Trojan attacks
10. Internet time thefts
11. Web jacking
12. Theft of Computer system
13. Physically damaging a computer system
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26. E-mail related crimes
1. Email spoofing - www.SendFakeMail.com
2. Sending malicious codes through email
(Spreading Trojans, viruses and worms)
3. Email bombing
4. Sending threatening emails
5. Defamatory emails
6. Email frauds
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27. Motive Behind The Crime
 Greed
 Power
 Publicity
 Revenge
 Adventure and Curiosity
 Desire to access forbidden information
 Destructive mindset
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28. CYBER CRIMINALS
The cyber criminals constitute of various
groups/ category. This division may be
justified on the basis of the object that
they have in their mind. The following
are the category of cyber criminals-
1. Children and adolescents between the
age group of 6 – 18 years
2. Organised hackers
3. Professional hackers / crackers
4. Discontented employees
5. Ex- Lovers
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29. Against Individual
Property
i. Computer vandalism
ii. Transmitting virus
iii.Net-trespass
iv. Unauthorized control/access
over computer system
v. Intellectual Property crimes
vi. Internet time thefts
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30. Against Organization
i. Unauthorized control/access
over computer system
ii. Possession of unauthorized
information.
iii.Cyber terrorism against the
government organization.
iv. Distribution of pirated
software etc.
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31. Against Society at large
1. Pornography (basically child
pornography)
2. Polluting the youth through indecent
exposure
3. Trafficking
4. Financial crimes
5. Sale of illegal articles
6. Online gambling
7. Forgery
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32. Combating Cyber crime-
Indian legal framework
 Information Technology Act, 2000-came into
force on 17 October 2000
 Extends to whole of India and also applies to
any offence or contravention there under
committed outside India by any person
 read with Section 75- Act applies to offence or
contravention committed outside India by any
person irrespective of his nationality, if such act
involves a computer, computer system or
network located in India
 IT Act confers legal recognition to electronic
records and digital signatures (section 4,5 of the
IT Act,2000)
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E-mail crimes punishable under
various Indian laws
• Sending pornographic or obscene emails are punishable under
Section 67 of the IT Act.
• An offence under this section is punishable on first conviction
with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to five years
and with fine, which may extend to One lakh rupees.
• In the event of a second or subsequent conviction the
recommended punishment is imprisonment for a term, which
may extend to ten years and also with fine which may extend to
Two lakh rupees.
• Emails that are defamatory in nature are punishable under
Section 500 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which recommends an
imprisonment of upto two years or a fine or both.
• Threatening emails are punishable under the provisions of the
IPC pertaining to criminal intimidation, insult and annoyance
(Chapter XXII), extortion (Chapter XVII)
• Email spoofing
Email spoofing is covered under provisions of the IPC relating to
fraud, cheating by personation (Chapter XVII), forgery (Chapter
XVIII)

34. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE
CYBER TECHNOLOGY
MERITS
 Less expensive -
man power
 Compact
 Lessens the paper
work and file
maintenance
 Speedy
 Accuracy
 Connection with the
world at large
 Knowledge through
net
DEMERITS
 Expensive – up
gradation of
technology, training
 Easy access
 Complex
 Tracing
 Jurisdiction
 Training
 Awareness
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35. PREVENTION OF CYBER CRIME
1. to prevent cyber stalking avoid disclosing any information
pertaining to oneself. This is as good as disclosing your identity to
strangers in public place.
2. always avoid sending any photograph online particularly to
strangers and chat friends as there have been incidents of misuse of
the photographs.
3. always use latest and up date anti virus software to guard against
virus attacks.
4. always keep back up volumes so that one may not suffer data loss in
case of virus contamination
5. never send your credit card number to any site that is not secured,
to guard against frauds.
6. always keep a watch on the sites that your children are accessing to
prevent any kind of harassment or depravation in children.
7. it is better to use a security programme that gives control over the
cookies and send information back to the site as leaving the cookies
unguarded might prove fatal.
8. web site owners should watch traffic and check any irregularity on
the site. Putting host-based intrusion detection devices on servers
may do this.
9. web servers running public sites must be physically separate
protected from internal corporate network.
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SUGGESTIONS
1. More Public awareness campaigns
2. Training of police officers
3. Proper knowledge to the Judiciary
4. More Cyber crime police cells set up across the
country
5. Effective E-surveillance
6. Websites aid in creating awareness and
encouraging reporting of cyber crime cases.
7. Specialized Training of forensic investigators and
experts
8. Active coordination between police and other law
enforcement agencies and authorities is required.
9. Proper implementation of the IT act
10. Legal awareness amongst the general public
11. Proper advertisement of the do’s and don'ts on
the net

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