cv junction anamolies
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
24 likes•1,517 views
The document describes Klippel-Feil syndrome, which is a congenital condition characterized by the fusion of cervical vertebrae. It presents MRI and CT scans of a 27-year old female patient showing foramen magnum stenosis and compression of the bulbomedullary junction. Additional features on imaging included macrocephaly and thickening of the cranial vault. The condition can also be associated with Chiari malformations, syringomyelia, hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Craniovertebral anomalies
This document discusses the anatomy, landmarks, measurements, common anomalies, syndromes, and injuries of the craniovertebral junction. It begins with a brief description of the craniovertebral junction's development and components. It then outlines several key anatomical landmarks and measurements used to evaluate the region on imaging. The remainder of the document details various congenital anomalies, developmental abnormalities, syndromes, and acquired conditions that can affect the craniovertebral junction.
Craniovertebral JUNCTION ANOMALIES
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers collectively to the occiput, atlas, axis, and supporting ligaments. It is a transition zone between the mobile cranium and spinal column, enclosing the soft tissue structures of the cervicomedullary junction. The CVJ has important implications for embryology, anatomy, classification of anomalies, investigations, and clinical management. Anomalies can involve bony, soft tissue, arterial, and neural structures in this region. A variety of imaging modalities like X-rays, CT, MRI are used to classify and characterize CVJ anomalies.
Craniovertebral junction
The craniovertebral junction refers to the occiput, atlas, and axis vertebrae and their articulations and ligaments. It is a complex anatomical region forming the transition between the skull and cervical spine. Common craniovertebral junction anomalies include occipitalization of the atlas, basilar invagination, atlantoaxial dislocation, and dens dysplasia. These anomalies can be developmental, post-traumatic, or acquired. Imaging studies including X-rays, CT, MRI are used to classify and evaluate the anomalies. Treatment may involve surgery such as fusion if the anomaly causes spinal cord compression.
imaging of the craniovertebral junction
This document discusses the craniovertebral junction (CVJ), which refers anatomically to the occiput, atlas, and axis vertebrae and their articulations. It describes the anatomy, embryology, biomechanics, imaging modalities including conventional radiography and MRI, and various measurements used to evaluate the CVJ. Common congenital and acquired abnormalities are also discussed, including basilar invagination, platybasia, assimilation of the atlas, and atlantoaxial instability. Imaging plays an important role in identifying bony and soft tissue anomalies, instability, and spinal canal compromise or cord compression.
Cvj anomalies
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers to the occiput, atlas, axis, and supporting ligaments. It is a transition zone between the mobile cranium and spinal column. The CVJ encloses important neural and vascular structures.
Anatomically, the CVJ includes bony structures like the occiput, atlas, and axis along with their articulations and connecting ligaments. It also has muscles, neural elements like the medulla and lower cranial nerves, lymphatics, arteries and veins. Congenital anomalies of the CVJ can occur due to malformations during embryological development.
Radiological evaluation of the CVJ involves measurements and angles on X
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of bursae.
This document discusses various bursae in the body, including those around the shoulder, knee, and other joints. It provides details on the anatomy and locations of bursae and describes imaging findings of normal and pathological bursae. Key points include:
- Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tissues like tendons and bones. They can communicate with joints or be separate.
- Common shoulder bursae include the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa and subcoracoid bursa. MRI is useful for identifying bursal inflammation or fluid from rotator cuff tears.
- Around the knee, the superficial and deep infrapatellar burs
Klippel feil syndrome
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a congenital condition where two or more cervical vertebrae are fused. It is caused by mutations in genes GDF6 and GDF3 which regulate bone growth. People with Klippel-Feil syndrome have a short neck, limited neck movement, and sometimes scoliosis. Diagnosis involves x-rays and MRIs showing fused vertebrae. Treatment focuses on pain management through medications, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery to correct spinal abnormalities.
Applied anatomy common peroneal nerve injury
The common peroneal nerve is most commonly injured in the lower limb because it winds superficially around the neck of the fibula. Injury to this nerve can result in foot drop and foot inversion due to paralysis of the muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg. This causes the patient to have an abnormal "steppage gait" and sensory loss on the front and sides of the leg and foot. Surgical treatment may involve rerouting the tibialis posterior muscle, which is innervated by the intact tibial nerve, to the dorsal foot to help correct deformities caused by common peroneal nerve injury.
Recommended
Craniovertebral anomalies
This document discusses the anatomy, landmarks, measurements, common anomalies, syndromes, and injuries of the craniovertebral junction. It begins with a brief description of the craniovertebral junction's development and components. It then outlines several key anatomical landmarks and measurements used to evaluate the region on imaging. The remainder of the document details various congenital anomalies, developmental abnormalities, syndromes, and acquired conditions that can affect the craniovertebral junction.
Craniovertebral JUNCTION ANOMALIES
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers collectively to the occiput, atlas, axis, and supporting ligaments. It is a transition zone between the mobile cranium and spinal column, enclosing the soft tissue structures of the cervicomedullary junction. The CVJ has important implications for embryology, anatomy, classification of anomalies, investigations, and clinical management. Anomalies can involve bony, soft tissue, arterial, and neural structures in this region. A variety of imaging modalities like X-rays, CT, MRI are used to classify and characterize CVJ anomalies.
Craniovertebral junction
The craniovertebral junction refers to the occiput, atlas, and axis vertebrae and their articulations and ligaments. It is a complex anatomical region forming the transition between the skull and cervical spine. Common craniovertebral junction anomalies include occipitalization of the atlas, basilar invagination, atlantoaxial dislocation, and dens dysplasia. These anomalies can be developmental, post-traumatic, or acquired. Imaging studies including X-rays, CT, MRI are used to classify and evaluate the anomalies. Treatment may involve surgery such as fusion if the anomaly causes spinal cord compression.
imaging of the craniovertebral junction
This document discusses the craniovertebral junction (CVJ), which refers anatomically to the occiput, atlas, and axis vertebrae and their articulations. It describes the anatomy, embryology, biomechanics, imaging modalities including conventional radiography and MRI, and various measurements used to evaluate the CVJ. Common congenital and acquired abnormalities are also discussed, including basilar invagination, platybasia, assimilation of the atlas, and atlantoaxial instability. Imaging plays an important role in identifying bony and soft tissue anomalies, instability, and spinal canal compromise or cord compression.
Cvj anomalies
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers to the occiput, atlas, axis, and supporting ligaments. It is a transition zone between the mobile cranium and spinal column. The CVJ encloses important neural and vascular structures.
Anatomically, the CVJ includes bony structures like the occiput, atlas, and axis along with their articulations and connecting ligaments. It also has muscles, neural elements like the medulla and lower cranial nerves, lymphatics, arteries and veins. Congenital anomalies of the CVJ can occur due to malformations during embryological development.
Radiological evaluation of the CVJ involves measurements and angles on X
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of bursae.
This document discusses various bursae in the body, including those around the shoulder, knee, and other joints. It provides details on the anatomy and locations of bursae and describes imaging findings of normal and pathological bursae. Key points include:
- Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tissues like tendons and bones. They can communicate with joints or be separate.
- Common shoulder bursae include the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa and subcoracoid bursa. MRI is useful for identifying bursal inflammation or fluid from rotator cuff tears.
- Around the knee, the superficial and deep infrapatellar burs
Klippel feil syndrome
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a congenital condition where two or more cervical vertebrae are fused. It is caused by mutations in genes GDF6 and GDF3 which regulate bone growth. People with Klippel-Feil syndrome have a short neck, limited neck movement, and sometimes scoliosis. Diagnosis involves x-rays and MRIs showing fused vertebrae. Treatment focuses on pain management through medications, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery to correct spinal abnormalities.
Applied anatomy common peroneal nerve injury
The common peroneal nerve is most commonly injured in the lower limb because it winds superficially around the neck of the fibula. Injury to this nerve can result in foot drop and foot inversion due to paralysis of the muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg. This causes the patient to have an abnormal "steppage gait" and sensory loss on the front and sides of the leg and foot. Surgical treatment may involve rerouting the tibialis posterior muscle, which is innervated by the intact tibial nerve, to the dorsal foot to help correct deformities caused by common peroneal nerve injury.
Dandy-Walker Malformation: Classification and Management
Dandy-Walker malformation is a congenital brain abnormality where the cerebellum and fourth ventricle are abnormally developed. It ranges in severity from mild vermian hypoplasia to more severe presentations with cyst formation. Treatment involves managing hydrocephalus with ventriculoperitoneal shunting, though some mild cases require no treatment. Complications can include herniation of brain structures if only certain areas are shunted, so simultaneous dual shunting of the lateral ventricles and fourth ventricle cyst may be preferable. Long term outcomes depend on severity but can include normal intelligence if the malformation is mild without other brain anomalies.
Types of cva and stroke syndromes
Covers types of strokes and common stroke syndromes. Most of the pictures are from the anatomy book of BD Chaurasia for easy understanding.
Imaging the cv junction.part 1. himadri s das
This document discusses imaging of the cranio-vertebral junction. It begins by defining the cranio-vertebral junction and its key anatomical parts. It then discusses various imaging modalities for evaluating the CV junction, including plain radiographs, CT, MRI, and angiography. Specific abnormalities that can be seen include basilar invagination, atlantoaxial subluxation, occipital anomalies, and os odontoideum. Measurement lines and angles used in evaluation are also defined.
Median nerve
The median nerve originates from the brachial plexus and innervates several important muscles in the forearm and hand. It can be affected by lesions or compressions in various locations. A high lesion of the median nerve in the axilla or arm causes paralysis of all median-innervated muscles and sensory loss in the palmar and digital distributions. Compression of the median nerve in the pronator teres muscle causes pain and weakness of the thenar muscles. Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome results from damage to the largest median nerve branch, causing weakness of specific finger flexors. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs from median nerve compression in the wrist, demonstrated through electrodiagnostic studies.
Spinal dysraphism
This document discusses spinal dysraphism, which refers to congenital anomalies resulting from failed fusion of the dorsal spinal elements. It describes different types including spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, myelocystocele, and lipomeningocele. Meningocele involves a mass composed of CSF, meninges, and skin, but no neural elements. Myelomeningocele contains neural tissue and is usually associated with neurological deficits. Myelocystocele and lipomeningocele involve fatty tissue herniating through spinal defects. Radiological imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, with ultrasound, CT, MRI, and myelography discussed.
Cerebellar disorders
This document discusses the anatomy, connections, functions, and disturbances of the cerebellum. It begins with an overview of the cerebellum's anatomy, noting its location and lobes. It then describes the cerebellum's connections via cerebellar peduncles and discusses the functions of its deep nuclei. The document outlines stroke syndromes that can result from lesions in different vascular territories. Finally, it discusses ataxia as the cardinal sign of cerebellar disease.
Craniovetebraljunction
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers to the occiput, atlas, axis, and supporting ligaments. It develops from the occipital somites and proatlas in utero. Key ligaments stabilizing the CVJ include the transverse atlantal ligament, alar ligaments, and apical ligament. Neural structures like the medulla, lower cranial nerves, and vertebral artery pass through the CVJ.
Upper extremity pathology
The document describes various radiographic images of upper extremity injuries including fractures at different healing stages, amputations, dislocations, and other orthopedic injuries and conditions like Ewing's sarcoma. Specific cases mentioned include a third distal phalanx amputation from a snow blower accident, a dislocated elbow, navicular fracture from avascular necrosis, radial head fractures, supracondylar fracture, forearm fractures, and fractures indicative of child abuse.
Ankle joint radiography
This document provides an overview of ankle radiography including:
- The Ottawa Ankle Rules for determining when radiographs are needed
- Common radiographic projections of the ankle including AP, mortise, and lateral views
- Measurements taken from the different views to assess for fractures and ligament injuries
- Stress tests that can be performed under fluoroscopy to evaluate ligament integrity
- Classification systems for common ankle fractures like the Danis-Weber and Pott's classifications
Pediatric posterior head region epilepsy
A discussion on pediatric posterior head region epilepsy, etiopathogenesis, clinical features and management.
CV junction
The craniovertebral junction consists of the occiput, atlas, axis, and connecting ligaments. It is a transition zone between the mobile cranium and spinal column. Common anomalies include occipitalization of the atlas, basilar invagination, atlantoaxial dislocation, and platybasia. Radiological assessment involves measurements of angles and distances on plain radiographs and CT/MRI to evaluate for abnormalities. Key measurements include the Chamberlain's line, McGregor's line, and posterior atlantodental interval.
Applied cross sectional anatomy of spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and imaging features of the spine and spinal cord. It describes the basic anatomy of the vertebrae and spinal segments. Common spinal pathologies are summarized, including degenerative changes, trauma, infection, tumors and congenital abnormalities. For each condition, the document explains the imaging appearance and features to evaluate on radiographs, CT and MRI scans. Key anatomical structures and imaging signs are illustrated with examples.
Meningioma falcine and parasagittal
1. Falcine and parasagittal meningiomas arise from the falx cerebri and superior sagittal sinus respectively. They are classified based on their location and involvement of surrounding structures like the sinus.
2. Preoperative evaluation focuses on assessing the tumor's relationship to the superior sagittal sinus and collateral vein development, the extent of bone involvement, and presence of edema or brain invasion.
3. Treatment decisions depend on factors like symptoms, tumor growth rate, age and location. Observation may be appropriate for asymptomatic or slowly growing tumors while surgical resection is indicated if the tumor is symptomatic or growing rapidly.
Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome
This document discusses conus medullaris syndrome and cauda equina syndrome, two conditions that result from compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots in the lower back. It describes the differences in presentation and symptoms between the two syndromes. Specifically, conus medullaris syndrome affects the sacral cord segment and roots, presents suddenly and bilaterally, and can cause early urinary and fecal incontinence. Cauda equina syndrome affects the lumbosacral nerve roots, presents gradually and unilaterally, and tends to cause more severe radicular pain and late onset of bowel dysfunction. The document also outlines various causes of the syndromes and methods for investigating and relieving cord compression.
Chiari malformation
This document describes Chiari malformation, specifically Chiari type I and II. It discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of a 34-year-old female patient presenting with progressive arm weakness, shoulder pain, and headaches exacerbated by coughing. Examination found reduced sensitivity in her arms. MRI confirmed Chiari type I malformation with tonsillar herniation. The patient underwent posterior fossa decompression surgery, with improvement in symptoms at 6-month follow up. Chiari malformations cause hindbrain herniation and obstruction of CSF flow, often requiring surgery to enlarge the posterior fossa.
Bracial plexus injury localization and management
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of cervical nerves C5-T1. It has three trunks, divisions, and cords that provide motor and sensory innervation to the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries can occur from trauma or tumors and result in weakness, sensory loss, and deformities in the affected areas. Localization of the injury is important for management. Investigations like EMG, NCV, CT myelogram, and MRI help evaluate the nature and severity of injury which guides surgical or non-surgical treatment.
DISORDERS OF MYELINATION
This document discusses disorders of myelination. It begins by defining myelin and its functions, describing normal myelination milestones. It then covers various white matter disorders including dysmyelination, hypomyelination, and delayed myelination. Specific leukodystrophies are discussed in more detail such as Canavan's disease, Alexander disease, Van der Knapp disease, and glutaric aciduria type 1. Clinical features, imaging findings, and pathology are described for each condition. The document provides an overview of disorders of myelination.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the thigh and leg.
This document describes the radiological anatomy of the thigh and leg through various imaging modalities like plain radiography, CT, and MRI. It details the compartmental anatomy of the thigh and leg muscles, with the thigh composed of anterior, posterior, and medial compartments and the leg composed of anterior, superficial posterior, deep posterior and lateral compartments. Multiple axial images are provided to illustrate the individual muscles and neurovascular structures within each compartment.
Brachial plexus injuries
brachial plexus anatomy, etiology, mechanism of injury, classifications, clinical features, diagnosis and management.
surgical management of brachial plexus
Dandy Walker syndrome
The Dandy-Walker complex is a rare congenital brain malformation characterized by cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle and partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis. It ranges from mega cisterna magna to Dandy-Walker variant to Dandy-Walker malformation based on severity. Associated anomalies are common. The cause is unknown but likely involves abnormal development of the hindbrain. Treatment involves managing hydrocephalus, often with shunt procedures. Prognosis depends on severity and associated anomalies, with higher mortality and developmental delays in more severe forms.
Cv Junction Anomaly
This document summarizes a case of spastic quadriparesis in an 18-year-old male. Imaging revealed complex craniovertebral junction anomalies including basilar invagination, platybasia, os odontoideum, and atlantoaxial subluxation causing spinal cord compression. The patient was diagnosed with Klippel-Feil syndrome based on clinical features including short stature, low hairline, and restricted neck movement. Treatment options discussed include medical management, traction, and posterior fusion surgery to stabilize and decompress the craniocervical junction.
Cv junction anomaly
This document describes several craniovertebral junction anomalies including their definitions, classifications, and clinical presentations. It categorizes the anomalies into three groups: 1) skeletal anomalies like platybasia and basilar invagination, 2) neuroaxial anomalies such as Arnold-Chiari malformation and Dandy-Walker syndrome, and 3) combined skeletal and neuroaxial anomalies including Klippel-Feil anomaly and atlantoaxial dislocation. For each anomaly, it provides details on the defining defects, potential causes, and common symptoms. Overall, the document serves as a reference for the various craniovertebral junction developmental defects and how they may manifest clinically.
More Related Content
What's hot
Dandy-Walker Malformation: Classification and Management
Dandy-Walker malformation is a congenital brain abnormality where the cerebellum and fourth ventricle are abnormally developed. It ranges in severity from mild vermian hypoplasia to more severe presentations with cyst formation. Treatment involves managing hydrocephalus with ventriculoperitoneal shunting, though some mild cases require no treatment. Complications can include herniation of brain structures if only certain areas are shunted, so simultaneous dual shunting of the lateral ventricles and fourth ventricle cyst may be preferable. Long term outcomes depend on severity but can include normal intelligence if the malformation is mild without other brain anomalies.
Types of cva and stroke syndromes
Covers types of strokes and common stroke syndromes. Most of the pictures are from the anatomy book of BD Chaurasia for easy understanding.
Imaging the cv junction.part 1. himadri s das
This document discusses imaging of the cranio-vertebral junction. It begins by defining the cranio-vertebral junction and its key anatomical parts. It then discusses various imaging modalities for evaluating the CV junction, including plain radiographs, CT, MRI, and angiography. Specific abnormalities that can be seen include basilar invagination, atlantoaxial subluxation, occipital anomalies, and os odontoideum. Measurement lines and angles used in evaluation are also defined.
Median nerve
The median nerve originates from the brachial plexus and innervates several important muscles in the forearm and hand. It can be affected by lesions or compressions in various locations. A high lesion of the median nerve in the axilla or arm causes paralysis of all median-innervated muscles and sensory loss in the palmar and digital distributions. Compression of the median nerve in the pronator teres muscle causes pain and weakness of the thenar muscles. Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome results from damage to the largest median nerve branch, causing weakness of specific finger flexors. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs from median nerve compression in the wrist, demonstrated through electrodiagnostic studies.
Spinal dysraphism
This document discusses spinal dysraphism, which refers to congenital anomalies resulting from failed fusion of the dorsal spinal elements. It describes different types including spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, myelocystocele, and lipomeningocele. Meningocele involves a mass composed of CSF, meninges, and skin, but no neural elements. Myelomeningocele contains neural tissue and is usually associated with neurological deficits. Myelocystocele and lipomeningocele involve fatty tissue herniating through spinal defects. Radiological imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, with ultrasound, CT, MRI, and myelography discussed.
Cerebellar disorders
This document discusses the anatomy, connections, functions, and disturbances of the cerebellum. It begins with an overview of the cerebellum's anatomy, noting its location and lobes. It then describes the cerebellum's connections via cerebellar peduncles and discusses the functions of its deep nuclei. The document outlines stroke syndromes that can result from lesions in different vascular territories. Finally, it discusses ataxia as the cardinal sign of cerebellar disease.
Craniovetebraljunction
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers to the occiput, atlas, axis, and supporting ligaments. It develops from the occipital somites and proatlas in utero. Key ligaments stabilizing the CVJ include the transverse atlantal ligament, alar ligaments, and apical ligament. Neural structures like the medulla, lower cranial nerves, and vertebral artery pass through the CVJ.
Upper extremity pathology
The document describes various radiographic images of upper extremity injuries including fractures at different healing stages, amputations, dislocations, and other orthopedic injuries and conditions like Ewing's sarcoma. Specific cases mentioned include a third distal phalanx amputation from a snow blower accident, a dislocated elbow, navicular fracture from avascular necrosis, radial head fractures, supracondylar fracture, forearm fractures, and fractures indicative of child abuse.
Ankle joint radiography
This document provides an overview of ankle radiography including:
- The Ottawa Ankle Rules for determining when radiographs are needed
- Common radiographic projections of the ankle including AP, mortise, and lateral views
- Measurements taken from the different views to assess for fractures and ligament injuries
- Stress tests that can be performed under fluoroscopy to evaluate ligament integrity
- Classification systems for common ankle fractures like the Danis-Weber and Pott's classifications
Pediatric posterior head region epilepsy
A discussion on pediatric posterior head region epilepsy, etiopathogenesis, clinical features and management.
CV junction
The craniovertebral junction consists of the occiput, atlas, axis, and connecting ligaments. It is a transition zone between the mobile cranium and spinal column. Common anomalies include occipitalization of the atlas, basilar invagination, atlantoaxial dislocation, and platybasia. Radiological assessment involves measurements of angles and distances on plain radiographs and CT/MRI to evaluate for abnormalities. Key measurements include the Chamberlain's line, McGregor's line, and posterior atlantodental interval.
Applied cross sectional anatomy of spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and imaging features of the spine and spinal cord. It describes the basic anatomy of the vertebrae and spinal segments. Common spinal pathologies are summarized, including degenerative changes, trauma, infection, tumors and congenital abnormalities. For each condition, the document explains the imaging appearance and features to evaluate on radiographs, CT and MRI scans. Key anatomical structures and imaging signs are illustrated with examples.
Meningioma falcine and parasagittal
1. Falcine and parasagittal meningiomas arise from the falx cerebri and superior sagittal sinus respectively. They are classified based on their location and involvement of surrounding structures like the sinus.
2. Preoperative evaluation focuses on assessing the tumor's relationship to the superior sagittal sinus and collateral vein development, the extent of bone involvement, and presence of edema or brain invasion.
3. Treatment decisions depend on factors like symptoms, tumor growth rate, age and location. Observation may be appropriate for asymptomatic or slowly growing tumors while surgical resection is indicated if the tumor is symptomatic or growing rapidly.
Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome
This document discusses conus medullaris syndrome and cauda equina syndrome, two conditions that result from compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots in the lower back. It describes the differences in presentation and symptoms between the two syndromes. Specifically, conus medullaris syndrome affects the sacral cord segment and roots, presents suddenly and bilaterally, and can cause early urinary and fecal incontinence. Cauda equina syndrome affects the lumbosacral nerve roots, presents gradually and unilaterally, and tends to cause more severe radicular pain and late onset of bowel dysfunction. The document also outlines various causes of the syndromes and methods for investigating and relieving cord compression.
Chiari malformation
This document describes Chiari malformation, specifically Chiari type I and II. It discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of a 34-year-old female patient presenting with progressive arm weakness, shoulder pain, and headaches exacerbated by coughing. Examination found reduced sensitivity in her arms. MRI confirmed Chiari type I malformation with tonsillar herniation. The patient underwent posterior fossa decompression surgery, with improvement in symptoms at 6-month follow up. Chiari malformations cause hindbrain herniation and obstruction of CSF flow, often requiring surgery to enlarge the posterior fossa.
Bracial plexus injury localization and management
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of cervical nerves C5-T1. It has three trunks, divisions, and cords that provide motor and sensory innervation to the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries can occur from trauma or tumors and result in weakness, sensory loss, and deformities in the affected areas. Localization of the injury is important for management. Investigations like EMG, NCV, CT myelogram, and MRI help evaluate the nature and severity of injury which guides surgical or non-surgical treatment.
DISORDERS OF MYELINATION
This document discusses disorders of myelination. It begins by defining myelin and its functions, describing normal myelination milestones. It then covers various white matter disorders including dysmyelination, hypomyelination, and delayed myelination. Specific leukodystrophies are discussed in more detail such as Canavan's disease, Alexander disease, Van der Knapp disease, and glutaric aciduria type 1. Clinical features, imaging findings, and pathology are described for each condition. The document provides an overview of disorders of myelination.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the thigh and leg.
This document describes the radiological anatomy of the thigh and leg through various imaging modalities like plain radiography, CT, and MRI. It details the compartmental anatomy of the thigh and leg muscles, with the thigh composed of anterior, posterior, and medial compartments and the leg composed of anterior, superficial posterior, deep posterior and lateral compartments. Multiple axial images are provided to illustrate the individual muscles and neurovascular structures within each compartment.
Brachial plexus injuries
brachial plexus anatomy, etiology, mechanism of injury, classifications, clinical features, diagnosis and management.
surgical management of brachial plexus
Dandy Walker syndrome
The Dandy-Walker complex is a rare congenital brain malformation characterized by cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle and partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis. It ranges from mega cisterna magna to Dandy-Walker variant to Dandy-Walker malformation based on severity. Associated anomalies are common. The cause is unknown but likely involves abnormal development of the hindbrain. Treatment involves managing hydrocephalus, often with shunt procedures. Prognosis depends on severity and associated anomalies, with higher mortality and developmental delays in more severe forms.
What's hot (20)
Dandy-Walker Malformation: Classification and Management
Dandy-Walker Malformation: Classification and Management
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the thigh and leg.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the thigh and leg.
Viewers also liked
Cv Junction Anomaly
This document summarizes a case of spastic quadriparesis in an 18-year-old male. Imaging revealed complex craniovertebral junction anomalies including basilar invagination, platybasia, os odontoideum, and atlantoaxial subluxation causing spinal cord compression. The patient was diagnosed with Klippel-Feil syndrome based on clinical features including short stature, low hairline, and restricted neck movement. Treatment options discussed include medical management, traction, and posterior fusion surgery to stabilize and decompress the craniocervical junction.
Cv junction anomaly
This document describes several craniovertebral junction anomalies including their definitions, classifications, and clinical presentations. It categorizes the anomalies into three groups: 1) skeletal anomalies like platybasia and basilar invagination, 2) neuroaxial anomalies such as Arnold-Chiari malformation and Dandy-Walker syndrome, and 3) combined skeletal and neuroaxial anomalies including Klippel-Feil anomaly and atlantoaxial dislocation. For each anomaly, it provides details on the defining defects, potential causes, and common symptoms. Overall, the document serves as a reference for the various craniovertebral junction developmental defects and how they may manifest clinically.
عيوب لوحة الكتف الخلقيه- Sprengel's deformity - البروفيسور فريح ابوحسان
عيوب لوحة الكتف الخلقيه- Sprengel's deformity - البروفيسور فريح ابوحسان Prof Freih Abu Hassan البروفيسور فريح ابوحسان
Sprengel's deformity is a congenital anomaly where the scapula is abnormally high. The document discusses the embryology, presentation, associated anomalies, evaluation and surgical treatment of Sprengel's deformity. It focuses on the modified Woodward procedure used to surgically treat 13 patients with Sprengel's deformity at a hospital in Jordan between 1999-2006. The procedure aims to release muscles and reposition the scapula, with the goal of improving shoulder mobility.Pediatric torticollis
- Pediatric torticollis is characterized by lateral inclination of the head to the shoulder with neck twisting and facial deviation.
- The most common type is congenital muscular torticollis (CMT), caused by unilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle shortening in infants.
- CMT is treated initially with gentle stretching exercises but may require surgery if symptoms persist past 12-18 months to lengthen the tight muscle and prevent facial/head asymmetry. Post-operative immobilization and stretching exercises are used.
Congenital deformities
Congenital talipes equino varus (CTEV), also known as clubfoot, is a congenital deformity of the foot where the foot is twisted inward and downward. The causes are mostly unknown but may be genetic, mechanical pressure in the womb, or issues with calf muscle development. Clinically, the foot appears smaller, turned inward and downward. Treatment depends on severity but may include manipulation, casting, soft tissue releases, tendon transfers and osteotomies. Splint
Sprengel deformity
This document provides an overview of Sprengel's deformity, a rare congenital anomaly where the scapula is elevated and rotated medially. Key points:
- It results from interrupted migration of the scapula during embryonic development.
- Clinical features include an elevated shoulder, restricted shoulder movement, and sometimes scoliosis. Severity is graded based on elevation level.
- Diagnosis is made through x-rays showing elevated scapula position. CT scans can show associated bone anomalies.
- Surgical treatment aims to lower the scapula through muscle releases and reattachments, with the goal of improving function and asymmetry. Complications can include brachial plexus injury or sc
Viewers also liked (6)
عيوب لوحة الكتف الخلقيه- Sprengel's deformity - البروفيسور فريح ابوحسان
عيوب لوحة الكتف الخلقيه- Sprengel's deformity - البروفيسور فريح ابوحسان
Similar to cv junction anamolies
Idiopathic condylar resorption and its impact on orthodontic treatment by Alm...
Idiopathic condylar resorption and its impact on orthodontic treatment by Alm...University of Sydney and Edinbugh
This document discusses idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR), a condition where the mandibular condyles resorb, affecting mostly females ages 15-35. ICR can cause progressive mandibular retrusion and decreased growth. It exists on a spectrum from functional remodeling to dysfunctional remodeling/condylar resorption. Causes are unclear but likely involve low estrogen levels and increased mechanical loading. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and imaging like MRI or cephalograms. Treatment focuses on conservative approaches like splinting once resorption is inactive to avoid worsening the condition.Grisel's syndrome
- Grisel's syndrome is a rare condition where there is non-traumatic subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint caused by inflammation of adjacent tissues following an infection or surgery of the throat or neck.
- A 7-year-old girl presented with severe neck stiffness and pain after being treated for a throat infection. Imaging showed rotatory subluxation of the C1-C2 vertebrae.
- Treatment involves protection of the neck, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, cervical traction, and sometimes manipulation under anesthesia or surgery. Early detection and treatment can prevent persistent torticollis or need for external fixation.
Frequency of Sella Turcica Bridge and Clinoid Enlargement in Lateral Cephalom...
The purpose for the present study was to determine the Frequency of sella turcica bridge and clinoid enlargement
on lateral cephalometric plain film radiography from peruvians patients who attended our radiological center and identify any possible genre or age group associations. The sella turcica from 417 lateral cephalometric plain film radiography was evaluated in order to determine the presence of sella turcica bridge (fusion between the anterior and posterior clinoid process) or clinoid enlargement related to the Sella (S) cephalometric point. The sella turcica bridge and clinoid enlargement frequency was 4.31% (n=18), and 16.3% (n=68). The Cramer´s V and ETA statistics found, by separately, non significant association (p > 0.05) between sella turcica bridge and clinoid enlargement with respect to sex, and age groups (under 18 and over 18). The sella turcica bridge and clinoid enlargement are not so infrequent findings in the population studied, our results are similar to those reported in the literature. The existence of a sella turcica
bridge or a clinoid enlargement must be considered as a structural anomaly that may influence the prognosis of surgical procedures of the sella turcica.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
This document provides an overview of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), including its definition, epidemiology, classification, presentation, imaging, treatment options, and treatment approach. SCFE is a displacement of the femoral head relative to the femoral neck via the growth plate. It most commonly presents as hip or knee pain in obese adolescent boys and girls. Imaging includes radiographs and MRI to assess the degree of slippage. Treatment depends on factors like stability and includes in situ pinning, proximal femoral osteotomy, or surgical hip dislocation. For unstable slips, urgent reduction and fixation is indicated. Mild stable slips are treated with in situ pinning while moderate to severe cases may require intertrochanteric
Jd laredo Spine Involvement in cristal diseases jfim hanoï 2015
Jd laredo Spine Involvement in cristal diseases jfim hanoï 2015JFIM - Journées Francophones d'Imagerie Médicale
The document discusses spinal involvement in crystal-related diseases, focusing on gout. Spine involvement in gout is uncommon but can occur in cases of severe tophaceous gout. Symptoms may be asymptomatic initially or include acute or chronic back pain and nerve compression. Diagnosis is made through identification of urate crystals via aspiration or biopsy of spinal lesions. Imaging such as CT, MRI can show erosions, tophi, and lesions affecting various spinal structures including intervertebral discs, facet joints, and ligaments. Spinal cord or cauda equina compression may occur due to large tophi. While back pain is present in about half of cases, spinal involvement in gout is often missed likely due toCrimson Publishers | Treatment of Cervical Ligamentum Flavum Calcification wi...
Crimson Publishers | Treatment of Cervical Ligamentum Flavum Calcification wi...CrimsonPublishersOPROJ
Treatment of Cervical Ligamentum Flavum Calcification with Single-Level Double-Door Laminoplasty by Ya-jun Liu in Orthopedic Research Online JournalDiagnostic Imaging of Pediatric Hip Lesions
This document discusses three common pediatric hip lesions:
1) Congenital hip dislocation, which occurs in neonates and infants and is diagnosed using ultrasound or x-rays to evaluate femoral head coverage and bone morphology.
2) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, which causes osteonecrosis of the femoral head in school-aged children and is staged using x-rays or MRI to assess bone changes over time.
3) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, which occurs in adolescents and is diagnosed on x-rays by a displaced femoral neck that no longer intersects the epiphysis.
Perthes disease
Perthes disease is a childhood condition that affects the blood supply to the femoral head, causing bone death (avascular necrosis). It most commonly affects boys between ages 4-8. While the disease process is self-limiting, it can have permanent effects on the femoral head shape and hip function. Treatment aims to contain the femoral head within the acetabulum during healing to promote proper reshaping, through nonsurgical means like bracing or surgical options like osteotomies if needed. The long-term outcomes are evaluated using classifications like Stulberg or Mose, with the goal of achieving a spherical femoral head congruent with the acetabulum. Management approaches vary between centers based on each child's severity and prognosis
23204967
The document appears to be excerpts from an examination for diagnostic radiology residents, including four multiple choice questions and associated images regarding musculoskeletal diagnoses. Question #202 asks about a lateral tibial lesion in a child and provides images. The most likely diagnosis is osteofibrous dysplasia, characterized by a lobulated lucency in the anterior cortex associated with anterior bowing of the tibia.
Osteochondroses
Osteochondrosis is a defect in bone growth that causes avascular necrosis. It commonly affects the epiphyses of joints in children and adolescents. Some specific types discussed include Legg-Calve-Perthes disease of the hip, Kohler's disease of the navicular bone, and Freiberg's infraction of the metatarsal heads. The document outlines the causes, presentations, classifications, imaging findings, and treatment options for various forms of osteochondrosis.
Digitized manual palpation: a new method of evaluating posture and its defor...
The aim of this study was to be able to apply this method for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and to try to draw the following elements: postural equilibrium parameters, evaluate the asymmetries present at the spine deformations, make an assessment of the curvature profile both in the frontal and sagittal plane and also a count of the position of the shoulders
perthes disease
This document provides an overview of Legg Calve Perthes disease, including its definition, demographics, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, classifications, management, and surgical procedures. Some key points:
- It is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most common in ages 4-8 years. Positive family history and low birth weight are risk factors.
- Clinical features include hip/thigh pain aggravated by movement. Imaging shows stages from avascular necrosis to fragmentation to regeneration/healing.
- Conservative management includes bracing for young/mild cases. Surgical containment is used for more severe/older cases to encourage spherical remodeling.
- Procedures
legg calve Perthes disease
Legg Calve Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most commonly affecting boys ages 4-8. It has an unknown cause but may be associated with conditions like ADHD. Presentation includes a limp or hip/thigh pain. X-rays show changes in the femoral head over time. Treatment depends on age and classification, ranging from observation to osteotomies, with the goal of containing the femoral head to prevent deformity and future arthritis. Prognosis is worse with older age at onset and decreased hip range of motion. Complications can include femoral head deformity, collapse, and leg length discrepancy.
LAMINOPLASTY FINAL
Laminoplasty is a technique to surgically expand the spinal canal for patients with cervical myelopathy. A retrospective study of 20 patients who underwent open-door laminoplasty found:
1) The mean preoperative neurological grade improved from 3 to 1.6 postoperatively based on the Nurick scale.
2) Complications were minor and included one CSF leak and one superficial wound infection.
3) Based on Odom's criteria, 20 patients had good to fair outcomes with relief of symptoms and improved neurological findings.
Marshall syndrome
This case report describes a 14-year-old girl presenting with short stature who was diagnosed with Marshall syndrome. Marshall syndrome is an autosomal dominant collagenopathy that affects multiple systems including the eyes, ears, skeleton, and ectodermal tissues. It is caused by a defective COL11A1 gene resulting in abnormal type XI collagen. Clinical features include short stature, skeletal abnormalities, ocular issues like myopia, and connective tissue involvement. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis.
Aplasia of the Posterior Arches of the Atlas: A Presentation of One Case
Aplasia of the Posterior Arches of the Atlas: A Presentation of One CaseCrimsonpublishers-Sportsmedicine
Introduction: Partial or complete aplasia of the posterior arches of the atlas is a well-documented anomaly but a relatively rare condition caused by a defect in their closure. This condition is usually asymptomatic so most are diagnosed incidentally.
Case report: We report the case of a patient who presents a defect of the posterior arch of atlas.
Conclusion: There is a variety of the congenital defects of the arch of the atlas. Further studies are required on these lesions in order to take possible protection measures against trauma, and the selection between conservative or surgical treatment.Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints. It has been described since ancient Egyptian times but was first characterized in the medical literature in the 16th century. Key points about AS include that it is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene, often presents in individuals between 15-40 years of age, and causes inflammation and new bone formation that can result in fusion of the vertebrae and loss of spinal mobility. Common clinical features involve chronic back pain and stiffness that typically worsens with rest and improves with movement. Diagnosis involves assessment of spinal mobility and signs of inflammation in the sacroiliac joints and entheses. There
Presentation1, radiological imaging of slipped femoral capital epiphysis.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common hip condition in adolescents where the femoral head slides out of position from the femoral neck. It typically presents with hip or knee pain and can cause leg length discrepancies. Radiographs are used to diagnose SCFE by looking for signs of physis widening and femoral head displacement. More advanced imaging like CT, MRI, and ultrasound can provide additional details but radiographs remain the primary imaging method used. Left untreated, SCFE can lead to long term deformities and osteoarthritis.
PERTHES DISEASE
Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children caused by interrupted blood supply. It typically affects children ages 4-8 years old. Presentation includes limping and hip pain. Treatment depends on the stage and aims to contain the femoral head through casting, bracing, or surgery. Containment redirects forces on the femoral head to allow remodeling. Late treatment focuses on improving range of motion and reshaping deformities through osteotomies or salvage surgery. The long term goal is to produce a normal hip joint and prevent arthritis.
Similar to cv junction anamolies (20)
Idiopathic condylar resorption and its impact on orthodontic treatment by Alm...
Idiopathic condylar resorption and its impact on orthodontic treatment by Alm...
Frequency of Sella Turcica Bridge and Clinoid Enlargement in Lateral Cephalom...
Frequency of Sella Turcica Bridge and Clinoid Enlargement in Lateral Cephalom...
Jd laredo Spine Involvement in cristal diseases jfim hanoï 2015
Jd laredo Spine Involvement in cristal diseases jfim hanoï 2015
Crimson Publishers | Treatment of Cervical Ligamentum Flavum Calcification wi...
Crimson Publishers | Treatment of Cervical Ligamentum Flavum Calcification wi...
Digitized manual palpation: a new method of evaluating posture and its defor...
Digitized manual palpation: a new method of evaluating posture and its defor...
Aplasia of the Posterior Arches of the Atlas: A Presentation of One Case
Aplasia of the Posterior Arches of the Atlas: A Presentation of One Case
Presentation1, radiological imaging of slipped femoral capital epiphysis.
Presentation1, radiological imaging of slipped femoral capital epiphysis.
More from Amar Patil
Eye in connective tissue disoreders
Connective tissue diseases can involve the eyes and cause various inflammatory conditions. Rheumatoid arthritis is a common cause of scleritis and episcleritis, occurring in 4-10% of patients. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes) is the most common ocular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis, affecting 10-35% of patients, mostly women. Scleritis may occur and can cause vision loss if not treated adequately with immunosuppressants. Keratitis can also occur from corneal thinning or ulceration. Systemic lupus erythematosus can also cause ocular inflammation and is more common in women.
idiopathic Inflammatory myositis
This document provides an overview of idiopathic inflammatory myositis, which includes three main types: polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM). PM primarily involves muscle weakness while DM also includes skin involvement. IBM predominantly affects those over 50. Together these conditions represent acquired causes of skeletal muscle weakness. The document discusses their definitions, classifications, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, associations and treatment considerations.
Anatomy of cerebral veins
The document discusses the anatomy of cerebral veins and its application in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). It begins with an overview of the anatomy of cerebral veins, including superficial cerebral veins that drain the cortical surfaces and deep cerebral veins that drain deep white and gray matter. It then discusses dural sinuses and veins that receive cerebral veins, such as the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, straight sinus, transverse sinus, and cavernous sinus. The document then covers CVT epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment, focusing on puerperal CVT specifically. Puerperal CVT is more common in India than Western countries and its incidence has decreased in recent decades due to improved obst
Malaria life cycle, clinical features and management
This document provides an overview of malaria in India. It discusses the epidemiology and life cycle of the malaria parasite, clinical features of both uncomplicated and severe malaria, and treatment approaches. Malaria remains a major public health problem in India, where Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant cause of infection. Transmission is highest in rural areas, and states like Odisha contribute a large proportion of national cases. Clinical presentation depends on transmission intensity and immune status.
Pupil
This document discusses the pupil in health and disease. It begins by describing the normal anatomy and function of the pupil, including its size, location, shape, and role in regulating light entry. It then covers various pupil reflexes and abnormalities such as anisocoria, mydriasis, miosis, light-near dissociation, Argyll Robertson pupils, and disorders of the third cranial nerve and sympathetic pathway. Causes, signs, and diagnostic tests for various pupil abnormalities are provided.
Hepatitis B diagnosis and management an update
This document provides information on hepatitis B, including its diagnosis, management, and prevention. Some key points:
- Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus and can cause both acute and chronic liver disease. It is transmitted through blood and body fluids.
- Diagnosis involves testing for hepatitis B surface antigen and other viral markers. Liver biopsy or non-invasive tests can assess liver damage.
- Treatment depends on the phase of infection, with antiviral drugs used for chronic hepatitis B. Vaccination provides effective prevention.
Spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, internal structure, blood supply, and functional organization of the spinal cord. Key points include:
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to L1-L2 and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
- It has a butterfly-shaped gray matter H-shape surrounded by white matter tracts that contain ascending and descending nerve fibers.
- The principal blood supply comes from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries along with segmental radicular arteries like the artery of Adamkiewicz.
- The spinal cord has a segmental organization corresponding to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that mediate motor and sensory functions.
Hepatitis c.diagnosis and management
This document provides information about hepatitis C virus (HCV) including its structure, genome, genotypes, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. It discusses:
- HCV has a single-stranded RNA genome within the Flaviviridae family. It exists as different genotypes that determine treatment response.
- HCV is a major cause of liver disease worldwide, with transmission primarily through blood exposure. Diagnosis involves antibody and RNA testing.
- Treatment aims to eradicate HCV and involves pegylated interferon and ribavirin combinations. Response is monitored via viral load decline. Adverse effects require monitoring and management. New direct-acting antivirals are improving treatment outcomes.
More from Amar Patil (8)
Malaria life cycle, clinical features and management
Malaria life cycle, clinical features and management
Recently uploaded
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...chandankumarsmartiso
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel With 100% Satisfaction
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Our aim is to organise conscious gatherings and retreats for open and inquisitive minds and souls, with and without the assistance of sacred plants.
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...chandankumarsmartiso
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun Women Seeking Service
The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
we have mentioned the best 10 ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups. You can check all these products and choose the best one for yourself.
Recently uploaded (20)
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
cv junction anamolies
- 15. • A-A joints allow less flexion – extension motion than rotation. • There is greater movement with extention (upto 10o) than with flexion (upto 5o).
- 41. Cerebro-spinal MRI (a,b,c) performed in a 27-year-old female presenting with intense headache and craniofacial deformities. Sagittal T1 (b) and T2 (c) weighted images show foramen magnum stenosis producing a compression of bulbomedullary junction. CT scan (d) and sagittal (e) show additional features such as macrocephaly and thickening of the cranial vault.
- 47. FLORES M.et al: The Klippel−Feil Syndrome: A Case Report. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 2004
- 49. NARANG M.et al, : Uncommon manifestation of Klippel Feil Syndrome. Ind. Pediat. 2006 ODABAS D et al: Report of a girl with Klippel−Feil syndrome and Poland anomaly. Genet. Couns. 2004
- 50. NIEBERG L.G.et al: Dento−skeletal implications of Klippel−Feil Syndrome (A case report). NYSDJ 2005.
- 52. GUDEMEZ E.: Klippel−Feil syndrome and associated con− genital abnormalities: evaluation of 23 cases. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2006
- 53. OAKES W.J.et al: Investigations into the association between cervicomedullary neuroschisis and mirror movements in patients with Klippel−Feil Syndrome. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2002
- 66. • Chiari-I malformation in a 40-year-old male. Sagittal (a) and coronal (b) T2 weighted images show caudal tonsillar ectopia obstructing the foramen magnum associated with a syringomyelia cavity.
- 67. • Chiari-I malformation in a 12-year-old boy. Sagittal (a) and coronal (b) T2 weighted images show caudal tonsillar ectopia associated with hydrocephalus.
- 70. Chiari-II malformation in 1-year-old infant associated with myelomeningocele (b). Sagittal T2 weighted images (a) shows smaller posterior cranial fossa with downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils, the fourth ventricle and the bulbo-medullary junction into the foramen magnum and cervical spinal canal.
- 80. • Symptoms vary depending on whether the spinal cord, brain stem, nerves or their blood supply is affected by the pressure. Symptoms become apparent when the neck is bent. They include
- 97. • incomplete fusion of odontoid to C2 body
Editor's Notes
- The dorsal ramus supplies rectus capitis posterior major and minor, superior and inferior oblique, and the semispinalis capitis The C1 ventral root (SUBOCCIPITAL NERVE) is composed of four to eight rootlets that joined and coursed laterally and supplies the rectus capitis lateralis.