Abstract:-- Over last decade electronic sensing or e-sensing becomes an important technology from both of technical and commercial point of view which refers to the capability of reproducing human senses using sensor arrays and pattern recognition system. An electronic nose is such an instrument which consists of mechanism for identification of chemical detection such as an array of electronic sensors and a mechanism of pattern recognition. This paper highlights the significant researches of Electronic nose which are being performed currently and at the same time how can we use it in the future more effectively .

1. Current and Future Research of E-Nose(Electronic Nose)
Nadiya Mahjabin
Abstract:-- Over last decade electronic sensing or e-sensing becomes an important
technology from both of technical and commercial point of view which refers to the
capability of reproducing human senses using sensor arrays and pattern recognition
system. An electronic nose is such an instrument which consists of mechanism for
identification of chemical detection such as an array of electronic sensors and a
mechanism of pattern recognition. This paper highlights the significant researches of
Electronic nose which are being performed currently and at the same time how can we
use it in the future more effectively .
Introduction-- An electronic nose is a device intended to detect odors or flavors. It is an
intelligent device which can mimic the human sense of olfaction and can be used for
detection, recognition and classification of volatile compounds and odors. Currently it is
vastly used in food industry ,biomedical application, early detection of diseases ,artificial
intelligence and other important sectors. In future it can be modified to be used in these areas
more specialized(application specific),less expensive ,easily usable by operators and in small
size.
Literature review:--
1.Electronic noses in clinical diagnosis--A comprehensive analysis of past and recent research
findings and developments of electronic nose technologies in medical diagnosis will be
presented below and classified
Application of electronic nose on samples and biomarkers for
human disease

2. Disease/Disorder/Infection Aroma sample source Associated volatile
biomakers
Urinary tract infections Urine Staphylococcus aurenus
Escherichia coli,
Proteus mirabilis,
Isovaleric acid, alkanes
Tuberculosis Sputum
Breathe
Lunge tissue
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Mycobacterium avium,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
Oxetane,3-(1-methylethyl)-
Dodecane, 4-methyl-
Cyclohexane;
PD-1, TIM-3, KLRG-1
Ear, nose, throat and
infection
swabs Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Streptococcus pneumonia,
Streptococcus pyogenes,
Haemophilusinfluenzae
Asthma Human breath
sputum
Pentane, ethane, 8-
isoprostane,
nitric oxide,
cysteinylleukotrienes,
proseosinophil cationic
protein
taglandin E2
Breast cancer Human breath C4 - C20 alkanes,

3. monomethylated alkanes
COPD Human breath NO, H2O2, aldehydes, 8-
isoprostane, nitrotyrosine,
Leukotriene B4, cytokines
Sweaty feet syndrome
Urine, sweat, Human breath Butyric acid, hexanoic acid;
trans-3-methyl-2 hexenoic
acid
Recent research showed that Electronic nose is used in early detection of cancer. The property
of its to smell chemicals related to lung, breast, brain, prostatic, melanoma and pancreatic
cancers used in this detection. It is known that dogs have the capability to detect cancer by
sniffing the patient’s breath which is termed as canine cancer detection. They can identify
specific alkanes and aromatic compounds at low concentrations in breath created by a tumor
that circulates from the patient’s blood to the lungs. Similarly, electronic noses can detect
disease marker substances from the human body, thus having the potential of early stage
detection for different types of cancers. The detection of lung cancer represents most cancer
diagnosis ability of electronic nose since important biomarkers have been discovered from
exhaled breath of lung cancer patient. However few biomarkers are available at present time.
Besides electronic nose can be applicable in various types of respiratory diseases such as
asthma, COPD, Tuberculosis etc. by identifying bacterial pathogens based on analysis of
exhaled breath though other approaches such as analysis of blood samples, analysis of
bacterial culture sample exist. These can be modified for early detection of TB and AIDS in
future.
Another important application of Electronic nose in urinary tract infections which is based on
the recent development of gas sensing technology and pattern recognition.. The urinary
system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Electronic noses can diagnose UTIs

4. by examining the volatile compounds produced by bacterial contaminants in urine samples.
Based on this fact electronic nose can be used to identify unknown UTI cases
A more futuristic application of electronic nose has been recently proposed for telesurgery.
Electronic nose in food industry—
Currently the biggest market of electronic nose is in food industry. It is an useful tool in
quality assessment of food production. The nose identifies paper board from which off flavor
transferred into the packaged food. It is mainly used in inspection of food quality by odor.
Besides controlling food cooking process, inspection of fish, monitoring fermentation process,
inspection of beverage containers are some other application .In some cases electronic nose
can be used to replace human experts and in other cases it can be used to reduce analytical
chemistry which is performed in food production specially when qualitative results will do.
Electronic nose in Artificial Intelligence and Neural technology—
Neural network becomes popular over last few years. The primary appeal of neural
network is it’s ability to emulate the brain’s pattern recognition skill .The application
of neural network in solving extra-ordinary range of problem domains in various
areas such as Finance ,Medical ,Engineering and Physics is a growing and
promising area of research .An electronic nose is a tool which is composed of
chemical sensing system which is sensor arrays and a pattern recognition skill which
is nothing but an artificial neural network
Electronic nose in other application and research:-
Another important applications of electronic nose in environment monitoring and
military application for example detection of bomb. Environmental application of
electronic noses include analysis of fuel mixtures ,detection of oil leakages, testing
ground water for odors identification of household odors. Potential application include
identification of toxic gases, air quality monitoring and monitoring of factory
emissions. Sensors can detect toxic gases for example co (carbon monoxide) which
is odorless to human.
There are many other applications of electronic noses such as in multimedia
application ,wireless technology and even in detection of skin vapor and many other
fields as it is an emerging field of research.

5. Project description.---
The general block diagram of an e-nose is the following
And the specific block diagram of an E-nose is following
There are two main components of an electronic nose
1 Sensing system
2 Pattern recognition system
and three subcomponents are ]
1 Sample delivery system
2 Detection system
3 computing system
The main working principal of an electronic principal is to generate a signal by
odor sensors and then it need to be processed in sophisticated manner.This
system primarily consists of four functional blocks odor handling and delivery
systems, sensors and interface electronics ,signal processing and intelligent
pattern analysis and recognition. The array of sensors is exposed to volatile odor
vapor through suitable odor handling and delivery systems ensuring constant
exposure rate to each of the sensors. The response signals of sensor arrays are
conditioned and processed through suitable circuitry and fed to an intelligent
pattern recognition engine for classification, analysis and declaration

6. The most complicated parts of electronic olfaction process are odour capture and
associated sensor technology. Any sensor that responds reversibly to chemicals
in gas or vapor
phase, has the potential to be participate in an array of sensor in an electronic
nose. For black
manufactured tea, an array of Metal Oxide Semiconductor sensors have been
used for assessment
of volatiles.
Schematic diagram of Electronic nose.
The electronic nose research group has obtained considerable experience
in the use of various parametric and non-parametric pattern analysis techniques.
These include
the use of linear and non-linear techniques, such as discriminant function
analysis, cluster
analysis, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, and adaptive models. An odor is
composed of
molecules, each of which has a specific size and shape. Each of these molecules
has a
correspondingly sized and shaped receptor in the human nose. When a specific
receptor receives
a molecule, it sends a signal to the brain and the brain identifies the smell
associated with that
particular molecule. Electronic noses based on the biological model work in a
similar manner,
albeit substituting sensors for the receptors, and transmitting the signal to a
program for
processing, rather than to the brain.
The researchers are also trying to make it less expensive .portable ,easily
convenient for human by modification of its sensing elements, hardware
development, software development, microcontroller, neural networking system
etc different types of electronics and physical components.
Future research and conclusion-

7. The only final step left to be completed today for enose development is for
practical uses in many modern days application which are facing some
limitations. It is possible to remove these with combined with other instruments
or diagnostic tests, quality control between individual instruments,developing
specialized aroma libraries, developing different types of software and
algorithms for specialized application. Overall Electronic nose is an emerging
area in research and technology .
References –
1 Application and Technology of Electronic nose for clinical diagnosis
2 Fabrication of a handheld Electronic nose
3 Electronic nose
4 Future Applications of Electronic Nose Technologies in Healthcare and
biomedicines