The document discusses language, culture, gender, class, and race. It provides details on: - Language and culture being closely intertwined, with language playing a key role in social lives. - India recognizing 22 official languages across its states and Hindi and English as official central government languages. - Gender being socially constructed and referring to roles/behaviors deemed appropriate for men and women in a society, which can lead to inequalities. - Class being determined by factors like income, wealth, occupation, and referring to hierarchical social stratification within societies. - Caste once being an ascribed status in India that determined social position rigidly, while modern societies see more achieved status based on economic levels

1. CULTURE AND CONDITIONING

2. LANGUAGE
• Language is more than just a medium of communication
• Language and speech is not the same thing
• Language is very important in culture
• Language is the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives
• It is mainly considered to be of two types. 1- regional dialect, 2-socail dialect
• Language is a system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural value

3. CASE STUDY OF INDIAN LANGUGE
• The indian constitution recognises Hindi in Devanagri script as the official language of
central government India
• It also allows for the continuation of use of the English language for official purposes
• India recognises 22 languages, spoken in different parts of the country
• Hindi is an official language of the states of UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal, MP,
Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, HP, Haryana and Delhi
• Marathi is Maharashtra’s official language, Gujrati is Gujrat’s official language, Punjabi is
Punjab’s official language and so on…

4. GENDER
 Gender is usually divided into men and women
 It refers to the socio-cultural defination of man and woman
 Gender refers to the socially constructed behaviour, activities and attributes that a
particular society considers appropriate for men and women
 The distinct roles may give rise to gender inequlities

5. GENDER INEQUALITIES
• Gender inequalities are not biologically determined, they are culturally produced
• Gender inequalities creates barriers in cultural growth
• Gender discrimination, also known as sexual discrimination, is the practice of letting a
person’s sex unjustly become a factor when deciding who receives a job, promotion, or
other employment benefit or even any opportunity to progress
• There is a particular form of sexual discrimination called Sexual Harassment
• This form of discrimination involves inappropriate words or actions of sexual nature
directed by a person on other person ( preferably of opposite sex )
• To meet the criteria of harassment, the behaviour in question must be both unnecessary
and sexual in nature
• Work environment plays a very big role in office

6. GENDER INEQUALITY IN INDIA
• For ages it was believed that the different characteristics, roles and status accorded to
women and men in society are determined by sex
• In India, even today, the birth of a son is celebrated and the birth of a daughter is
associated with pain
• Son’s are showered with love, respect better food, good education and proper health and
girls are treated as boys
• Boys are encouraged to be tough and outgoing,girls are encouraged to be homely and
timid
• Many developing countries including India have displayed gender inequality in education,
employment and health which is seen more in the rural areas because of LACK OF
EDUCATION

7. • In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her
husband is dead to her sons, a woman must never be independent and by herself or else
she is seen with suspicion
• Woman here live a very rigid life

8. GENDER AND MEDIA WITH REFERENCE TO THE
INDIAN CONTEXT
• We all know that media plays a very important role in today’s world
• In fact, the society in which we live today is very much influenced by the media
• Therefore, media has that power to somewhat control the course of our society

9. CLASS
• Social class refers to the hierarchical stratification between individuals or groups in
societies or cultures
• A social group is mainly a social class
• Even within a society, different people or groups may have very different ideas about what
makes one “higher” or “lower”
• Once class is mainly determined by income or wealth including the ownership of land,
property, means of production, etc.
• It also depends on the occupation, education, family backround, qualification, lifestyle etc.

10. STRATIFICATION SYSTEM
• It is mainly divided into 3 parts
1- ascribed society
2-achieved status
3-classless society

11. CASTE: ASCRIBED STATUS
• It is a rigid system of inequality and disparity
• Caste position is strictly definite unlike the class system
• A well known society with a caste system is India
• No amount of achievement will change your caste position

12. ACHIEVED STATUS
• It is primarily based on economic levels
• The status can improve or decline as per the situation they are in
• Change is not very difficult

13. A CLASSLESS SOCIETY
• There are no economically based strata's here
• For eg. All the communist countries

14. PERSPECTIVES ON CLASS
• A functionalist view
• A conflict view
• It provides healthy competitive atmosphere
• It provides an encouraging force
• It provides opportunity for growth

15. CONSEQUENCES OF CLASS POSITION
• Dating and marriage
• Socialization
• Health
• Formal education
• Perception

16. CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS
• It is the consciousness of one’s social class or economic rank in society

17. CLASS IN INDIA AND ITS TRANSFORMATION
• In India, class is mainly divided into 3 levels
• 1-Forward class (higher castes)
• 2-backward classes (middle and lower castes)
• Harijans (very low castes)
• Some of these groups are drawing together within regions across caste lines in order to
work for political power and access

18. RACE
• It is determined on various characteristics like skin colour, facial features, hair textyre etc
• We as Indians have always considered ourselves as the victim of racial discrimination