This document contains a presentation on ultrasound physics and obtaining an ultrasound image. It discusses key topics like what ultrasound is, how it is generated using the piezoelectric effect, how images are formed from reflected sound waves, and factors that affect image resolution and penetration such as frequency and transducer selection. It also covers Doppler ultrasound and optimizing images by adjusting gain, depth, and using acoustic couplants. Examples of ultrasound appearances of different tissues and anatomical structures are provided.
This is a presentation describing in brief regarding the physics behind MRI and it's application from dental point of view. It contains few videos as well.
World Vision is a Christian humanitarian organization that works with children, families, and communities worldwide to tackle the causes of poverty and injustice. It serves all people regardless of attributes. The document discusses World Vision's consolidated financial statements, including details on charitable trusts receivable. These are trusts created by donors independently that name World Vision as an irrevocable beneficiary. Revenue from these trusts is recognized when World Vision is notified of being named a beneficiary. The value of these trusts is based on present value calculations discounted for risk. A table shows the balances and changes in marketable securities, investments, and charitable trusts receivable classified as Level 3 fair value measures.
The document discusses the division of powers between the national and state governments in the United States. It identifies powers that are exclusively held by the national government, such as the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and powers held concurrently with states. Powers are also denied to the national government to protect individual liberties and federalism. Concurrently, states hold reserved powers but are denied the ability to conduct foreign policy, coin money, or deprive citizens of rights.
Silver State Hearing & Balance – Reno Hearing Test Experts are available for comprehensive hearing testing for residents of Reno and adjacent areas.
Full service audiologist with the best selection of hearing aids in Reno, NV. See us for hearing tests, custom ear protection, tinnitus treatment, ear wax removal, hearing aid repair.
This document summarizes consumer price index data from the Department of Statistics of Sint Maarten. It finds that in August 2012, consumer prices decreased 0.3% compared to June 2012. However, prices have increased 4.7% over the past year. Specifically, the food expenditure category continues to see high inflation, increasing 14% in August 2012, and has been a major contributor to overall inflation. The release provides detailed analysis of price changes within various food groups and products.
The document is a letter from a father to his daughter Evelyn for her birthday. In the letter, he expresses his love for her and says that seeing her happy brings him happiness. He wishes her happiness, prosperity, and for her dreams to come true.
The document proposes creating interactive games for the elderly using a Wii gaming system with a camera accessory. Some key ideas are to create card and board games like bridge and pinochle, as well as educational games for grandparents to play with grandchildren. The system would be marketed and introduced into retirement facilities. The target market of baby boomers is underserved for online gaming options. Challenges could include fears of technology and costs of training nursing home staff.
This is a presentation describing in brief regarding the physics behind MRI and it's application from dental point of view. It contains few videos as well.
World Vision is a Christian humanitarian organization that works with children, families, and communities worldwide to tackle the causes of poverty and injustice. It serves all people regardless of attributes. The document discusses World Vision's consolidated financial statements, including details on charitable trusts receivable. These are trusts created by donors independently that name World Vision as an irrevocable beneficiary. Revenue from these trusts is recognized when World Vision is notified of being named a beneficiary. The value of these trusts is based on present value calculations discounted for risk. A table shows the balances and changes in marketable securities, investments, and charitable trusts receivable classified as Level 3 fair value measures.
The document discusses the division of powers between the national and state governments in the United States. It identifies powers that are exclusively held by the national government, such as the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and powers held concurrently with states. Powers are also denied to the national government to protect individual liberties and federalism. Concurrently, states hold reserved powers but are denied the ability to conduct foreign policy, coin money, or deprive citizens of rights.
Silver State Hearing & Balance – Reno Hearing Test Experts are available for comprehensive hearing testing for residents of Reno and adjacent areas.
Full service audiologist with the best selection of hearing aids in Reno, NV. See us for hearing tests, custom ear protection, tinnitus treatment, ear wax removal, hearing aid repair.
This document summarizes consumer price index data from the Department of Statistics of Sint Maarten. It finds that in August 2012, consumer prices decreased 0.3% compared to June 2012. However, prices have increased 4.7% over the past year. Specifically, the food expenditure category continues to see high inflation, increasing 14% in August 2012, and has been a major contributor to overall inflation. The release provides detailed analysis of price changes within various food groups and products.
The document is a letter from a father to his daughter Evelyn for her birthday. In the letter, he expresses his love for her and says that seeing her happy brings him happiness. He wishes her happiness, prosperity, and for her dreams to come true.
The document proposes creating interactive games for the elderly using a Wii gaming system with a camera accessory. Some key ideas are to create card and board games like bridge and pinochle, as well as educational games for grandparents to play with grandchildren. The system would be marketed and introduced into retirement facilities. The target market of baby boomers is underserved for online gaming options. Challenges could include fears of technology and costs of training nursing home staff.
Protecting your Online Image – Managing Ranking Sites and Digital AttacksDrMarketingTips
Learn how to protect your image, manage your reputation and increase visitors to your office utilizing proven, inbound marketing strategies specifically tailored to physician's offices. To learn more about how we can help, visit http://www.InsightMG.com.
This document exposes and debunks 5 common myths about hearing aids. Myth #1 is that hearing aids are not effective, but a study found they significantly improved speech recognition and reduced communication problems. Myth #2 is that hearing aids are big and bulky, but they now come in various small, nearly invisible sizes. Myth #3 is that hearing aids are too expensive, but like other electronics, prices vary with features and performance. Myth #4 is that hearing aids can be bought online more cheaply, but proper fitting requires professional programming. Myth #5 is that hearing aids are uncomfortable to use, but digital aids are easy to use and some can be controlled by phone. Overall, the document encourages people not to be discouraged
1) Over 1.1 billion people are at risk of noise-induced hearing loss from excessive sounds like those from personal audio devices, concerts, and nightclubs. 26 million Americans already suffer from this condition.
2) Prolonged exposure to sounds over 85 decibels can damage hearing, and many daily activities like using MP3 players at max volume or attending rock concerts exceed this threshold.
3) Noise-induced hearing loss is completely preventable if the right protective measures are taken, such as using custom earplugs, maintaining a safe distance from loud sounds, taking rest breaks, following the 60/60 rule for music players, buying noise-cancelling headphones, and getting regular hearing exams
The document contains information about the video game console market from 2006-2016. It shows the worldwide market for video games grew steadily from $41.7 billion in 2006 to a forecasted $53.4 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Nintendo Wii had a 32% market share, while PlayStation and Xbox had 23% and 44% respectively. The Wii saw increased unit sales from 2009-2010 after declining the previous year, while PlayStation and Xbox unit sales declined.
The document discusses the concept of federalism in the US government. It explains that the US Constitution divides powers between the national and local governments. Some powers are reserved for the federal government, like those enumerated in the Constitution and those not given to the states in the 10th Amendment. However, there are also overlapping powers between the state and federal governments, such as the power to levy taxes and charter corporations. The document concludes by noting states must respect each other's laws and citizens equally under the Full Faith and Credit Clause.
The document provides 6 scenarios involving patients with various medical conditions and their arterial blood gas results. Each scenario includes 2 multiple choice questions testing interpretation of acid-base disturbances. The scenarios cover conditions such as opioid overdose, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, and introduce acid-base nomograms for interpretation.
This document outlines seven key life transitions that most baby boomers will face as they move through the last third of their lives: [1] their parents will get old and may require care, [2] their parents will die which will require settling their estate, [3] they will need to focus on staying healthy and managing health care costs, [4] they will reach retirement age and need to consider benefits like Social Security and Medicare, [5] they will need to manage multiple sources of retirement income, [6] they themselves will get old and may require long-term care, and [7] they will eventually die which requires end-of-life and legacy planning. It advises boomers to prepare for
College tuition is so expensive that even high-income families can get offers of financial aid. Your first step is to complete the federal forms, and then contact the school directly to further negotiate a financial aid package.
Este documento contiene tres preguntas sobre el capítulo 11 de Alma. La primera pregunta pide explicar las equivalencias monetarias descritas en los versículos 5-19. La segunda pregunta pregunta cuánto dinero le ofreció Zeezrom a Amulek. La tercera pregunta pregunta qué dijo Amulek que tendría que hacer para obtener ese dinero.
The document discusses basic ultrasound physics. It explains that ultrasound uses a transducer to send pulses into the body which are reflected and scattered. The returning echoes are used to form an image. It describes ultrasound beam formation and properties like resolution, reflection, refraction, scattering, and attenuation in tissues. It also discusses common artifacts that can appear on ultrasound images and different transducer probe types.
Ultrasound question and answer document containing 22 questions answered by 7 students. The questions cover topics such as B-mode, Doppler ultrasound, transducer types, image artifacts, and clinical applications. Key points include:
- B-mode creates 2D images from ultrasound echoes of varying brightness. Sector scanning refers to the sweeping motion of the transducer.
- Doppler ultrasound detects blood flow velocity and direction. Types include continuous wave, pulsed wave, duplex, color, and power Doppler.
- Transducer types include linear, curvilinear, and phased array. Probe frequency ranges from 2-15 MHz for different depths and tissues.
This document discusses the basics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) physics. It explains key concepts such as how MRI works using magnets and radiofrequency pulses to align proton spins in the body and measure signals to form images. Specific topics covered include the coordinate system, Larmor equation, T1 and T2 relaxation times, spin and gradient echo sequences, k-space, spatial encoding, and common MRI sequences. The document is a transcript of a presentation on the fundamental principles underlying MRI scans.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures. It has several medical applications such as visualizing soft tissues, assessing blood vessels, and guiding procedures. The document discusses how ultrasound works, including how sound waves are produced and reflected to form images, and factors that affect image quality such as frequency, attenuation, and gain. Ultrasound is a valuable medical imaging tool when used by an operator with the proper knowledge and skills to acquire and interpret the images.
Ultrasonic testing uses transducers to transmit sound waves into materials and detect reflected waves to find defects. It works on the piezoelectric principle, converting electrical energy to mechanical sound waves. Common techniques are pulse-echo, through transmission, and various transducer types are used for different applications. Ultrasonic testing can detect small defects and is suitable for automation.
Ultrasound is produced by piezoelectric crystals in transducers that convert electrical pulses into sound waves and received echoes into electrical signals. Transducers operate in shock, burst, or continuous excitation modes. The piezoelectric crystals resonate at specific frequencies determined by their thickness and composition. Damping materials in transducers shorten pulse duration to improve image resolution by reducing echo overlap. Transducers use the pulse-echo principle to transmit sound pulses into the body and receive returning echoes to create ultrasound images.
This document provides an overview of basic ultrasound physics and instrumentation. It discusses how ultrasound generates images using high frequency sound waves, and the key properties of these images including being tomographic, real-time, and displayed in greyscale. The document describes ultrasound beam anatomy including factors that determine focal length, divergence and lateral resolution. It also outlines the main components of pulsed echo ultrasound instrumentation, including the transducer, pulser, receiver, display and storage components, and how they work together under the control of a master synchronizer to produce ultrasound images.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of various medical imaging modalities, including their basic principles and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses x-rays/radiography, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine imaging. CT and nuclear medicine involve ionizing radiation, while ultrasound and MRI do not. Ultrasound is considered the safest imaging option for a fetus due to having no known harmful effects. The document aims to describe the main diagnostic imaging techniques used in medical practice.
MRI physics involves magnetic resonance imaging using protons' spin and magnetic properties. Protons precess at their Larmor frequency when placed in an external magnetic field. Radiofrequency pulses excite protons which absorb and emit energy, inducing a signal. Magnetic field gradients encode spatial information to generate images showing proton density and relaxation times, providing tissue contrast. Contrast depends on extrinsic parameters like pulse timing and intrinsic properties like T1 and T2 relaxation times.
Ultrasound imaging uses high frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures. It provides a non-invasive way to visualize anatomy and diagnose conditions. The document discusses how ultrasound works, including how transducers convert electrical signals to sound waves and receive echo signals. It also covers the factors that affect image quality and resolution. Overall, ultrasound is a valuable medical imaging tool when properly operated by a skilled clinician.
Protecting your Online Image – Managing Ranking Sites and Digital AttacksDrMarketingTips
Learn how to protect your image, manage your reputation and increase visitors to your office utilizing proven, inbound marketing strategies specifically tailored to physician's offices. To learn more about how we can help, visit http://www.InsightMG.com.
This document exposes and debunks 5 common myths about hearing aids. Myth #1 is that hearing aids are not effective, but a study found they significantly improved speech recognition and reduced communication problems. Myth #2 is that hearing aids are big and bulky, but they now come in various small, nearly invisible sizes. Myth #3 is that hearing aids are too expensive, but like other electronics, prices vary with features and performance. Myth #4 is that hearing aids can be bought online more cheaply, but proper fitting requires professional programming. Myth #5 is that hearing aids are uncomfortable to use, but digital aids are easy to use and some can be controlled by phone. Overall, the document encourages people not to be discouraged
1) Over 1.1 billion people are at risk of noise-induced hearing loss from excessive sounds like those from personal audio devices, concerts, and nightclubs. 26 million Americans already suffer from this condition.
2) Prolonged exposure to sounds over 85 decibels can damage hearing, and many daily activities like using MP3 players at max volume or attending rock concerts exceed this threshold.
3) Noise-induced hearing loss is completely preventable if the right protective measures are taken, such as using custom earplugs, maintaining a safe distance from loud sounds, taking rest breaks, following the 60/60 rule for music players, buying noise-cancelling headphones, and getting regular hearing exams
The document contains information about the video game console market from 2006-2016. It shows the worldwide market for video games grew steadily from $41.7 billion in 2006 to a forecasted $53.4 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Nintendo Wii had a 32% market share, while PlayStation and Xbox had 23% and 44% respectively. The Wii saw increased unit sales from 2009-2010 after declining the previous year, while PlayStation and Xbox unit sales declined.
The document discusses the concept of federalism in the US government. It explains that the US Constitution divides powers between the national and local governments. Some powers are reserved for the federal government, like those enumerated in the Constitution and those not given to the states in the 10th Amendment. However, there are also overlapping powers between the state and federal governments, such as the power to levy taxes and charter corporations. The document concludes by noting states must respect each other's laws and citizens equally under the Full Faith and Credit Clause.
The document provides 6 scenarios involving patients with various medical conditions and their arterial blood gas results. Each scenario includes 2 multiple choice questions testing interpretation of acid-base disturbances. The scenarios cover conditions such as opioid overdose, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, and introduce acid-base nomograms for interpretation.
This document outlines seven key life transitions that most baby boomers will face as they move through the last third of their lives: [1] their parents will get old and may require care, [2] their parents will die which will require settling their estate, [3] they will need to focus on staying healthy and managing health care costs, [4] they will reach retirement age and need to consider benefits like Social Security and Medicare, [5] they will need to manage multiple sources of retirement income, [6] they themselves will get old and may require long-term care, and [7] they will eventually die which requires end-of-life and legacy planning. It advises boomers to prepare for
College tuition is so expensive that even high-income families can get offers of financial aid. Your first step is to complete the federal forms, and then contact the school directly to further negotiate a financial aid package.
Este documento contiene tres preguntas sobre el capítulo 11 de Alma. La primera pregunta pide explicar las equivalencias monetarias descritas en los versículos 5-19. La segunda pregunta pregunta cuánto dinero le ofreció Zeezrom a Amulek. La tercera pregunta pregunta qué dijo Amulek que tendría que hacer para obtener ese dinero.
The document discusses basic ultrasound physics. It explains that ultrasound uses a transducer to send pulses into the body which are reflected and scattered. The returning echoes are used to form an image. It describes ultrasound beam formation and properties like resolution, reflection, refraction, scattering, and attenuation in tissues. It also discusses common artifacts that can appear on ultrasound images and different transducer probe types.
Ultrasound question and answer document containing 22 questions answered by 7 students. The questions cover topics such as B-mode, Doppler ultrasound, transducer types, image artifacts, and clinical applications. Key points include:
- B-mode creates 2D images from ultrasound echoes of varying brightness. Sector scanning refers to the sweeping motion of the transducer.
- Doppler ultrasound detects blood flow velocity and direction. Types include continuous wave, pulsed wave, duplex, color, and power Doppler.
- Transducer types include linear, curvilinear, and phased array. Probe frequency ranges from 2-15 MHz for different depths and tissues.
This document discusses the basics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) physics. It explains key concepts such as how MRI works using magnets and radiofrequency pulses to align proton spins in the body and measure signals to form images. Specific topics covered include the coordinate system, Larmor equation, T1 and T2 relaxation times, spin and gradient echo sequences, k-space, spatial encoding, and common MRI sequences. The document is a transcript of a presentation on the fundamental principles underlying MRI scans.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures. It has several medical applications such as visualizing soft tissues, assessing blood vessels, and guiding procedures. The document discusses how ultrasound works, including how sound waves are produced and reflected to form images, and factors that affect image quality such as frequency, attenuation, and gain. Ultrasound is a valuable medical imaging tool when used by an operator with the proper knowledge and skills to acquire and interpret the images.
Ultrasonic testing uses transducers to transmit sound waves into materials and detect reflected waves to find defects. It works on the piezoelectric principle, converting electrical energy to mechanical sound waves. Common techniques are pulse-echo, through transmission, and various transducer types are used for different applications. Ultrasonic testing can detect small defects and is suitable for automation.
Ultrasound is produced by piezoelectric crystals in transducers that convert electrical pulses into sound waves and received echoes into electrical signals. Transducers operate in shock, burst, or continuous excitation modes. The piezoelectric crystals resonate at specific frequencies determined by their thickness and composition. Damping materials in transducers shorten pulse duration to improve image resolution by reducing echo overlap. Transducers use the pulse-echo principle to transmit sound pulses into the body and receive returning echoes to create ultrasound images.
This document provides an overview of basic ultrasound physics and instrumentation. It discusses how ultrasound generates images using high frequency sound waves, and the key properties of these images including being tomographic, real-time, and displayed in greyscale. The document describes ultrasound beam anatomy including factors that determine focal length, divergence and lateral resolution. It also outlines the main components of pulsed echo ultrasound instrumentation, including the transducer, pulser, receiver, display and storage components, and how they work together under the control of a master synchronizer to produce ultrasound images.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of various medical imaging modalities, including their basic principles and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses x-rays/radiography, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine imaging. CT and nuclear medicine involve ionizing radiation, while ultrasound and MRI do not. Ultrasound is considered the safest imaging option for a fetus due to having no known harmful effects. The document aims to describe the main diagnostic imaging techniques used in medical practice.
MRI physics involves magnetic resonance imaging using protons' spin and magnetic properties. Protons precess at their Larmor frequency when placed in an external magnetic field. Radiofrequency pulses excite protons which absorb and emit energy, inducing a signal. Magnetic field gradients encode spatial information to generate images showing proton density and relaxation times, providing tissue contrast. Contrast depends on extrinsic parameters like pulse timing and intrinsic properties like T1 and T2 relaxation times.
Ultrasound imaging uses high frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures. It provides a non-invasive way to visualize anatomy and diagnose conditions. The document discusses how ultrasound works, including how transducers convert electrical signals to sound waves and receive echo signals. It also covers the factors that affect image quality and resolution. Overall, ultrasound is a valuable medical imaging tool when properly operated by a skilled clinician.
This document provides an overview of the history and physics of ultrasound machines. It discusses how ultrasound works, including how sound waves are produced and received, how images are formed, and factors that affect image quality. The key components of an ultrasound machine are described, including the transducer probe, central processing unit, display, and storage devices. Different ultrasound imaging modes like A-mode, B-mode, and M-mode are introduced along with common medical applications of ultrasound imaging.
The document discusses ultrasound technology including its history, basic principles, imaging modes, transducer types, and diagnostic applications. It provides details on how ultrasound works by sending sound waves into the body and analyzing the echoes. Key points covered include pulse echo imaging, Doppler imaging, resolution, propagation of ultrasound in tissue, and common ultrasound machines and transducer types.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to image internal structures. A transducer converts electrical pulses into ultrasound pulses and reflected sound waves back into electrical signals. Tissues reflect sound differently allowing visualization. Higher frequencies improve resolution but reduce penetration. Ultrasound has various medical uses like imaging fetuses, organs and detecting abnormalities by interpreting echo patterns. It provides real-time images without radiation unlike other modalities.
Here are the solutions:
a) At D1: Z1=1.5 MRayl, Z2=1.6 MRayl
RA=(Z2-Z1)/(Z2+Z1)=(1.6-1.5)/(1.6+1.5)=0.025
At D2: Z2=1.6 MRayl, Z3=1.8 MRayl
RA=(Z3-Z2)/(Z3+Z2)=(1.8-1.6)/(1.8+1.6)=0.1
b) Attenuation in medium 1 (0-D1): α1=0.5 dB/cm/
MRI brain; Basics and Radiological AnatomyImran Rizvi
MRI BRAIN BASICS AND RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
1. MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and detect abnormalities. It has largely replaced CT for evaluating many conditions due to its superior soft tissue contrast.
2. Different MRI sequences such as T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR and DWI highlight various tissues and pathologies based on their relaxation properties. T1 highlights anatomy while T2 highlights abnormalities like tumors and inflammation.
3. Key anatomical structures are clearly visualized on MRI slices through different levels of the brain. Axial slices progress from the brainstem to the cortex, while sagittal slices show deep midline structures
This document discusses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) principles and techniques. It explains that MRI utilizes the magnetic spin property of hydrogen protons to produce images. It describes how tissues have different relaxation times on T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI sequences. Key sequences discussed include FLAIR, STIR, DWI and ADC mapping which provide contrast between different tissues. The document summarizes the clinical applications and benefits of these various MRI sequences.
This document discusses non-thermal effects of diagnostic ultrasound, specifically radiation force and its potential biological effects. It outlines ultrasound basics and physics, defines key terms, and explores mechanical effects not related to heating, including cavitation, acoustic radiation force, and acoustic streaming which can cause fluid movement. Observations of effects on bone, lung, heart, perception, and development are provided, such as ultrasound accelerating bone healing and potentially altering neural migration through radiation force.
This document summarizes key concepts about waves and sound from Chapter 12. It discusses the properties of sound waves including compression, rarefaction, wavelength, frequency, intensity, and speed of sound in different mediums. It also describes reflection, refraction, interference, standing waves, and diffraction of sound waves. The document outlines the anatomy and function of the human ear, including how it perceives loudness, pitch, and quality of sounds. It discusses ultrasound waves and how the Doppler effect can be used to measure fluid flow velocities in the body.
MRI utilizes the magnetic spin property of protons in hydrogen atoms to produce images. When an external magnetic field is applied, protons in the body align in one direction. RF waves are used to manipulate the magnetization of hydrogen nuclei. As the nuclei relax, they emit RF signals that are detected to produce images. T1-weighted images highlight tissues based on the time it takes hydrogen nuclei to recover longitudinal magnetization, while T2-weighted images highlight tissues based on the time for hydrogen nuclei to become dephased. Flair imaging uses a 180 degree pulse to null CSF signal, highlighting lesions adjacent to CSF. MRI is useful for imaging soft tissues and has advantages over CT such as no ionizing radiation and ability to use contrasts,
The document discusses breast anatomy, common benign breast diseases including cysts, fibroadenomas, mastalgia and nipple discharge. It describes approaches to evaluating breast problems through history, examination, diagnostic workup and managing various benign breast conditions through lifestyle modifications, medications or surgery. The goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms while ruling out breast cancer.
The history of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) began in the 1980s but it took decades to develop EIT devices suitable for clinical use due to limitations in sensitivity, susceptibility to interference, and lack of user-friendly software. In the early 2000s, a collaboration between researchers and Dräger sought to address these issues and develop the first clinically viable EIT system, culminating in the PulmoVista 500, which enables continuous bedside monitoring of regional lung function without radiation. Validation studies demonstrated EIT's potential for guiding mechanical ventilation and optimizing settings for individual patients with acute lung injury.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood gases (ABGs), including:
- What ABGs measure (oxygenation levels, acid-base disturbances, pH, pO2, pCO2, and other electrolytes)
- When ABGs are indicated (respiratory monitoring, unstable patients, post cardiac arrest, intra-operatively)
- How the body maintains acid-base balance through respiratory, renal, and chemical buffers that keep pH between 7.35-7.45.
- Common acid-base disturbances include respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis caused by changes in pCO2, bicarbonate, or other factors. Interpreting ABG values can help
This patient has an arterial blood gas showing:
1) Acidosis with a pH of 7.22
2) Elevated PaCO2 of 55 mm Hg, indicating a respiratory cause
3) Normal bicarbonate, supporting a diagnosis of respiratory acidosis likely due to her severe asthma attack.
The document discusses endotracheal intubation as the preferred method of airway management during respiratory failure or surgery requiring muscle relaxation. It is preferred because it provides a protected airway by preventing entry of foreign matter like gastric contents. Accurate placement requires skill as patients are usually rendered unconscious and paralyzed. The airway examination aims to identify patients where intubation may be difficult in order to prepare alternatives before medications induce apnea. Risk of aspiration can be reduced through techniques like rapid sequence induction, cricoid pressure during intubation, and administration of a non-particulate antacid or metoclopramide. Factors like Mallampati classification, obesity, limited mouth opening, and distances between anatomical landmarks can
This document is a reference guide for cardiopulmonary care published by Edwards Lifesciences. It provides concise summaries of anatomy, physiology, monitoring techniques, and central venous access. The guide is intended as an educational reference for medical personnel and disclaims any liability. It has been compiled from available literature and the editors cannot guarantee the correctness of the information.
Here are the key steps to analyze this mixed acid-base case:
1. Identify the primary disturbances:
- Respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation (PaCO2 28-30)
- Metabolic acidosis likely due to lasix use (daily high dose diuretic)
2. Determine the compensatory responses:
- Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis (lower than normal PaCO2)
- Renal compensation not yet fully compensated the metabolic acidosis
3. Analyze the ABG values in the context of the primary disturbances and degree of compensation.
- The ABG values reflect both an ongoing metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.
4.
The document discusses the top five post-extubation emergencies: laryngospasm, laryngeal stridor, acute hypoxemia, acute respiratory failure, and neurologic pathology. It provides definitions and discusses how to potentially predict and treat each emergency. Key points include that extubations should not be treated as routine, extensive assessment is important, and having difficult intubation supplies available is critical in case re-intubation is needed. The document emphasizes being prepared for potential post-extubation complications.
This document summarizes a study on using an airway exchange catheter (AEC) to facilitate reintubation in patients with difficult airways. The study found that:
1) 47 of 51 patients (92%) who were reintubated with an AEC in place were successfully reintubated on the first attempt, with 41 of 47 on the first pass (87% first pass success rate).
2) Complications were low, with only 7 patients experiencing mild hypoxemia during reintubation.
3) Maintaining airway access with an AEC improved reintubation success rates and decreased complications compared to patients who did not have an AEC in place.
This letter describes a new technique for managing difficult extubation when the tracheal tube cuff fails to deflate. A patient required laryngoscopy after extubation was initially unsuccessful due to an inflated cuff. The resident made a small V-shaped cut in the tracheal tube wall just beyond the inflating lumen attachment. This allowed air to escape and the tracheal tube was then easily removed. The authors believe this is an easy, quick, and safer method compared to alternatives described in literature. However, one should confirm difficulty is solely due to cuff failure before using this technique.
This study evaluated the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) using the PneuX endotracheal tube system with or without elective endotracheal tube exchange. The study found no episodes of VAP while the PneuX system was in use in 53 patients over 48 hours of intubation and mechanical ventilation. On an intention-to-treat basis, the incidence of VAP was 1.8%. The study demonstrated that elective endotracheal tube exchange and intermittent subglottic secretion drainage can be performed reliably and safely using the PneuX system.
This document provides information about pneumonia, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It discusses the diagnosis and assessment of severity of CAP. Key points include:
1. CAP is a common infectious disease caused most frequently by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and chest imaging showing new infiltrates.
2. Chest radiographs are used to stage severity based on localization and number of involved lobes, and to detect complications like effusions or cavitation.
3. Severe CAP is defined by need for mechanical ventilation, septic shock, or combinations of minor criteria like low blood pressure, multilobar involvement, or low oxygen levels.
4. The severity of CAP is
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
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This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
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Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
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Cultural physics
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Ultrasound Physics
And
Obtaining an Image
Sandra Thomas
Clinical Marketing & Education Manager
SonoSite Ltd – Middle East,India & Africa
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Agenda
•What is ultrasound?
•How is it generated?
•What happens to it?
•What do things look like?
•Other stuff – Doppler etc
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What is Ultrasound?
•Infrasound
0-20 Hz
•Audible Sound
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
•Ultrasound
>20,000 Hz (or 20 KHz)
•Medical Ultrasound
2 MHz to 15 MHz
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Generation of Ultrasound
•Transducer converts
energy from one form to
another
•Piezoelectric effect
•Electrical energy
applied to crystal(s)
causes
dimensional change
(mechanical energy)
•Dimensional change
produces sound wave
•Reception of reflected
beam is reverse of
generation
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Image Generation
Initiate sound wave by system
Transmission through medium
Reflection from structures
Signal returns to system
ll of the above occur simultaneously
real time scanning so we can see
otion
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2D Real-time ultrasound
2D images of tissue traversed by ultrasound scan. Displays
motion by showing images of tissue under the transducer as it is
being scanned
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Ultrasound Resolution
Resolution is the ability to identify closely separated interfaces
• Resolution has two components
• Axial resolution – ability to distinguish 2 reflectors
along the path of the beam
• Depends on pulse length/frequency
• In practice axial resolution is 0.5mm for high
frequency transducers
• Lateral resolution
• Ability to distinguish 2 reflectors as individual
elements which are perpendicular to the US
beam
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• Depends on beam profile/scan line density
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Axial Resolution Lateral Resolution
Depends on pulse length (frequency)
8 Depends on beam profile/line density
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Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissues
Positives:
Reflection- occurs at 07.39.12 hrs __[0000007].mp4
boundaries between
tissues of differing
acoustic impedances.
Best reflection when
beam is perpendicular
to boundary
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Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissues
Positives:
Reflection- occurs at
boundaries between
tissues of differing
acoustic impedances.
Best reflection when
beam is perpendicular
to boundary
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Multibeam technology…
• Real time acquisition software
• Improves image quality : more detail, more tissue
signature
• Artifact reduction
• Improves contrast resolution
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Standard Multibeam
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Multibeam technology…
Standard
acquisition
Multibea
m
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Benefits…
Improves contrast resolution
Increases tissue information
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Standard Multibeam
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What is the effect of frequency ?
Frequency = Resolution
Frequency = Resolution
1
Frequency = Penetration
Frequency =
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Penetration
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Transducers
•Transmits and receives the ultrasound beam
•Contacts the patient’s skin
•Takes thin slices of object being imaged
•Rotate or angle to change views
38
mm
1 mm
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Transducer Orientation Markings
Markings are located on one
side of transducer only and
correspond to orientation marke
on screen
groove
vertical protrusion
horizontal protrusion
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Transverse Transducer Orientation
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Transverse Transducer Orientation
Orientation marker
Groove towards patient’s right
Skin surface
Blood vessel
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Right Left
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Longitudinal Transducer Orientation
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Longitudinal Transducer Orientation
Groove towards patient’s head
Orientation marker
Skin surface
Blood vessel
Head Feet
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Image Appearance
N
E Tissue = Grey
A
R
Blood = Black
F
A
R
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Ultrasound appearances
Artery Anechoic - black Pulsatile
Vein Anechoic - black Compressible
Muscle Hyperechoic fascia Hypoechoic
muscle
Hyperechoic Tubular (fibrillar)
Tendon
Discontinuous hypoechoic lines separated by
Nerves – LS hyperechoic lines(fasicular)
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TS Multiple round hypoechoic areas(fasicles)
surrounded by hyperechoic halo (connective tissue,
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Appearance of nerves
TS
LS
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Femoral Nerve
Artery Vein
Nerve
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Brachial Plexus - interscalene
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Image Optimisation - Gain
Amplification of returning echoes
One of the commonest mistakes in ultrasound
imaging is the use of incorrect gain settings.
Insufficient gain can result in missed
structures of low reflectivity.
Excessive gain can result in false echoes or over
saturation, which may obscure important diagnostic
image characteristics such as shadowing or
enhancement
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Image Optimization
Depth adjustment
N
E
The choice of correct depth setting is a trade-
A
off between achieving adequate field of view
R
to resolve all relevant structures and
maximising detail resolution
F
A
R
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Image Optimization-Depth
Increasing the depth allows you to visualize deeper structures
N
E Tissue = Grey
Adjust the depth so that the target is centered in the image
A
R
Blood = Black
F
A
R
Too close Too far Just right
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Doppler Ultrasound
Doppler Effect based on work by Austrian physicist Johann
Christian Doppler
N
E Tissue = Grey
A
Apparent change in received frequency due to relative
R
motion between a sound source and sound receiver
Source moving TOWARD receiver = HIGHER frequency
Blood = Black
F
A
Source moving
R AWAY from receiver = LOWER frequency
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Acoustic Couplants
• Air/tissue interface allows
N
little ultrasound Tissue = Grey
E
transmission
so gel is A needed on skin to
exclude R air
•Best quality image= requires
F
Blood Black
an air free coupling between
A
R
ALL surfaces
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Acoustic Couplants
N
E Tissue = Grey
A
R
Blood = Black
F
A
R
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And finally……..
Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinevrtisy, it deosn’t mtlaer in what oredr the
ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is
taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae.
The huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter but
the word as a wlohe
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Median Nerve Common extensor Tendon
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And finally………really!
What happens when you…………….
1. Have nothing to do
2. Own a sharp knife
3. Have a large lime
4. Own a patient cat……………………
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