FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The heart is a muscular organ located in the mediastinum that pumps blood through the circulatory system via four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium - and is surrounded by the pericardium. The heart has a conduction system including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that cause coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles to efficiently circulate blood.
This presentation is a complete atlas of normal anatomy particularly vasculature of heart on MDCT Angio.
It helps guide radiologist and Cardiologist in understanding normal heart on 3-D imaging. After Studying this it will be very easy to pick abnormal. Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heartMichael Walls
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps around 7000L of blood daily through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs, while the systemic circuit carries blood to the body. The heart has four chambers and is surrounded by membranes. It contains valves that ensure one-way blood flow, preventing backflow into chambers. Blood flows through the right side of the heart to the lungs, then the left side to the body.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The heart is a muscular organ located in the mediastinum that pumps blood through the circulatory system via four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium - and is surrounded by the pericardium. The heart has a conduction system including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that cause coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles to efficiently circulate blood.
This presentation is a complete atlas of normal anatomy particularly vasculature of heart on MDCT Angio.
It helps guide radiologist and Cardiologist in understanding normal heart on 3-D imaging. After Studying this it will be very easy to pick abnormal. Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heartMichael Walls
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps around 7000L of blood daily through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs, while the systemic circuit carries blood to the body. The heart has four chambers and is surrounded by membranes. It contains valves that ensure one-way blood flow, preventing backflow into chambers. Blood flows through the right side of the heart to the lungs, then the left side to the body.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
The document discusses the anatomy of the heart. It appears to be lecture slides on heart anatomy prepared by Chy Yong. The slides thank the viewer and request that any tags in the document not be removed.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the human heart, describing the internal and external structures such as the chambers, valves, vessels, conduction system, and blood supply. Key details include the layers of the heart wall, the differences between the right and left sides of the heart, the function of the atria and ventricles, and the roles of the major arteries and veins in the cardiac circulation. The presentation aims to educate medical students on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through the circulatory system around the body. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. On average, the heart beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime, pumping over 5,000 liters of blood per year. The heart is protected by membranes and surrounded by fluid within the pericardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. Blood flows through the heart via valves which ensure one-way flow.
The circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist located slightly left of the breastbone. It pumps blood through blood vessels including arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart has four chambers - two upper chambers called atria that receive blood and two lower chambers called ventricles that pump blood out of the heart. It contracts in a cardiac cycle where the atria and ventricles contract simultaneously to circulate blood throughout the body.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the thorax between the lungs. It has 4 chambers - 2 atria that receive blood and 2 ventricles that pump blood out of the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. The heart is surrounded by a membrane called the pericardium which restricts its movement and acts as a lubricated sac. It has 4 valves that ensure one-way blood flow through the heart chambers. The heart is supplied by the left and right coronary arteries and its venous drainage occurs through the coronary sinus into the right atrium.
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im happy you are enjoying my content. please subscribe to my channel on youtube as i will make more videos soon. https://bit.ly/2XXNyTT
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the heart in three parts. It begins by describing the location, size, and external features of the heart. It then explains the internal structures of the heart including the layers of the heart wall, the four chambers, and the valves. It concludes by detailing the circulation of blood through the heart and lungs via the major vessels and coronary arteries.
The document discusses breast anatomy, common benign breast diseases including cysts, fibroadenomas, mastalgia and nipple discharge. It describes approaches to evaluating breast problems through history, examination, diagnostic workup and managing various benign breast conditions through lifestyle modifications, medications or surgery. The goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms while ruling out breast cancer.
The history of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) began in the 1980s but it took decades to develop EIT devices suitable for clinical use due to limitations in sensitivity, susceptibility to interference, and lack of user-friendly software. In the early 2000s, a collaboration between researchers and Dräger sought to address these issues and develop the first clinically viable EIT system, culminating in the PulmoVista 500, which enables continuous bedside monitoring of regional lung function without radiation. Validation studies demonstrated EIT's potential for guiding mechanical ventilation and optimizing settings for individual patients with acute lung injury.
The document provides 6 scenarios involving patients with various medical conditions and their arterial blood gas results. Each scenario includes 2 multiple choice questions testing interpretation of acid-base disturbances. The scenarios cover conditions such as opioid overdose, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, and introduce acid-base nomograms for interpretation.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood gases (ABGs), including:
- What ABGs measure (oxygenation levels, acid-base disturbances, pH, pO2, pCO2, and other electrolytes)
- When ABGs are indicated (respiratory monitoring, unstable patients, post cardiac arrest, intra-operatively)
- How the body maintains acid-base balance through respiratory, renal, and chemical buffers that keep pH between 7.35-7.45.
- Common acid-base disturbances include respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis caused by changes in pCO2, bicarbonate, or other factors. Interpreting ABG values can help
The document discusses the anatomy of the heart. It appears to be lecture slides on heart anatomy prepared by Chy Yong. The slides thank the viewer and request that any tags in the document not be removed.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the human heart, describing the internal and external structures such as the chambers, valves, vessels, conduction system, and blood supply. Key details include the layers of the heart wall, the differences between the right and left sides of the heart, the function of the atria and ventricles, and the roles of the major arteries and veins in the cardiac circulation. The presentation aims to educate medical students on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through the circulatory system around the body. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. On average, the heart beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime, pumping over 5,000 liters of blood per year. The heart is protected by membranes and surrounded by fluid within the pericardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. Blood flows through the heart via valves which ensure one-way flow.
The circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist located slightly left of the breastbone. It pumps blood through blood vessels including arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart has four chambers - two upper chambers called atria that receive blood and two lower chambers called ventricles that pump blood out of the heart. It contracts in a cardiac cycle where the atria and ventricles contract simultaneously to circulate blood throughout the body.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the thorax between the lungs. It has 4 chambers - 2 atria that receive blood and 2 ventricles that pump blood out of the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. The heart is surrounded by a membrane called the pericardium which restricts its movement and acts as a lubricated sac. It has 4 valves that ensure one-way blood flow through the heart chambers. The heart is supplied by the left and right coronary arteries and its venous drainage occurs through the coronary sinus into the right atrium.
Hey Guys
im happy you are enjoying my content. please subscribe to my channel on youtube as i will make more videos soon. https://bit.ly/2XXNyTT
thank you as you subscribe.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the heart in three parts. It begins by describing the location, size, and external features of the heart. It then explains the internal structures of the heart including the layers of the heart wall, the four chambers, and the valves. It concludes by detailing the circulation of blood through the heart and lungs via the major vessels and coronary arteries.
The document discusses breast anatomy, common benign breast diseases including cysts, fibroadenomas, mastalgia and nipple discharge. It describes approaches to evaluating breast problems through history, examination, diagnostic workup and managing various benign breast conditions through lifestyle modifications, medications or surgery. The goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms while ruling out breast cancer.
The history of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) began in the 1980s but it took decades to develop EIT devices suitable for clinical use due to limitations in sensitivity, susceptibility to interference, and lack of user-friendly software. In the early 2000s, a collaboration between researchers and Dräger sought to address these issues and develop the first clinically viable EIT system, culminating in the PulmoVista 500, which enables continuous bedside monitoring of regional lung function without radiation. Validation studies demonstrated EIT's potential for guiding mechanical ventilation and optimizing settings for individual patients with acute lung injury.
The document provides 6 scenarios involving patients with various medical conditions and their arterial blood gas results. Each scenario includes 2 multiple choice questions testing interpretation of acid-base disturbances. The scenarios cover conditions such as opioid overdose, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, and introduce acid-base nomograms for interpretation.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood gases (ABGs), including:
- What ABGs measure (oxygenation levels, acid-base disturbances, pH, pO2, pCO2, and other electrolytes)
- When ABGs are indicated (respiratory monitoring, unstable patients, post cardiac arrest, intra-operatively)
- How the body maintains acid-base balance through respiratory, renal, and chemical buffers that keep pH between 7.35-7.45.
- Common acid-base disturbances include respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis caused by changes in pCO2, bicarbonate, or other factors. Interpreting ABG values can help
This patient has an arterial blood gas showing:
1) Acidosis with a pH of 7.22
2) Elevated PaCO2 of 55 mm Hg, indicating a respiratory cause
3) Normal bicarbonate, supporting a diagnosis of respiratory acidosis likely due to her severe asthma attack.
The document discusses endotracheal intubation as the preferred method of airway management during respiratory failure or surgery requiring muscle relaxation. It is preferred because it provides a protected airway by preventing entry of foreign matter like gastric contents. Accurate placement requires skill as patients are usually rendered unconscious and paralyzed. The airway examination aims to identify patients where intubation may be difficult in order to prepare alternatives before medications induce apnea. Risk of aspiration can be reduced through techniques like rapid sequence induction, cricoid pressure during intubation, and administration of a non-particulate antacid or metoclopramide. Factors like Mallampati classification, obesity, limited mouth opening, and distances between anatomical landmarks can
This document is a reference guide for cardiopulmonary care published by Edwards Lifesciences. It provides concise summaries of anatomy, physiology, monitoring techniques, and central venous access. The guide is intended as an educational reference for medical personnel and disclaims any liability. It has been compiled from available literature and the editors cannot guarantee the correctness of the information.
Here are the key steps to analyze this mixed acid-base case:
1. Identify the primary disturbances:
- Respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation (PaCO2 28-30)
- Metabolic acidosis likely due to lasix use (daily high dose diuretic)
2. Determine the compensatory responses:
- Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis (lower than normal PaCO2)
- Renal compensation not yet fully compensated the metabolic acidosis
3. Analyze the ABG values in the context of the primary disturbances and degree of compensation.
- The ABG values reflect both an ongoing metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.
4.
The document discusses the top five post-extubation emergencies: laryngospasm, laryngeal stridor, acute hypoxemia, acute respiratory failure, and neurologic pathology. It provides definitions and discusses how to potentially predict and treat each emergency. Key points include that extubations should not be treated as routine, extensive assessment is important, and having difficult intubation supplies available is critical in case re-intubation is needed. The document emphasizes being prepared for potential post-extubation complications.
This document summarizes a study on using an airway exchange catheter (AEC) to facilitate reintubation in patients with difficult airways. The study found that:
1) 47 of 51 patients (92%) who were reintubated with an AEC in place were successfully reintubated on the first attempt, with 41 of 47 on the first pass (87% first pass success rate).
2) Complications were low, with only 7 patients experiencing mild hypoxemia during reintubation.
3) Maintaining airway access with an AEC improved reintubation success rates and decreased complications compared to patients who did not have an AEC in place.
This letter describes a new technique for managing difficult extubation when the tracheal tube cuff fails to deflate. A patient required laryngoscopy after extubation was initially unsuccessful due to an inflated cuff. The resident made a small V-shaped cut in the tracheal tube wall just beyond the inflating lumen attachment. This allowed air to escape and the tracheal tube was then easily removed. The authors believe this is an easy, quick, and safer method compared to alternatives described in literature. However, one should confirm difficulty is solely due to cuff failure before using this technique.
This study evaluated the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) using the PneuX endotracheal tube system with or without elective endotracheal tube exchange. The study found no episodes of VAP while the PneuX system was in use in 53 patients over 48 hours of intubation and mechanical ventilation. On an intention-to-treat basis, the incidence of VAP was 1.8%. The study demonstrated that elective endotracheal tube exchange and intermittent subglottic secretion drainage can be performed reliably and safely using the PneuX system.
This document provides information about pneumonia, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It discusses the diagnosis and assessment of severity of CAP. Key points include:
1. CAP is a common infectious disease caused most frequently by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and chest imaging showing new infiltrates.
2. Chest radiographs are used to stage severity based on localization and number of involved lobes, and to detect complications like effusions or cavitation.
3. Severe CAP is defined by need for mechanical ventilation, septic shock, or combinations of minor criteria like low blood pressure, multilobar involvement, or low oxygen levels.
4. The severity of CAP is
6. PURPOSE OF ATHERECTOMY
-restore the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart
-relieve chest pain
-prevent heart attacks
-on patients with chest pain who have not
responded to other medical therapy
-those who are candidates for balloon angioplasty
or CABG.
-remove plaque that has built up after CABG.
7. WHAT THE PROCEDURE DOES?
Similar to angioplasty except
that the catheter has a
rotating shaver on its tip to
cut away plaque from the
artery.
9. DESCRIPTION
At the beginning of the procedure:
-medications :
control blood pressure
dilate the coronary arteries
prevent blood clots
-The patient is awake but sedated
-The catheter is inserted into an artery in -
the groin, leg, or arm
-threaded through the blood vessels into -
the blocked coronary artery
- The cutting head is positioned against the -
plaque and activated
-the plaque is ground up or suctioned out.-
10. It can be used instead of, or along
with, balloon angioplasty.
Atherectomy is successful about
95% of the time
plaque forms again in 20-30% of
patients
20. RISKS OF THE PROCEDURE
chest pain is the most common
complication of atherectomy
Dissection, perforation,vasospasm
rupture of the coronary artery,
requiring open-heart surgery
Acute MI
Dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest
infection at the catheter insertion site
21. RISKS OF THE PROCEDURE
Restenosis of coronary artery
Bleeding or hematoma formation
Retroperitoneal bleeding
Pseudoaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
Arterial thrombosis
22. هشالثت ُای پشعتاسی لثل اص آتشکتْهی
-8 تا 21ضاػت قثل ًاغتا تاغذ.
-تْقیح تَ تیوار در هْرد پرّضیجرّ هذت زهاى اًجام آى
-اطویٌاى تَ تیوار در هْرد اضتفادٍ از آراهثخع ُای خفیف در طی پرّضَ
-تْقیح تَ تیوار در هْرد ّجْد احطاضات خاؼ در طی پرّضیجرهثل
احطاش طپع قلة
-تػْیق تیوار تَ تیاى ترش ُا ّاقطراب
23. هشالثت ُای پشعتاسی تعذ اص آتشکتْهی
هػاُذٍ هحل ّرّد کاتتر ازًظر خًْریسی یا تػکیل ُواتْم
ًثف ُای هحیطی ُر 51 دقیقَ تَ هذت یک ضاػت ّضپص ُر یک تا
دّ ضاػت تا زهاًی کَ ًثف ثاتت غْد در اًذام هرتْطَ تررضی غْد
(ًثف ُای دّر ضالیص پذیص ّتیثیال خلفی در اًذام تحتاًی-ًثف
رادیال در اًذام فْقاًی)
24. هشالثت ُای پشعتاسی تعذ اص آتشکتْهی
ارزیاتی دها ّرًگ اًذام هرتْطَ
ُر تیواری کَ از درد کرخی یا احطاش ضْزى ضْزى
غذى غکایت دارد از ًظر ػالین تی کفایتی غریاًی هْرد
ارزیاتی قرار گیرد. تغییرات دقیقا گسارظ غْد.
25. هشالثت ُای پشعتاسی تعذ اص آتشکتْهی
کٌترل تیوار از ًظر دیص ریتوی ّ تغییرات ایجاد غذٍ در
ضرػت قرتاى ّریتن از طریق هػاُذٍ هاًیتْریٌگ قلثی یا تْضیلَ
تررضی ًثف ُای آپیکال ّهحیطی
ػکص الؼول ُای ػؿثی –ػرّقی غاهل ترادی کاردی ُیپْ
تاًطیْى ّتِْع هی تاغذ کَ تا احتثاش یا ًاراحتی هثاًَ در طْل
خارج کردى کاتتر غریاًی تذتر هی غْد.
هذاخلَ غاهل تلٌذ کردى پاُا تاالتر از ضر تجْیس هایؼات داخل
ّریذی ّآترّپیي اضت.
دارُّای هطکي جِت رفغ ًاراحتی تیوار اضتفادٍ هی غْد.
26. هشالثت ُای پشعتاسی تعذ اص آتشکتْهی
2 تا 6عاعت اعتشاحت دس تخت پظ اص پشّعیجش
اگر فػار دضتی یا هکاًیکی تذّى ّضایل تٌذ آّرًذٍ ػرّقی اضتفادٍ
غذٍ اضت :
تیوار تیػتر از 6ضاػت در تخت اضتراحت کٌذ در حالی کَ اًذام
هرتْطَ هطتقین اضت ّضر 03درجَ تاالتر هی تاغذ .ترای تغییر
ّقؼیت در حالی کَ پای هرتْطَ کاهال ؾاف اضت تیوار از یک
پِلْ تَ پِلْی دیگر چرخاًذٍ هی غْد .
اگر هتخؿؽ قلة از اتسار تٌذ آّرًذٍ خْى اضتفادٍ ًوْدٍ اضت:
تیوار هحذّدیت فؼالیت کوتری دارد ضر تخت را هی تْاى تاال
آّردّتیوار طی 2 ضاػت یا کوتر حرکت کٌذ.