This document provides an overview of cultural and biological evolution in humans. It discusses early hominids like Australopithecus and Homo habilis and Homo erectus. It then covers the stages of cultural development from the Paleolithic era through the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. Key developments included the use of tools and fire in the Paleolithic, the rise of agriculture in the Neolithic, and domestication of animals. It also summarizes some of the earliest civilizations like those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India along rivers. Finally, it defines democracy and the essential ingredients like popular support of government, political competition, and majority rule.

1. CULTURALAND
BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION

2. TOPIC OUTLINE
• HUMAN BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
• STAGES OF MAN’S CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
• EARLY CIVILIZATION and RISE of the STATE
• DEMOCRATIZATION

3. HOMINIDS
• “Manlike Primates”
• Australopithecus afarensis - nicknamed
“Lucy”. It possessed the ability to climb
trees
• Australopithecus africanus – retained the
last kin of the ape, but its dental features
were similar to those of modern humans

4. HOMINIDS
• Australopithecus robustus – it was first found
in South Africa
• Characterized by gorilla-like cranial crests

5. HOMINIDS
Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus robustus

6. HOMO HABILIS
• “Handy man”
• The apelike men who
first to used stone
tools as weapons and
protection of their
enemies.

7. HOMO ERECTUS
• “The Upright Man”
• This manlike specie
could walk straight with
almost the same brain
with modern man.
• They were omnivores
• Learned the use of fire

8. HOMO SAPIENS
• “The thinking man”
• They had similar physical
descriptions with modern man.
• They originated as the primitive
men whose activities were
largely dependent on hunting,
fishing and agriculture.

9. STAGES OF MAN’S CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
• Paleolithic
• Mesolithic
• Neolithic

10. PALEOLITHIC
• Palaios – old
• lithos – stone
• also known as "Old Stone Age"
• In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely
cold and ocean levels were much lower than they are
now. Due to the cold climate, much of the Stone Age
is the Ice Age.

11. PALEOLITHIC
• Food collecting stage
• Characterized by hunting and collecting of wild
fruits, nuts and berries.
• Labor was divided according to sex
• Men – hunted, fished and protected the group
• Women – gathered wild plants, fruits and nuts
• Prepared the food for eating
• Cared for the children

12. PALEOLITHIC

13. MESOLITHIC
• mesos- middle
• lithos - stone
• Middle stone age
• Transition period between the paleolithic and
neolithic period
• They lived along the coast, fishing and gathering
shell fish.

14. MESOLITHIC
• Other live in inland where they made bows and
arrows
• Domesticated dogs
• Men developed tools and weapons made of
microliths

15. MESOLITHIC
microliths

16. NEOLITHIC
• also called the New Stone Age
• neos – new
• lithos – stone
• Shift from food gathering to food producing
• Characterized by the development of
agriculture, domestication of animals,
dwellings and invention of pottery

17. +50M
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
• The term was popularized by an Australian
archaeologist named Gordon Childe in 1940s.
• also called as the First Agricultural Revolution
• settlement kind of society which eventually led to
population increase
• Human began to develop a sedentary type of
society of which they built-up villages and towns.

18. NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
• Harvesting and cultivation of plant as crops
• They developed boat as means of
transportation and for fishing as well.
• This period was known as Age of Metals
• The Copper Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron
Age

19. EARLYCIVILIZATION
andRISEoftheSTATE

20. • CIVILIZATION - defined as an advanced state of
human society containing highly developed
forms of government, culture, industry, and
common social norms.
• CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION
• term that refers to civilization that emerged
independently.
• Developed around rivers

21. Tigris-Euphrates River Civilization of
Mesopotamia
• Most ancient known
civilization
• Mesopotamia is a Greek word
for “Land between two rivers”
• Sometimes called the Fertile
Crescent

22. Tigris-Euphrates River Civilization of
Mesopotamia
• The rivers made possible the large-scale
agriculture which allowed people first to settle
and farm
• Trade commodities and form cities
• It was united by trade, cuneiform script and by
shared religion with its characteristic ziggurat
temples

23. Tigris-Euphrates River Civilization of
Mesopotamia
Cuneiform is a system of
writing first developed by the
ancient Sumerians of
Mesopotamia
The ziggurat was a religious
structure in Mesopotamia
commonly built in the center
of the city.

24. The Nile Valley Civilization of Egypt
• Egypt was known as the Gift of the Nile
• Known for its architectural achievement
• famous pyramid
• hieroglyphic system of writing
• Religion – emphasized life after death and led to
the development of mummification.

25. The Nile Valley Civilization of Egypt
The Egyptian hieroglyphic
script was one of the writing
systems used by ancient
Egyptians to represent their
language.
Pharaohs were both
the heads of state and
the religious leaders
of their people.
The methods of
embalming, or treating
the dead body, that the
ancient Egyptians used is
called mummification.

26. The Yellow River Civilization of
China
• The civilization of ancient China developed in
the Yellow River region (Huang He)
• It was here that the earliest Chinese dynasties
were based
• Developed a religion that emphasized ancestor
worship and a unique and complex writing
system.

27. The Yellow River Civilization of
China
• four great inventions – papermaking, printing,
gunpowder and the compass
papermaking
printing gunpowder
compass

28. Indus Valley Civilization of India
• also known as the Harappan civilization
• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were thought to
be the two great cities of the Indus Valley
Civilization

29. Democratization
• The transition to a more democratic
political regime, including substantive
political changes moving in a democratic
direction.

30. DEMOCRACY
• Greek words demokratia: demos (people);
kratia (government)
• Government of the people
• Form of government where the citizens of the
nation have the power to vote.

31. TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
1. Representative democracy is a system where
citizens choose government representatives
among their citizens
2. Direct democracy is when the citizens form a
governing body and vote directly on issues
3. Constitutional democracy limits the powers of
government through the nation’s constitution.

32. Essential Ingredients of
Democracy
1. Popular Support of Government
2. Political competition
3. Alternation in power
4. Popular representation
5. Majority rule

33. THANK YOU