this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the soil mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, The report is made by the students of Civil engineering department UET Peshawar(which includes the publisher)
this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the soil mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, The report is made by the students of Civil engineering department UET Peshawar(which includes the publisher)
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
This presentation is of Penetration Test for Bitumen. Penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
There are different grades of Bitumen used for the civil (especially for roads works) work. This presentation consists of the aim, significance, about the apparatus used procedure, noting the reading, Bis recommendation values and IRC recommendation values, precautions,
Determination of consolidation properties (like CV, CC, CS, t90, mv, av) of the given soil specimen (Dhanauri Clay) by conducting one-dimensional consolidation test using fixed ring type setup.
Learning Outcomes:-
1. From consolidation test, the following information can be determined:
a) Amount of settlement experienced by a soil-structure after load application
b) Rate of consolidation of soil under a normal load
c) Degree of consolidation at any time
d) Pressure void ratio relationship
e) Coefficient of consolidation at various successively increasing pressure
f) Permeability of soil at various stages of loading
g) Compression index of soil
2. The general procedure for laboratory evaluation of consolidation characteristics of soils involves a one-dimensional consolidation.
This is necessary because of:
• Difficulty of instrumentation for recording volume change and natural strains.
• Complexities in mathematical analysis of three-dimensional consolidation.
3. The underlying assumptions in the derivation of the mathematical equations are as follows:
• The clay layer is homogeneous.
• The clay layer is saturated, the compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume only, which in turn, is due to the squeezing out of water from the void spaces.
• Darcy’s law is valid.
• Deformation of soil occurs only in the direction of the load application.
4. Effects of ring friction
• During loading reduce stress acted on the specimen, specimen compresses less.
• During rebound reduce the swelling tendency specimen swell less.
• Flatten the swelling curve at low stress level.
5. Resultant Cv decreases with increasing stress, implying its NC clay.
6. Sample was preserved in polybag to check loss of moisture content.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
This presentation is of Penetration Test for Bitumen. Penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
There are different grades of Bitumen used for the civil (especially for roads works) work. This presentation consists of the aim, significance, about the apparatus used procedure, noting the reading, Bis recommendation values and IRC recommendation values, precautions,
Determination of consolidation properties (like CV, CC, CS, t90, mv, av) of the given soil specimen (Dhanauri Clay) by conducting one-dimensional consolidation test using fixed ring type setup.
Learning Outcomes:-
1. From consolidation test, the following information can be determined:
a) Amount of settlement experienced by a soil-structure after load application
b) Rate of consolidation of soil under a normal load
c) Degree of consolidation at any time
d) Pressure void ratio relationship
e) Coefficient of consolidation at various successively increasing pressure
f) Permeability of soil at various stages of loading
g) Compression index of soil
2. The general procedure for laboratory evaluation of consolidation characteristics of soils involves a one-dimensional consolidation.
This is necessary because of:
• Difficulty of instrumentation for recording volume change and natural strains.
• Complexities in mathematical analysis of three-dimensional consolidation.
3. The underlying assumptions in the derivation of the mathematical equations are as follows:
• The clay layer is homogeneous.
• The clay layer is saturated, the compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume only, which in turn, is due to the squeezing out of water from the void spaces.
• Darcy’s law is valid.
• Deformation of soil occurs only in the direction of the load application.
4. Effects of ring friction
• During loading reduce stress acted on the specimen, specimen compresses less.
• During rebound reduce the swelling tendency specimen swell less.
• Flatten the swelling curve at low stress level.
5. Resultant Cv decreases with increasing stress, implying its NC clay.
6. Sample was preserved in polybag to check loss of moisture content.
This report of the University Admission Guideline project.Where any student can find out there the best position for the next institution of his requirement. The application is web-based Projcet.Any student can track all admission test .
The Battle Against Common Core StandardsQuietly and almost wit.docxmattinsonjanel
The Battle Against Common Core Standards
Quietly and almost without notice, an initiative which significantly erodes local and state control of school curriculum has passed in 46 states. The Common Core Standards Initiative sets Math and English curriculum in every participating state at the same level. In adopting this “common core” states are relinquishing their right to compose their own education requirements.
Only Alaska, Nebraska, Virginia, and the great state of Texas have refused adoption of the Common Core Standards. State legislators in Indiana, Georgia, Alabama, and South Dakota have introduced repeal measures, but it is so far unclear how successful these measures will be.
One state however has a very real chance to throw off the “one size fits all” standard and preserve a measure of independence in their curriculum. Which state would have the nerve, foresight, intelligence, and independent spirit required for such an effort? Michigan.
That’s right; the state responsible for the tragic disaster that is Detroit, we now find taking a stand in favor of responsible self-governance. The one-time bastion of progressive ideology has seemingly begun a slow policy shift. Tired of being embarrassed, its legislators may finally make true progress possible in the state beginning with reversal of the Common Core Standards Initiative.
Largely a product of the 2009 stimulus plan Democrats passed in congress, the Initiative is a bureaucratic, top-down program heavily influenced by special interests. The Obama administration encouraged the states’ adoption of this initiative by providing incentives through his Race to the Top program. The program was $4.35 billion dollars of carrots swinging in front of fifty hungry rabbits.
The new standards are indeed tougher than many currently in place, but there is also the danger of states being disincentivized from ever raising standards beyond the initiative.
More dangerous still is the misplaced emphasis on common mass learning. Children do not fully “learn” through memorization. Drilling children until they memorize the curriculum may help them pass a test but rarely results in true understanding. Furthermore each child is different, and strictly teaching the “common core” will only impede exceptional students from reaching beyond the mediocre.
In his article “Do We Need a Common Core?” Nicholas Tampio states the problem quite succinctly. “The class… has gone from one where teachers, aides, parents, and students work hard to create a rewarding educational experience, to one where the teachers and students use materials designed by a major publishing house.”
In short, responsibility has shifted from the classroom to educational bureaucrats. Incentives to be creative in the classroom have disappeared.
Putting a stop to implementation of the Common Core would preserve a measure of sovereignty for states to dictate their own, individualized requirements. The Michigan lawmaker introducing the bill, Republica ...
In order to support information regarding arthritis in examinees in the study, x-rays of the wrists
and hands, and knees will be conducted on all examinees sixty years of age and above. The x-rays will be
taken in the following positions and sequence
In order to support information regarding arthritis in examinees in the study, x-rays of the wrists
and hands, and knees will be conducted on all examinees sixty years of age and above. The x-rays will be
taken in the following positions and sequence.
Pressure Vessel Selection Sizing and Troubleshooting Karl Kolmetz
Vessels are a vital part of the operational units in the process industries. A vessel is
a container in which materials are processed, treated, or stored. Without this type of
equipment, the process industries would be unable to create and store large
amounts of Product. Pressure vessels used in industry are leak-tight pressure
containers, usually cylindrical or spherical in shape, with different head
configurations.
The process engineer should have some knowledge of the mechanical design of
vessels. For example, the process engineer may have to make a preliminary design
of vessels for a cost estimate. A vessel consists of a cylindrical shell and end caps,
called heads. For safety, vessel design is governed by codes.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 1 of 32
Atterberg Limit Test
Laboratory Experiment No. 02
By
Sri Sanduli Devini Weerasekara
2. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 2 of 32
Acknowledgement
I take the opportunity to offer a sincere graduate to my
instructor Ms. Eeshani Perera Laboratory lecture in Laboratory Experiment of Geology &
Soil Mechanics subject for her kind support in completion of this Lab Practicals and Lab
Report in a very successful manner. And also, I wish to thank you for teaching how to do this
practicals easily.
And also, I wish to thank you Ms. Sushama Malshani for teaching well about how to
do these practicals in an easy way to us before doing the lab practicals.
Finally, I wish to thank my parents & friends for their support & encouragement
throughout the completion of this report.
3. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
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Table of Contents
1.0. Introduction.........................................................................................................................6
2.0. Apparatus & Materials........................................................................................................7
2.1. Liquid Limit Test Apparatus & Materials .................................................................7
2.2. Plastic Limit Test Apparatus & Materials ...............................................................10
3.0. Procedure ..........................................................................................................................13
3.1. Liquid Limit Test.....................................................................................................13
3.2. Plastic Limit Test.....................................................................................................17
4.0. Results...............................................................................................................................18
4.1. Calculation...............................................................................................................19
4.1.1. Liquid Limit ...........................................................................................19
01. Calculate the water content of each of the liquid limit moisture cans
after oven-dry..........................................................................................19
02. Draw the best-fit straight line for the liquid limit and determine the
Liquid Limit (LL) 19
4.1.2. Plastic Limit ............................................................................................21
01.Calculate the water content of each of the plastic limit moisture cans
after oven-dry..........................................................................................21
02......Compute the average of the water contents & determine the Plastic
Limit (PL) ...............................................................................................21
03. Calculate the Plasticity Index............................................................22
5.0. Discussion.........................................................................................................................22
5.1. Discuss the result .....................................................................................................22
5.1.1. Discuss on the LL, PL, & PI ...................................................................22
4. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
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5.1.2. Discuss the Soil Type..............................................................................27
5.2. Factors that could be affected for our results...........................................................27
5.2.1. Factors affecting our Atterberg test.........................................................27
5.2.2. Discuss the Factors..................................................................................27
5.3. The Important of the LL, PL, & PI..........................................................................28
6.0. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................30
7.0. References.........................................................................................................................31
Table of Figures
Figure 1- Apparatus & Materials of Atterberg Test (Anon., n.d.).............................................7
Figure 2-Liquid Limit Device (Anon., n.d.) ..............................................................................7
Figure 3-Flat grooving tool with gage (Anon., n.d.)..................................................................8
Figure 4-Moisture cans (Anon., n.d.).........................................................................................8
Figure 5-Porcelain (evaporating) dish (Anon., n.d.)..................................................................8
Figure 6-Balance (Anon., n.d.) ..................................................................................................9
Figure 7-Spatula (Anon., n.d.) ...................................................................................................9
Figure 8-Wash bottle filled with distilled water (Anon., n.d.)...................................................9
Figure 9-Drying oven (Anon., n.d.)...........................................................................................9
Figure 10-Moisture cans (Anon., n.d.).....................................................................................10
Figure 11-Porcelain (evaporating) dish (Anon., n.d.)..............................................................10
Figure 12-Balance (Anon., n.d.) ..............................................................................................11
Figure 13-Wash bottle filled with distilled water (Anon., n.d.)...............................................11
Figure 14-Drying oven (Anon., n.d.) .......................................................................................11
Figure 15-Spatula (Anon., n.d.) ...............................................................................................12
Figure 16-Glass Plate (Anon., n.d.) .........................................................................................12
5. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
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Figure 17-Dry Soil Sample (Anon., n.d.).................................................................................12
Figure 18-How the soil sample sieve through the No. 40 sieve ..............................................13
Figure 19-How the weight of the balance was zero.................................................................13
Figure 20-How to measure the weight of the 200g soil sample ..............................................14
Figure 21-How the soil sample is thoroughly mixed with a small amount of distilled water .14
Figure 22-How moisture cans are numbered...........................................................................14
Figure 23- Before the weight of empty moisture cans measure, how the chemical balance to
zero...........................................................................................................................................14
Figure 24-How the portion of the previously mixed soil was placed into the cup of the liquid
limit apparatus..........................................................................................................................15
Figure 25-How the clean straight groove down the center of the cup is cut using the grooving
tool ...........................................................................................................................................15
Figure 26-How moisture cans are numbered...........................................................................17
Figure 27-The graph of Liquid Limit test................................................................................20
Figure 28-Stages of Soil Consistency......................................................................................23
Figure 29- The soil pat of grooving & after the vibration in Liquid Limit test.......................24
Figure 30-The soil thread of Plastic Limit test after reaches the diameter into 3.2mm...........25
Figure 31-Plasticity Chart (Anon., n.d.) ..................................................................................26
Table of Tables
Table 1-Data acquired from the Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit tests........................................18
Table 2-Classified the soil based on the Plastic Index (Lecture Note)....................................27
Table 3-Classified the soil based on the Liquid Limit (Lecture Note) ....................................29
6. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
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1.0. Introduction
The fine-grained soil may be present in several states. That
state depends on the amount of water in the soil system (Jamal, 2017). Depending on the
water content of the soil, it can be represented in 4 states: solid, semi-solid, plastic & liquid.
In every state, the consistency & behavior of a soil is different & so are its engineering
properties. Therefore, the boundary between each state can be defined based on the change in
soil behavior. The Atterberg Limits can be used to identify the difference between silt and
clay. And it can identify the difference between different types of silt and clay. These
limitations were created by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish chemist. They were later refined by
Arthur Casagrande’s (Buddhika, 2013).
When water is added to the dry soil, each particle is covered
with an adsorbed water membrane. If done the addition of water continues, the thickness of
the water membrane of a particle will increase. Increasing the thickness of the water
membrane allows the particles to easily pass through each other. Soil behavior is related to
the amount of water in the system (Jamal, 2017). The points that vary from one state to
another of the soil are arbitrarily defined by simple tests known as the liquid limit test and the
plastic limit test. These tests are known as “Atterberg Limits”. Atterberg Limits are also
called as “Consistency Limits”. And also, the Atterberg Limits has included Shrinkage
Limit but this report doesn't provide details of it. A basic measure of the nature of the fine-
grained soil is identified as Atterberg Limits (Buddhika, 2013). The tests can be used to
classify and identify the soil and provide an overview of the engineering properties (Anon.,
2001). The Plastic Limit, Liquid Limit, Plasticity Index of soils are widely used only or
otherwise in conjunction with other soil properties to associate with engineering behavior, for
example, compressibility, permeability, compactness, shrinkage, swelling, and graph strength
(Lab Report).
Therefore, the main purpose of the Atterberg Limit test is to
determine the Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit & Plasticity Index of the fine grained soil.
7. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 7 of 32
2.0. Apparatus & Materials
Figure 1- Apparatus & Materials of Atterberg Test (Anon., n.d.)
2.1. Liquid Limit Test Apparatus & Materials
Apparatus & Materials Description
01. Liquid Limit Device (Casagrande’s
Apparatus)
Figure 2-Liquid Limit Device (Anon., n.d.)
Used to do the Liquid limit test
It is manually operated &
consisting of a brass cup and
carriage, constructed according to
the plan
8. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
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02. Flat grooving tool with gage
Figure 3-Flat grooving tool with gage (Anon.,
n.d.)
Use the grooving tool cut a clean
straight groove down the center
of the cup
03. Moisture cans
Figure 4-Moisture cans (Anon., n.d.)
Used to place the soil pat after the
vibration
04. Porcelain (evaporating) dish
Figure 5-Porcelain (evaporating) dish (Anon.,
n.d.)
Used to place the soil sample to
pass through a no.40 sieve & mix
the soil with amount of distilled
water
9. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 9 of 32
05. Balance
Figure 6-Balance (Anon., n.d.)
The chemical weighing machine
is used to measure the weight of
soil sample, the weight of
moisture cans, the weight of wet
soil containing & weight of dry
soil containing.
06. Spatula
Figure 7-Spatula (Anon., n.d.)
When place a portion of the
mixed soil into the cup of the
liquid limit apparatus, it is used
for mixing, forming and
smoothing soil specimen.
07. Wash bottle filled with distilled water
Figure 8-Wash bottle filled with distilled water
(Anon., n.d.)
Used to add distilled water to mix
the soil sample
08. Drying oven
Figure 9-Drying oven (Anon., n.d.)
The amount of wet soil leave the
moisture can to place for at least
16 hours.
The temperature should be
105C.
10. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 10 of 32
09. Dry Soil Sample
Figure 09-Dry Soil Sample (Anon., n.d.)
A dried specimen of aggregates
are used to continue the sieve test.
For this test gains 500g soil
samples.
2.2. Plastic Limit Test Apparatus & Materials
Apparatus & Materials Uses
01. Moisture cans
Figure 10-Moisture cans (Anon., n.d.)
Used to place the soil thread
after rolled
02. Porcelain (evaporating) dish
Figure 11-Porcelain (evaporating) dish (Anon.,
n.d.)
Used to mix the soil with the
amount of distilled water
11. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 11 of 32
03. Balance
Figure 12-Balance (Anon., n.d.)
The chemical weighing
machine is used to measure
the weight of soil sample, the
weight of moisture cans, the
weight of wet soil containing
& weight of dry soil
containing.
04. Wash bottle filled with distilled water
Figure 13-Wash bottle filled with distilled water
(Anon., n.d.)
Used to add distilled water to
mix the soil sample
05. Drying oven
Figure 14-Drying oven (Anon., n.d.)
Used to place the moisture
can with crumbled thread for
drying at least 16 hours
12. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 12 of 32
06. Spatula
Figure 15-Spatula (Anon., n.d.)
Used to break the thread into
several pieces
07. Glass Plate
Figure 16-Glass Plate (Anon., n.d.)
Used to roll the soil pan
08. Dry Soil Sample
Figure 17-Dry Soil Sample (Anon., n.d.)
A dried specimen of
aggregates are used to
continue the sieve test.
For this test gains 500g soil
samples.
13. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 13 of 32
3.0. Procedure
3.1. Liquid Limit Test
1. Roughly 200g of the soil was taken and it was placed into the porcelain dish. That the soil
was previously passed through a No. 40 sieve, air-dried and then was pulverized. The
soil was thoroughly mixed with a small amount of distilled water until it appeared as a
smooth uniform paste. (The dish was covered with cellophane to prevent moisture from
escaping.)
Figure 18-How the soil sample sieve through the No. 40 sieve
Figure 19-How the weight of the balance was zero
14. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 14 of 32
2. Five of the empty moisture cans were weighted, and was recorded the respective weights
and can number on the datasheet.
3. The liquid limit apparatus was adjusted by checking the height of the drop of the cup. The
point on the cup that was come in contact with the base should rise to a height of 10 mm.
The block on the end of the grooving tool is10 mm high and it was used as a gage.
Figure 23- Before the weight of
empty moisture cans measure, how
the chemical balance to zero
Figure 22-How moisture cans are
numbered
Figure 20-How to measure the
weight of the 200g soil sample
Figure 21-How the soil sample is
thoroughly mixed with a small
amount of distilled water
15. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 15 of 32
Practiced using the cup and the correct rate to rotate the crank was determined so that the
cup was dropped approximately two times per second.
4. A portion of the previously mixed soil was placed into the cup of the liquid limit
apparatus at the point where the cup rests on the base. The soil was squeezed down to
eliminate air pockets and it was spread into the cup to a depth of about 10 mm at its
deepest point. The soil pat was formed an approximately horizontal surface.
Figure 24-How the portion of the previously
mixed soil was placed into the cup of the liquid
limit apparatus
5. Use the grooving tool was cut carefully a clean straight groove down the center of the
cup. The tool remained perpendicular to the surface of the cup as the groove was being
made. Extreme care was taken to prevent soil was slippage relative to the cup surface.
Figure 25-How the clean straight groove down the center of the cup is cut using the
grooving tool
16. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 16 of 32
6. The base of the apparatus below the cup and the underside of the cup were cleaned from
the soil & it was made sure by us. The crank of the apparatus was turned at a rate of
approximately two drops per second and the number of drops, N was counted. It was
taken to make the two halves of the soil pat was came into contact at the bottom of the
groove along a distance of 13 mm (1/2 in.). If the number of drops was exceeded 50, then
go directly to step eight and did not record the number of drops, otherwise, it was
recorded the number of drops on the datasheet.
7. A sample was taken using the spatula, from edge to edge of the soil pat. The sample was
included the soil on both sides of where the groove came into contact. The soil was
placed into moisture can & it was covered. Immediately the moisture can contain the soil
was weighted, its mass was recorded, the lid was removed, and the moisture can was
placed into the oven. The moisture can was left in the oven for at least 16 hours. The soil
remaining in the cup was placed into the porcelain dish. The cup on the apparatus and the
grooving tool was cleaned and dry.
8. The entire soil specimen was remixed in the porcelain dish. A small amount of distilled
water was added to increase the water content. So that the number of drops required
closing the groove decrease.
9. The steps six, seven, and eight were repeated for at least two additional trials producing
successively lower numbers of drops to close the groove. One of the trials shall be for a
closure requiring 25 to 35 drops, one for closure between 20 and 30 drops, and one trial
for a closure requiring15 to 25 drops. The water content was determined from each trial
by using the same method that was used in the first laboratory. The same balance was
used for all weighing.
17. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 17 of 32
3.2. Plastic Limit Test
1. The remaining empty moisture cans were weighted, and it was recorded the respective
weights and can was numbered on the datasheet.
Figure 26-How moisture cans are
numbered
2. The remaining of the original soil sample was taken and distilled water was added until
the soil is at a consistency where it can be rolled without sticking to the hands.
3. The soil was made into an elliptical mass. The mass was rolled between the palm or the
fingers and the glass plate. Sufficient pressure was used to roll the mass into a thread of
uniform diameter by using about 90 strokes per minute. (A stroke was one complete
motion of the hand forward and back to the starting position.)The thread was deformed so
that its diameter reaches 3.2 mm (1/8in.), taking no more than two minutes.
4. When the diameter of the thread was reached the correct diameter, the thread was broken
into several pieces. The pieces were kneaded and reform into ellipsoidal masses and they
were re-rolled. This alternate rolling, gathering together, kneading and re-rolling were
continued until the thread crumbles under the pressure was required for rolling and can no
longer be rolled into a 3.2 mm diameter thread.
18. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 18 of 32
5. The portions of the crumbled thread were gathered together and the soil was placed into
moisture can, and then it was covered. (If the can do not contain at least6 grams of soil,
add soil to the can from the next trial.) Immediately the moisture can contain the soil was
weighted, its mass was recorded, and the can was placed into the oven. The moisture can
was left in the oven for at least 16 hours.
6. The steps three, four, and five were repeated at least two more times. The water content
was determined from each trial by using the same method that was used in the first
laboratory. The same balance was used for all weighing.
4.0. Results
Table 1-Data acquired from the Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit tests
Type of
Test
LL LL LL PL PL
No of Blows 29 23 20 - -
Container No 01 02 03 01 02
Wt. of Wet
Soil + Con
(g)
42.74 34.04 35.92 11.70 9.09
Wt. of dry
Soil + Con
(g)
38.64 31.35 32.90 11.28 8.80
19. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
Page 19 of 32
Wt. of Con
(g)
18.85 19.12 18.88 7.03 8.34
Wt. of Water
(g)
4.1 2.69 3.02 0.42 0.29
Wt. of dry
Soil (g)
19.79 12.23 14.02 4.25 0.46
Moisture
Content (%)
20.72 21.99 21.54 9.88 63.04
Wt. of Water (g) = [Wt. of Wet Soil + Con (g)] – [Wt. of dry Soil + Con (g)]
Wt. of dry Soil (g) = [Wt. of dry Soil + Con (g)] – Wt. of Con (g)
Moisture Content (%) =
𝐖𝐭.𝐨𝐟 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 (𝐠)
𝐖𝐭.𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐲 𝐒𝐨𝐢𝐥 (𝐠)
4.1.Calculation
4.1.1. Liquid Limit
01. Calculate the water content of each of the liquid limit moisture cans after oven-dry
Moisture Content of LL1 =
4.1 g
19.79 g
= 20.72%
Moisture Content of LL2 =
2.69 g
12.23 g
= 21.99%
Moisture Content of LL3 =
3.02 g
14.02 g
= 21.54%
02. Draw the best-fit straight line for the liquid limit and determine the Liquid Limit
(LL)
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2.1. Draw the best-fit straight line for the Liquid Limit
Figure 27-The graph of Liquid Limit test
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2.2. Determine the Liquid Limit (LL)
Liquid Limit (LL) = 21%
4.1.2. Plastic Limit
01. Calculate the water content of each of the plastic limit moisture cans after oven-dry
Moisture Content of PL1 =
0.42 g
4.25 g
= 9.88%
Moisture Content of PL2 =
0.29 g
0.46 g
= 63.04%
02. Compute the average of the water contents & determine the Plastic Limit (PL)
2.1. Compute the average of the water contents
Average of the water contents =
𝐌𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 (𝐏𝐋 𝟏+ 𝐏𝐋 𝟐)
𝟐
=
9.88%+63.04%
2
= 36.46 %
2.2. Determine the Plastic Limit (PL)
Plastic Limit (PL) = 36.46 %
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03. Calculate the Plasticity Index (PI)
Plasticity Index (PI) = Liquid Limit (LL) – Plastic Limit (PL)
= 21 % – 36.46 %
= – 15.46%
5.0. Discussion
5.1. Discuss the result
5.1.1. Discuss on the LL, PL, & PI
Plasticity is defined as the properties of soil it deforms rapidly,
without rupture, elastic rebound, and without volume modification (Anon., n.d.).
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Stages of Soil Consistency
Figure 28-Stages of Soil Consistency
The volume of the soil reaches its lowest volume as it dries out
at the shrinkage limit. Before the shrinkage limit, soil volume may not change with the
moisture content although the volume of the soil increases with the moisture content after the
shrinkage limit (Lecture Note).
Solid
State
Semi Solid
State
Plastic
State
Liquid
State
SL PL LL
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01. Liquid Limit (LL)
The Liquid Limit (LL) is defined as the water content at which
the soil transition from the plastic state to the liquid state (Lecture Note). It is the minimum
moisture content at which through the soil flows upon the application of a very small shear
force (Anon., n.d.). And also, the liquid limit of a soil is expressed as a percentage of the
weight of the oven-dried soil, at the boundary between the plastic and liquid states of
consistency (State Of New York, 2015). Liquid limit (LL) is arbitrarily defined as water
content, which is a percentage piece of the soil in a standard cup and cut by a groove of
standard dimensions. For a distance of 13 mm (1 / 2in.), the soil flows together at the foot of
the hole. When 25 vibrations from the cup drop 10 mm in a standard liquid limit device
operating at a rate of two drops per second (Lab Report).
Figure 29- The soil pat of grooving & after the vibration in Liquid Limit test
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02. Plastic Limit (PL)
The Plastic Limit (PL) is defined as the water content at which
a soil transition from the semi-solid state to the plastic state (Lecture Note). And the plastic
limit of a soil is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dry soil, at the boundary
between the semi-solid and plastic states of consistency (State Of New York, 2015). Plastic
Limit (PL) is the water content that, as a percentage, cannot be deformed by rolling the
threads into a 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) diameter without deformation of the soil (Lab Report).
Figure 30-The soil thread of Plastic Limit test after reaches the diameter into 3.2mm
03. Plasticity Index (PI, Ip)
The difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit of
the soil is defined as the Plasticity Index (PI) (Lecture Note). The plasticity index can be
considered as a measure of soil coexistence (State Of New York, 2015). It is an important
parameter that can be used to classify soil type. The engineering concept of soil plasticity has
evolved to explain why some soil failure more than others (Jajurie, 2016).
Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit
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Plasticity Chart
Casagrande’s studied the relationship of the Plasticity Index to
the liquid limit of a wide variety of natural soils. On the basis of test results, he proposed the
"Plasticity Chart". One important feature in this chart is empirical A-Line which is given by
the following equation.
Ip = 0.73 x (LL – 20)
The A-Line separates the inorganic clays from inorganic silt.
The information provides a plasticity chart is a basis for the classification of fine-grain soil
according to the unified soil classification system (Lecture Note).
Figure 31-Plasticity Chart (Anon., n.d.)
Based on PI, soil can be divided into a class of follows.
Class Soil Type PI Degree of Plasticity
1 Sand or Silt
Trace of Clay
Little Clay
PI < 1 Non Plastic
2 1 < PI < 7 Slightly Plastic
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3 Clay Loam 7 <PI < 17 Moderately Plastic
4 Silt Clay
Clay
17 < PI < 35 Highly Plastic
5 PI > 35 Extremely Plastic
Table 2-Classified the soil based on the Plastic Index (Lecture Note)
5.1.2. Discuss the Soil Type
5.2. Factors that could be affected for our results
5.2.1. Factors affecting our Atterberg test
The following are factors affecting our Permeability test.
01. Water Content
02. Tap Water used
03. Room Temperature
5.2.2. Discuss the Factors
01. Water Content
The first trial shall be for a closure requiring 25 to 35 drops although we got
no. of drops is 22 for our first trial. Because we added too much water in the sample. Thus, in
that trial, we got the result before fulfilling the above requirement. Therefore, it is the wrong
trial.
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After we added some of the soil & don't add the water, then we got the result
from fulfilling the above requirement. Thus, water content affected our results.
02. Tap Water used
This test should be used distilled water although we used this test the tap
water. This is due to the presence of wastewater in the tap water. Therefore, tap water used
affects our results.
03. Room Temperature
This test should do under room temperature although we did this test under the
condition of air conditioning. The temperature of air condition is 16 0
C.The Therefore, the
factor of room temperature affects our results.
5.3. The Important of the LL, PL, & PI
Based on properties relative to foundation support or as they
might perform under pavements and in earthworks, soils are often classified for engineering
use. Today, geotechnical classification systems have been designed to facilitate the
comparison of field observation engineering properties estimate. Significant changes in
strength, consistency, and behavior are defined by each stage and the Atterberg limit tests
accurately represent these limits using the moisture content of the specific locations where
physical changes occur. These values can contribute to estimates of shear strength and
permeability, habitat forecasting, and to the identification of expandable soils (Anon., n.d.).
The liquid limit of the soil is an important property of fine-
grained soil or cohesive soil, and its value is used to classify fine-grained soils. It also
29. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
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provides information on the state of consistency of soil in the ground. The liquid limit of the
soil can be used to predict the consolidation properties of the soil and to determine the
allowable bearing capacity and settlement of the foundation. Also, the liquid limit value of
the soil is used to calculate the performance of the clay and the hardness index of the soil
(Anon., n.d.). Clay can be classified according to the liquid limit as follows.
Table 3-Classified the soil based on the Liquid Limit (Lecture Note)
LL Plasticity Description
LL < 35 Low Lean/Silty
35 < LL < 50 Intermediate Intermediate
50 < LL < 70 High Fat
70 < LL < 90 Very High Very Fat
LL > 90 Extra High Extra Fat
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6.0. Conclusion
The Atterberg Limit test is a method that is used in civil
engineering to determine the Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit & Plasticity Index as the main
purpose.
The apparatus of the set of Liquid limit device (Casagrande’s
Apparatus), porcelain (evaporating) dish, flat grooving tool with gage, moisture cans,
balance, glass plate, spatula, wash bottle filled with distilled water, drying oven set & also,
the 200g soil sample was used for doing this test. The difference between Liquid Limit &
Plastic Limit is measured as the Plasticity Index.
While the sieve size & Cumulative Percentage Passing (%)
have according to the particle size distribution curve result, we got as the result of non-
plasticity soil sample according to table 2 in the testing. According to our results, we were
done our Atterberg Limit test in very successfully. But some of the factors such as water
content, tap water used, & room temperature (16 0
C were affected our Atterberg test results.
However, our Atterberg practical test was a success and we got
the idea such as how to do the Atterberg test, how to do the practicals in the practical lab with
safety, and the importance of Atterberg test are some of them. Finally, I would like to thank
our instructor Ms. Eeshani & lecturer Ms. Sushama to give your knowledge clearly to us for
our practical test. And also, I think these practical tests benefit a lot on my subject and for my
future as it prepares me to overcome many upcoming problems. Overall, it was a great
experience for me.
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7.0. References
Anon., 2001. Determination of Atterberg Limits. [Online]
Available at:
http://www.rhd.gov.bd/Documents/ContractDocuments/StandardTestProcedures/Determi
nation%20of%20Atterberg%20Limits.pdf
[Accessed 05 2001].
Anon., n.d. Apparatus & Materials of Atterberg Test. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.google.com/search?q=Apparatus+%26+Materials+of+Atterberg+Test&clien
t=opera&hs=0So&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMz6Pck-
DnAhVCXHwKHUviBHgQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=710&bih=736
Anon., n.d. Atterberg Limits. [Online]
Available at: https://www.geoengineer.org/education/laboratory-testing/atterberg-limits
Anon., n.d. Atterberg Limits: A Quick Reference Guide. [Online]
Available at: https://www.globalgilson.com/blog/atterberg-limits-a-quick-reference-guide
Anon., n.d. Atterberg Limits: Determination of Plastic, Liquid, & Shrinkage Limits.
[Online]
Available at: https://civilseek.com/atterberg-limits/
Anon., n.d. Plasticity Chart. [Online]
Available at: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture3consistncyofsoil-
161028162027/95/lecture-3-consistncy-of-soil-58-638.jpg?cb=1477671639
Buddhika, M., 2013. Atterberg limits test. [Online]
Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/malithwijaya1/atterberg-limits-test
[Accessed 11 09 2013].
Jajurie, N.-R., 2016. Lab Report #2: Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of
Soils. [Online]
32. Atterberg Limit Test February 21, 2020
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Available at:
https://www.academia.edu/28124222/Lab_Report_2_Liquid_Limit_Plastic_Limit_and_Pl
asticity_Index_of_Soils
[Accessed 8 March 2016].
Jamal, H., 2017. Atterberg Limits of Soil Classification. [Online]
Available at: https://www.aboutcivil.org/atterberg-limits.html
[Accessed 23 03 2017].
State Of New York, D. O. T., 2015. TEST METHOD FOR LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTIC
LIMIT, AND PLASTICITY INDEX. [Online]
Available at: https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/technical-
services-repository/GTM-7b.pdf
[Accessed AUGUST 2015].