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Cuban missile crisis review lesson

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Lloyd Yeo
Lloyd Yeo

A Review Lesson of the Cuban Missile Crisis for St Gabriel's Secondary School using political cartoons. This presentation looks at the following inquiry question: 1. Why did the CMC break out? 2. Why did the CMC almost lead to nuclear conflict? 3. How was the CMC resolved? 4. What was the impact of the CMC?

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http://www.slideshare.net/LloydYeo/cuban-missile- crisis-review-lesson
Source Review  Year  Audience  Author  Main Message
Reasons for Cuban Missile Crisis
Background factor: Cold War Rivalry in the 1960s  Germany and the Berlin Wall: Khrushchev was angry that West Germany was armed and allowed to join NATO. In 1961, Khrushchev gave approval for East Germany to build the Berlin Wall to prevent East German refugees from fleeing to the West. This wall symbolized the ideological differences between Eastern and Western Europe. British Cartoon, 17 Oct, 1962 US cartoon, 1957
 Nuclear Rivalry: The Soviet Union and USA competed with each other to see which side had the most number and most destructive kinds of nuclear weapons. They included short range to long range missiles which could be fired from submarines, high altitude bombers or from missile silos which could be fired from miles away. British Cartoon, 29 Oct 1962 Title : OK, Mr President, Let’s Talk.
Local events in Cuba  The Cuban Revolution: In 1959, Cuban rebel leader Fidel Castro overthrew the government of President Fulgencio Batista. Within the year, US-Cuba relations began to get worse over economic policies which Castro introduced.
 Cuban nationalization reforms: Cuba’s main industry was sugar, tobacco and oil refining.
 US embargoes: The USA tried to get back at Cuba by introducing various economic embargoes One example is the Cuban Sugar Quota which limited the sale of Cuban sugar in the USA.
 Worsening US-Cuban political relationship: Bay of Pigs Invasion: In April 1961, US President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs Invasion on Cuba. This was a CIA-plan to arm Cuban exiles with funds, weapons and landing craft to land in Cuba, rally the Cubans to their side and overthrow Castro. The Cuban army defeated the Cuban exiles
 Operation Mongoose: The USA continued to make plans to overthrow the Cuban government through Operation Mongoose
 Closer USSR-Cuban Relationship
Missiles in Cuba  The USSR secretly placed tactical nuclear missiles for the following reasons:  To show Soviet sincerity and willingness to defend communist countries like Cuba  To address the Soviet sense of insecurity especially because Jupiter Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles were based in Turkey which threatened cities in the Soviet Union.  To use the missiles in Cuba to call for further negotiation on other Cold War issues, perhaps over Berlin and other places. US Cartoon, Nov 1962
German cartoon, 30 Sept 1962. ‘What do you mean: a menace? Surely it’s all right to go fishing, isn’t it ?’ O  On October 14 1962, an American U2 spy plane flying on a routine mission discovered the first evidence of Soviet nuclear missile sites in Cuba but,  USSR refused to admit that they had placed nuclear missiles in Cuba.
 USA  US military advisors repeatedly wanted to use military action to resolve the conflict which could have led to a nuclear war.  US forces were at DEFCON 2
British Cartoon, Oct 26, 1962  USSR  USA reacted with a 800 mile naval blockade around Cuba  But Soviet ships however continued to head towards Cuba which could have led to international incidents which could lead to war.  Soviet forces in Cuba were also put on high alert and permission was given to use their tactical nuclear missiles if attacked
 Accidents which almost led to war: A U2 spy plane was shot down by a Soviet missile. The pilot was killed and the US army wanted to retaliate by destroying the Soviet missile site. Kennedy decided against it.  A US warship dropped non-lethal depth charges on a nuclear- armed Soviet submarine to force it to surface.
 Going against the advice of military generals  Both Khrushchev and Kennedy understood the dangers of nuclear war and ignored their commanders who advised the use of military attacks to resolve the conflict.
 Willingness to compromise  The USSR agreed to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba in exchange for a promise from the USA not to invade Cuba and to remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey  The USA give more assistance to authoritarian and repressive but pro- US governments like in South Vietnam. This led to the Vietnam War.
 Use of secret back- door diplomacy  The USSR and the USA changed to use secret back-door diplomacy to defuse the crisis.  Kennedy’s brother, Robert F. Kennedy and the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin worked behind the scenes and met secretly three times to iron out issues.
 Role of the United Nations : U Thant appealed for Soviet vessels to stay away from the blockade area for a limited time. U Thant also appealed to Kennedy to instruct US vessels to do everything possible to avoid direct confrontation with Soviet ships.
 Improved US-Soviet relations  Within the year, a direct "hotline" telephone link was set up between the White House and Kremlin to improve communications between both superpowers
 Nuclear disarmament  In August 1963, a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed between the USA, the Soviet Union and Britain. This agreement only allowed nuclear tests to be carried underground and was later extended to other nuclear powers.
 More proxy wars in Third World Countries  The Cuban Missile Crisis made US policy makers more confidant of Containment doctrine.  It led to more support for authoritarian, US allies in countries like South Vietnam, leading to the Vietnam War.
 Cuba remained a Communist state  During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy also promised in a 'gentleman's agreement' that there would be no US invasion of Cuba.
 Fall of Khrushchev from power  In October 1964, Khrushchev was removed from power and kept under house arrest for seven years, till his death in 1971.

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Cuban missile crisis review lesson

  • 2. Source Review  Year  Audience  Author  Main Message
  • 3.
  • 4. Reasons for Cuban Missile Crisis
  • 5. Background factor: Cold War Rivalry in the 1960s  Germany and the Berlin Wall: Khrushchev was angry that West Germany was armed and allowed to join NATO. In 1961, Khrushchev gave approval for East Germany to build the Berlin Wall to prevent East German refugees from fleeing to the West. This wall symbolized the ideological differences between Eastern and Western Europe. British Cartoon, 17 Oct, 1962 US cartoon, 1957
  • 6.  Nuclear Rivalry: The Soviet Union and USA competed with each other to see which side had the most number and most destructive kinds of nuclear weapons. They included short range to long range missiles which could be fired from submarines, high altitude bombers or from missile silos which could be fired from miles away. British Cartoon, 29 Oct 1962 Title : OK, Mr President, Let’s Talk.
  • 7. Local events in Cuba  The Cuban Revolution: In 1959, Cuban rebel leader Fidel Castro overthrew the government of President Fulgencio Batista. Within the year, US-Cuba relations began to get worse over economic policies which Castro introduced.
  • 8.  Cuban nationalization reforms: Cuba’s main industry was sugar, tobacco and oil refining.
  • 9.  US embargoes: The USA tried to get back at Cuba by introducing various economic embargoes One example is the Cuban Sugar Quota which limited the sale of Cuban sugar in the USA.
  • 10.  Worsening US-Cuban political relationship: Bay of Pigs Invasion: In April 1961, US President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs Invasion on Cuba. This was a CIA-plan to arm Cuban exiles with funds, weapons and landing craft to land in Cuba, rally the Cubans to their side and overthrow Castro. The Cuban army defeated the Cuban exiles
  • 11.  Operation Mongoose: The USA continued to make plans to overthrow the Cuban government through Operation Mongoose
  • 13. Missiles in Cuba  The USSR secretly placed tactical nuclear missiles for the following reasons:  To show Soviet sincerity and willingness to defend communist countries like Cuba  To address the Soviet sense of insecurity especially because Jupiter Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles were based in Turkey which threatened cities in the Soviet Union.  To use the missiles in Cuba to call for further negotiation on other Cold War issues, perhaps over Berlin and other places. US Cartoon, Nov 1962
  • 14. German cartoon, 30 Sept 1962. ‘What do you mean: a menace? Surely it’s all right to go fishing, isn’t it ?’ O  On October 14 1962, an American U2 spy plane flying on a routine mission discovered the first evidence of Soviet nuclear missile sites in Cuba but,  USSR refused to admit that they had placed nuclear missiles in Cuba.
  • 15.
  • 16.  USA  US military advisors repeatedly wanted to use military action to resolve the conflict which could have led to a nuclear war.  US forces were at DEFCON 2
  • 17. British Cartoon, Oct 26, 1962  USSR  USA reacted with a 800 mile naval blockade around Cuba  But Soviet ships however continued to head towards Cuba which could have led to international incidents which could lead to war.  Soviet forces in Cuba were also put on high alert and permission was given to use their tactical nuclear missiles if attacked
  • 18.  Accidents which almost led to war: A U2 spy plane was shot down by a Soviet missile. The pilot was killed and the US army wanted to retaliate by destroying the Soviet missile site. Kennedy decided against it.  A US warship dropped non-lethal depth charges on a nuclear- armed Soviet submarine to force it to surface.
  • 19.
  • 20.  Going against the advice of military generals  Both Khrushchev and Kennedy understood the dangers of nuclear war and ignored their commanders who advised the use of military attacks to resolve the conflict.
  • 21.  Willingness to compromise  The USSR agreed to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba in exchange for a promise from the USA not to invade Cuba and to remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey  The USA give more assistance to authoritarian and repressive but pro- US governments like in South Vietnam. This led to the Vietnam War.
  • 22.  Use of secret back- door diplomacy  The USSR and the USA changed to use secret back-door diplomacy to defuse the crisis.  Kennedy’s brother, Robert F. Kennedy and the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin worked behind the scenes and met secretly three times to iron out issues.
  • 23.  Role of the United Nations : U Thant appealed for Soviet vessels to stay away from the blockade area for a limited time. U Thant also appealed to Kennedy to instruct US vessels to do everything possible to avoid direct confrontation with Soviet ships.
  • 24.
  • 25.  Improved US-Soviet relations  Within the year, a direct "hotline" telephone link was set up between the White House and Kremlin to improve communications between both superpowers
  • 26.  Nuclear disarmament  In August 1963, a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed between the USA, the Soviet Union and Britain. This agreement only allowed nuclear tests to be carried underground and was later extended to other nuclear powers.
  • 27.  More proxy wars in Third World Countries  The Cuban Missile Crisis made US policy makers more confidant of Containment doctrine.  It led to more support for authoritarian, US allies in countries like South Vietnam, leading to the Vietnam War.
  • 28.  Cuba remained a Communist state  During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy also promised in a 'gentleman's agreement' that there would be no US invasion of Cuba.
  • 29.  Fall of Khrushchev from power  In October 1964, Khrushchev was removed from power and kept under house arrest for seven years, till his death in 1971.