This study screened eight varieties of oil radish for their potential as trap crops and biofumigants against root-knot and reniform nematodes. Two experiments were conducted: 1) a greenhouse pot experiment that found 'Sodbuster' and 'Discovery' varieties most reduced nematode populations and increased zucchini growth; 2) a bench experiment that found 'Summer Cross' and 'April Cross' did not support nematode reproduction or root galling, indicating potential as non-host trap crops. The results suggest oil radish, particularly certain varieties, could be effective biofumigants and trap crops for managing root-knot nematodes, though further research is needed on reniform nematodes.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Bacteria of tomatoes managed with well water and pond water: Impact of agricu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— We know that contamination of crops by human pathogens can occur in agricultural settings but we still do not understand precisely which environmental sources represent the highest risks. Human pathogens maybe introduced by wind, worker hygiene, plant mediated factors, insects, water sources, or any combination of these factors. To safeguard against risks to consumers from agricultural waters, FSMA regulations for U.S. crop production require the use of water with an average of less than 126 CFU per 100 ml for applications that come in direct contact with a crop. Due to availability/scarcity however, water from other sources such as agricultural ponds is commonly used. To better understand risks that may be associated with the use of “surface”(often higher microbial load) water sources, we described the bacterial microbiota associated with an agricultural pond, an agricultural well and the corresponding microbiota of tomato carpospheres managed with each water source (also described as phyllosphere). 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used for bacterial profiling of waters and tomato surfaces at four time points over a growing season. Microbial profiles differentiated surface and ground water samples throughout the season, however no significant influence on tomato fruit surfaces could be correlated to either water source. These results suggest that in certain cases, environmental pressures such as wind, dust or other airborne factors may have a more significant impact on the surface microbiology of field crops than irrigation or management water sources do.
Crop Management - Dr. Robert G. Hartzler, Iowa State University - Managing H...IAagribiz
Attendees will gain a basic understanding of the processes influencing herbicide availability which is essential to diagnose performance issues in the field.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are soil bacteria that have the ability to colonize plant root zone and increase plant growth. In these slides, you will learn about effects of bacillus PGPR on corn, soybean, and wheat plants inside a greenhouse.
Evaluation of fungicides for their efficacy against seed-borne fungi of Sorgh...ICRISAT
Sorghum germplasm exchange has played a significant role in crop improvement programmes by providing wide genetic diversity world over. However, there is an inherent risk of introduction of new exotic pathogens or new/more virulent races of a pathogen into new areas. The basic principle of plant quarantine is to regulate the movement of seed material to mitigate the associated pest risk. Salvaging, a process of disinfecting infected seed, is an important quarantine strategy to prevent the introduction of new pathogens or virulent races into new areas.
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Bacteria of tomatoes managed with well water and pond water: Impact of agricu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— We know that contamination of crops by human pathogens can occur in agricultural settings but we still do not understand precisely which environmental sources represent the highest risks. Human pathogens maybe introduced by wind, worker hygiene, plant mediated factors, insects, water sources, or any combination of these factors. To safeguard against risks to consumers from agricultural waters, FSMA regulations for U.S. crop production require the use of water with an average of less than 126 CFU per 100 ml for applications that come in direct contact with a crop. Due to availability/scarcity however, water from other sources such as agricultural ponds is commonly used. To better understand risks that may be associated with the use of “surface”(often higher microbial load) water sources, we described the bacterial microbiota associated with an agricultural pond, an agricultural well and the corresponding microbiota of tomato carpospheres managed with each water source (also described as phyllosphere). 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used for bacterial profiling of waters and tomato surfaces at four time points over a growing season. Microbial profiles differentiated surface and ground water samples throughout the season, however no significant influence on tomato fruit surfaces could be correlated to either water source. These results suggest that in certain cases, environmental pressures such as wind, dust or other airborne factors may have a more significant impact on the surface microbiology of field crops than irrigation or management water sources do.
Crop Management - Dr. Robert G. Hartzler, Iowa State University - Managing H...IAagribiz
Attendees will gain a basic understanding of the processes influencing herbicide availability which is essential to diagnose performance issues in the field.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are soil bacteria that have the ability to colonize plant root zone and increase plant growth. In these slides, you will learn about effects of bacillus PGPR on corn, soybean, and wheat plants inside a greenhouse.
Evaluation of fungicides for their efficacy against seed-borne fungi of Sorgh...ICRISAT
Sorghum germplasm exchange has played a significant role in crop improvement programmes by providing wide genetic diversity world over. However, there is an inherent risk of introduction of new exotic pathogens or new/more virulent races of a pathogen into new areas. The basic principle of plant quarantine is to regulate the movement of seed material to mitigate the associated pest risk. Salvaging, a process of disinfecting infected seed, is an important quarantine strategy to prevent the introduction of new pathogens or virulent races into new areas.
Arabidopsis thaliana was the very first plant whose genome was sequenced by the Arabidopsis Initiative (AGI) in the year 1966-2000. mouse ear cress has been the plant model ever since 1985.
Here i would like to inform you about different bio control agents and their mode of action, it may help you in further understanding...........................................
The weed seedbank is the reserve of viable weed seeds present on the soil surface and scattered in the soil profile. It consists of both new weed seeds recently shed and older seeds that have persisted in the soil for several years. Agricultural soils can contain thousands of weed seeds per square foot and understanding the factors impacting the dynamics of weed seedbanks can help in the development of integrated weed management (IWM) programs. Instead of solely considering crop yield loss, management could also include strategies to deplete the weed seed bank.
Micro-propagation of Alstroemeria Hybrida Cv. PlutoIJEAB
The experiment entitled micropropagation of Alstroemeria hybrida cv. Pluto was conducted to standardize protocol for aseptic establishment, callus induction, proliferation, and rooting from rhizome tips, rhizome sections, shoot tips, shoot nodal segments and inflorescence buds. Highest culture asepsis of 79.20 per cent at 2 weeks of culture and 68.08 per cent at 4 weeks of culture was recorded in rhizome tips following sterilization treatment with Carbendazim 200 ppm for 30 minutes + HgCl2 (0.1 %) dip for 10 minutes and final treatment with ethyl alcohol (70 %) for 1 minute. Rhizome tips and rhizome section explants survived sterilant treatment better than other explants. MS-liquid medium supplemented with BAP + IBA: 1.5 + 0.2 mg l-l proved best for culture establishment (89.42 %) in case of rhizome tips and (56.13 %) in case of rhizome sections. MS-solid medium with plant growth regulator combinations BAP + IBA: 1.0 + 0.2 mg l-1 fortified with activated charcoal resulted in an establishment of (78.25 %) in rhizome tips and (40.24 %) in case of rhizome sections. Callus induction was highest in MS-solid medium fortified with BAP + NAA: 0.5 + 4.5 mg l-l. Rhizome tips cultured on MS-medium BAP + IBA + GA3 + Activated charcoal: 2.0 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 1000 mg l-l gave highest proliferation (88.85 %) along with highest number of erect shoots (5.75) , number of new rhizome buds ( 3.75), rhizome fresh weight/shoot complex (6.05), and multiplication index (2.76). Highest Rooting (54.81 %) along with lowest days to appearance of root (10.87), highest number of roots (3.12) and highest root length (16.42 mm) was recorded in MS-liquid medium fortified with NAA 1.5 mg l-1. Abbreviations used— AC; Activated charcoal, BAP; 6-Benzyl amino purine, BA; 6-Benzyladenine, 2, 4-D; 2, 4dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid,GA3; Gibberelic acid, IAA; Indole-3-acetic acid, IBA; Indole-3-butyric acid, MS; Murashige and Skoog’s (1962) medium, NAA; Naphthalene acetic acid and µm; Micro molar.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Decoding Wheat Endosphere– Rhizosphere Microbiomes in Rhizoctonia solani – In...Aravindharaj S T M
The endosphere and the rhizosphere are pertinent milieus with microbial communities that perturb the agronomic traits of crop plants through beneficial or detrimental interactions. In this study, they challenged these communities by adding Streptomyces biocontrol strains to wheat seeds in soils with severe Rhizoctonia solani infestation. Wheat plants were grown in a glasshouse standardized system, and the bacterial and fungal microbiomes of 233 samples of wheat roots (endosphere) and rhizosphere soils were monitored for 20 weeks from seed to mature plant stage. The results showed highly dynamic and diverse microbial communities that changed over time, with Sphingomonas bacteria, Aspergillus, Dipodascus and Trichoderma fungi increasing over time. Application of biocontrol Streptomyces strains promoted plant growth and maturation of wheat heads and modulated the root microbiome, decreasing Paenibacillus and increasing other bacterial and fungal OTUs. The soils with the highest levels of R. solani had increased reads of Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia anamorph) and increased root disease levels and increased Balneimonas, Massilia, Pseudomonas and unclassified Micrococcaceae. As enter the era of biologically sustainable agriculture, it may be possible to reduce and limit the effects of serious fungal infestations by promoting a beneficial microbiome through the application of biocontrol agents during different periods of plant development.
Efficacy of rhizome crude extracts organic pesticide against insect-pests and...Innspub Net
The intractable increasing cost of synthetic pesticides is certainly intense in the coming production years. Looking into this viewpoint the farmers have to look for alternative actions to withstand their farming business profitability. Rhizome crude extracts can be an alternative for synthetic pesticides. This study was conducted to assess the effect of rhizome crude extracts against glutinous corn seedling maggots, corn earworm, corn borer, armyworm, and aphids; evaluate the effect of rhizome crude extracts on the growth and yield of glutinous corn, and determine the profitability of glutinous corn production using rhizome plants as a source of organic pesticide. The treatments were as follows: T0 – No pesticide applied; T1 – Potable water alone; T2 – Ginger crude extracts; T3 – Turmeric crude extracts; T4 – Galangal crude extracts; and T5 – Shampoo ginger crude extracts. Results revealed that insect-pests and their damage on glutinous corn crop were significantly lessened by the application of rhizome crude extracts regardless of sources. This contributed to the significant stover yield and harvest index performance of treated plants with rhizome crude extracts thus obtained a profitable yield compared to those plants without any pesticide applied.
Use of Cover Crops in Organic Sweetpotato Production to Improve Yield: A Case...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Organic Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) production in the United States has become more popular due to consumers’ concern regarding food safety. Growers, however, are challenged by many issues in organic production, including weed control that was often cited as the number one factor contributing to yield reduction. This report described a case study conducted on an organic farm in central Missouri, USA where cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) or rapeseed (Brassica napus I.) were planted as cover crops. The two crops were terminated by either tilling a couple of times or mowing followed by crimping prior to Sweetpotato transplanting. This case study demonstrated that tilling the cover crops rather than mowing and crimping resulted in significant weed control especially in the early part of the growing season. This suppression also resulted in up to three times the root tuber production, compared to the untreated control where no cover crops were planted. Between the two crops, cereal rye appeared to produce a higher yield in terms of tuber counts. This case report suggests that tilling cover crops prior to Sweetpotato transplanting can benefit organic Sweetpotato production.
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
Inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. F. Sp. Tritici ericks and E...Innspub Net
Stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) is currently one of the major biotic constraints in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Therefore, objectives of this study were (i) to identify resistant wheat lines with both adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling plant resistance (SPR), and (ii) to determine the kind of resistance to stem rust in KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 wheat lines. A collection of 100 wheat lines was evaluated in the field and greenhouse for stem rust resistance. The following four lines- KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 were identified as resistant and were crossed with known susceptible cultivars Kwale and
Duma. The resulting F1 hybrids and F2 populations alongside the parents were then tested in the greenhouse for response to the stem rust race TTKST. The selected wheat lines exhibited infection types ‘;’ to ‘2’ depicting resistance while Kwale and Duma depicted infection type ‘3+’ to TTKST. In the F2 populations evaluations that derived from Kwale × PCB52 indicated that the resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene. However, all other F2 populations showed that the resistance was conferred by two genes complementing each other (duplicate recessive epistasis) thus the ratios 9R: 7S. These identified resistant lines could be evaluated for other qualities and passed as potential varieties or used as sources of valuable stem rust resistance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
STANDARDIZTION OF HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND EFFECT OF GROWTH REGU...pavanknaik
STANDARDIZTION OF HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND CROSSING PERIOD IN FLOWERING AND QUALITY OF CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.) HYBRID CULTIVAR ARKA MEGHANA
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
The effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and root infectivity was determined in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings raised under four phosphorus regimes in sand culture and also in sand/nitrosol sterile and unsterile conditions. Inoculation with AM fungi increased the plant height, leaf number and stem girth in relation to un-inoculated seedlings grown under equivalent P concentrations. An increase in plant height, leaf number and stem girth also occurred in both inoculated sterile and un-sterile sand/nitrosol media in relation to un-inoculated sterile and unsterile media. Arbuscular mycorrhiza also increased the leaf area and the root, leaf and stem fresh and dry weights and also caused an increase in the uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the leaf tissues. It also favoured mycorrhizal infectivity of roots and increased the root absorptive surface area. This study indicates that AM fungi improves the capacity of tropical fruit to absorb and utilize plant nutrients possibly by increasing the effective root surface area from which available form of nutrients are absorbed and also by increasing access of roots by bridging the depletion zones. Inoculating seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helps to alleviate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. As a low-cost technology, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended as part of the regular practice for incorporating into nursery media used for tropical fruit seedling propagation.
Efficacy of some Plant Essential Oils as Green Insecticides to Control Whitef...Premier Publishers
Ten plant essential oils were extracted and then tested for their activity as natural insecticides against the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). In-vitro bioassay, the contact toxicity of the tested essential oils to eggs and 3rd instar nymphs was determined. The most effective of tested essential oils as ovicides were Artemisia absinthium, Cyperus articulates, and Thyme vulgaris with LC50: 0.157, 0.305 and 0.334 ppm, respectively. Also, the most effective oils against 3rd instar nymphs were A. absinthium followed by C. articulates, and T. vulgaris with LC50: 7.268, 7.865 and 8.989 ppm respectively. Repellency effect and oviposition deterrency of the tested essential oils were studied through choice and no-choice tests. The most repellents and anti-oviposition oils were A. absinthium, T. vulgaris, C. articulates and Pluchea dioscoridis in both choice and no-choice tests. Also, the efficacy of the most effective oils in the laboratorial experiments were tested against B. tabaci in open field conditions. The most efficient one was A. absinthium which showed great reduction percentage of B. tabaci populations (87.6%), followed by C. articulates (85.0%), T. vulgaris (81.9%), Mentha longifolia (78.6%) then Syzygium aromaticum (51.7%).
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...
CTAHR POSTER_03282016
1. Introduction
Screening oil radish (Raphanus sativus) varieties for nematode management through trap
cropping and biofumigation effect
Philip Waisen* and Koon-Hui Wang
Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
Results
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Materials and Methods
Root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) and reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) nematodes cause
substantial economic loss in vegetable and fruit crops. Most of the efficacious chemical
pesticides have been withdrawn from the markets and recently organic farming
approaches of managing crop pests and diseases are gaining popularity. Oil radish
(Raphanus sativus) is susceptible to the root-knot nematodes, thus it can be used as a
dead-end trap crop to manage the nematodes by trapping the nematodes inside its
roots when terminated within four weeks of the plant growth. During this time, nematode
eggs can not fully develop, thus it prevents them from attacking subsequent crop roots.
Oil radish also produces glucosinolates that are converted into isothiocyanates which
are allelopathic to several plant-parasitic nematodes when added as soil amendment.
Information is needed to determine oil radish varieties with the best biofumigation and
trap cropping potentials in Hawaii. Fig. 1. Numbers of A) root-knot, and B) reniform nematodes affected by leaf amendment of eight varieties of oil radish
(1% w/w) in field soil contained in greenhouse pot planted with a zucchini seedling. Means (n=4) for each nematode
species followed by the same letter(s) are not different according to Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k=100) t-test.
Fig. 3. A) Numbers of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles recovered from the soil, and B) root-gall index (1-5) on oil radish
varieties and tomato at 1-month after the nematode inoculation. Means (n=4) are presented. Bars with the same letters
are not different (P<0.01) based on Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
To determine oil radish varieties with the best biofumigation and trap cropping effects
against root-knot and reniform nematodes.
Experiment I: A pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions at Magoon
facility (21°18'24.90"N and 157°48'33.11"W). Eight oil radish varieties (‘Alpine’, ‘April
Cross’, ‘Discovery’, ‘Miyashige’, ‘Oshin’, ‘Sodbuster’, ‘Summer Cross’, and ‘Tillage
Radish’) were selected based on local farmers’ preference, or availabilities as cover
crop seeds with cheap seed price. Field soil infested with root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.)
and reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) nematodes were collected and amended with
oil radish at 1% dry leaf weight/dry soil weight (w/w). A ‘Felix’ zucchini (Cucurbita pepo
var. cylindrica) was germinated and planted singly in 6 inch diameter clay pots. A non-
amended control was included. The experiment was arranged in RCBD with 4
replications, and terminated 1-month after planting zucchini. At termination, chlorophyll,
height, shoot and root weights were measured from each plant. Nematodes were
extracted from 250 cm3
soil subsampled from each pot by elutriation (Byrd et al, 1976)
and density-dependent centrifugal sugar floatation (Jenkins, 1964; Barker, 1985)
method. Data were log transformed where necessary and subjected to analysis of
variance in SAS, and means are presented.
Experiment II: A pot experiment was conducted on a bench outside the greenhouse in
the Magoon facility. Sterile soil:sand mix (1:1 v/v) was potted into tree pots (6’’ x 16’’;
Greenhouse Megastore, CA, USA). Seeds of 8 oil radish varieties were used with an
addition of ‘Orange Pixie’ tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a root-knot nematode
susceptible host control. The oil radish varieties were planted (3 seeds/pot) and thinned
to one per pot. Eleven days post-planting, 2,700 second stage juveniles (J2s) were
inoculated per pot. The experiment was arranged in RCBD with 4 replications, and
terminated 1-month post-inoculation. Nematodes were extracted from 250 cm3
soil
subsampled from each pot by elutriation (Byrd et al, 1976) and density-dependent
centrifugal sugar floatation (Jenkins, 1964; Barker, 1985.) method. Fine roots were
examined and rated for root gall index according to Taylor and Sasser (1978). Data
were log transformed where necessary and subjected to analysis of variance in SAS.
Means of the soil nematode population and root gall rating are presented.
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cd
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b
a
dd
B
Photograph 1. A) Tomato (foreground) and zucchini (background) growing in experiment I. B) Oil radish growing in tree
pots in experiment II C) Root of oil radish ‘Sodbuster’ variety (arrowheads pointing root galls on fine roots).
Discussion
Fig. 2. Response of zucchini chlorophyll,height, root and shoot parameters affected by oil radish leaf amendment.
Means (n=4) for each zucchini plant growth parameter followed by the same letter(s) are not different according to
Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k=100) t-test.
A
A B
Objective
This project is supported in part by Western SARE PDP project
no. OW15-019, and in part by HAW09022-H. The authors would
like to thank Steve Yoshida, Donna Mayer Jari Sugano, Gareth
Nagai, Josiah Marquez, Shelby Ching, and Shova Mishra.
C
B
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ab
b
A
d
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c
D
a a
abab
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c c
d
a
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Experiment I: All the oil radish varieties reduced (P<0.01) the PPNs per 250 cm3
soil. ‘Sodbuster’ and ‘Discovery’ showed the maximum reduction of root-knot and
reniform nematodes, respectively (Fig.1). Compared to unamended control,
‘Sodbuster’ and ‘Miyashige’ suppressed the root-knot nematodes by 94% and 92%,
respectively (Fig. 1A). Although no difference between varieties, oil radish
suppressed reniform nematode by 77% on average compared to unamended
control. Oil radish amendments increased the zucchini plant growth parameters.
Compared to unamended control, chlorophyll production was increased (P<0.01) by
35% (Fig. 2A) and also increased (P<0.01) shoot by almost 5 folds on average (Fig.
2D). While numerically increasing the root by 50% (Fig. 2C), oil radish also increased
(P<0.01) zucchini plant height (Fig. 2B) by 87% on average, compared to the
unamemded control. In overall. oil radish amendments suppressed root-knot
nematodes better than reniform nematode.
Experiment II: Varietal variations were observed in the oil radish varieties screened
for susceptibility to M. javanica. Compared to other varieties, no nematode was
recovered from the soil nor galls formed on the roots from ‘Summer Cross’ and ‘April
Cross’ (Fig. 3). Root galling index was different (P<0.01) between the oil radish
varieties (Fig.3B). While ‘April Cross’ and ‘Summer Cross’ serve as non-host,
‘Sodbuster’, ‘Miyashige’ and ‘Oshin’ serve as good hosts for M. javanica. Thus, the
oil radish varieties that serve as host to M. javanica can be used as trap crops in the
field experiments. Time plays a major role whether or not to detect soil nematode
population as shown in ‘Sodbuster’ (Fig. 3A). Unlike ‘Summer Cross’ and ‘April
Cross’, ‘Sodbuster’ formed root galls (Fig. 3B) but no nematode was recovered from
the soil (Fig. 3A). Considering the time of termination of the experiment, 1-month
post-infection, this indicates that nematodes are likely to be all in the roots, thus
forming root galls.
A B C
Based on the results from this study, oil radish would be a good cover crop to be
used against root-knot nematodes as it serves as a good biofumigant and and shows
good host status. However, further research needs to be conducted to determine if
the use of oil radish could be useful for the management of reniform nematodes.
References
Barker, K. R. 1985. Nematode extraction and bioassays, pp. 19-35 in An advanced
treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol. 2. Methodology, ed. K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter, and J.
N. Sasser. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Byrd, D. W., Barker, K. R., Ferris, Jr. H.m, Nusbaum, C. J., Griffin, W. E., Small, R.
H., and Stone, C. A. 1976. Two semi-automatic elutriators for extracting nematodes
and certain fungi from soil. Journal of Nematology 8:206-2012.
Jenkins, W. R. 1964. A rapid centrifugal flotation technique for extracting nematodes
from soil. Plant Disease Reporter 48:692.
Taylor, A. L., and Sasser, J. N. 1978. Biology, identification and control of root-knot
nematodes. North Carolina State University Graphics.