CSG__UNIT-2.pptx

CIVIL ENGINEERING –
SOCIETAL AND GLOBAL IMPACT
VENKAT RAMANA SIRAM,
ASST. PROFESSOR,
RGUKT, BASARA.
UNIT - 2

IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN
SHAPING AND IMPACTING THE WORLD
Civil engineers play an extremely important role in
the society. They are responsible for maintaining the
overall safety of society in a number of ways
including rural engineering. From constructing
highways and buildings to bridges and tunnels, the
responsibilities of civil engineers are many.
Civil engineers are responsible for planning and
overseeing different construction efforts and apply
civil engineering principles to ensure that the
constructed structures are safe and sturdy.

 Structural Engineering is the back bone of civil engineering and is one of the
most sophisticated branch in civil engineering. Hence, the subject is very vast
and advancing over time.
 Structural engineering mainly focuses on the framework of structures, and on
designing those structures to withstand the stresses and pressures of their
environment and remain safe, stable and secure throughout their use.
 The branch basically deals with analysis and design of structures. The design
materials are usually wood, concrete, steel, PSC and other advanced materials.
 This branch has always attracted young civil engineers to pursue a careen in. It
deals with design of buildings, bridges, dams, ports and other utility structures.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING - SOFTWARES

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
 Geotechnical engineering is the branch of engineering concerned
with the analysis, design and construction of foundations, slopes,
retaining structures, embankments, tunnels, levees, wharves,
landfills and other systems that are made of or are supported by
soil or rock.
 Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil mechanics and rock
mechanics, and many of the aspects of geology, geophysics,
hydrology, and other related sciences. Geotechnics is practiced by
both engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers.
 Examples of the application of geotechnics include: the prediction,
prevention or mitigation of damage caused by natural hazards such
as avalanches, mud flows, landslides, rockslides, sinkholes, and
volcanic eruptions; the application of soil, rock and groundwater
mechanics to the design and predicted performance of earthen
structures such as dams; the design and performance prediction of
the foundations of bridges, buildings, and other man-made
structures in terms of the underlying soil and/or rock; and flood
control and prediction.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
 With rapid urbanization and industrialization, demand of natural resources have
increased many fold. This makes it important to protect, manage and reuse these
resources ensuring sustainable development.
 Water management, pollution control, waste management and recycling are the
major civil topics in environmental engineering section.
 This stream of engineering is getting noticed and popular nowadays due to public
awareness and resource conservation campaigns.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
 Design, Construction and management of roads and highways is a
serious business. From the concept stage onwards there are multiple
stages involved like traffic survey, functional planning & design,
operation and management of transport facilities.
 Utmost care is given to safety and efficiency in design to produce a
convenient and economical design. It is an interdisciplinary branch by
itself and coordinates with multiple branches for working.

WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
 Water resources engineering is a specialty of civil engineering that focuses on water supplies,
irrigation and waste disposal. It also addresses methods for controlling water to avoid water-
related damage and catastrophes.
 Water resources engineers are concerned with the structures and processes related to water
supplies for human consumption and the removal of water for safety. Read on for information
about relevant training and career options.

TOWN PLANNING
 Town planning is the process of managing land resources. It involves the control of existing and new
developments, as well as strategy preparation to ensure manage future requirements. It is a dynamic
process that changes in response to policy, development proposals and local needs.
 Town planners must try and balance the demands of landowners and developers, with the needs and
concerns of the community and the policy framework. If planning is successful, it can provide protection for
the environment, can promote and faciltiate regeneration, can help create and sustain communities, and
can create new and exciting places.
 Town planning maintains the best of the past while encouraging creativity and innovation in the
development of a sustainable future.

SURVEYING AND REMOTE SENSING
 Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical
contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.
 Surveying is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position
of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict
them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points or details.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 Construction management is a professional service that provides a project's owner(s) with
effective management of the project's schedule, cost, quality, safety, scope, and function.
Construction management is compatible with all project delivery methods.

PIRPANJAL RAILWAY TUNNEL – J&K

PAMBAN BRIDGE – TAMIL NADU
Pamban Bridge is a railway bridge which connects the town of Mandapam in mainland
India with Pamban Island, and Rameswaram.
Opened on 24 February 1914, it was India's first sea bridge, and was the longest sea
bridge in India until the opening of the Bandra-Worli Sea Link in 2010.
The rail bridge is, for the most part, a conventional bridge resting on concrete piers, but
has a double-leaf bascule section midway, which can be raised to let ships and barges pass
through.
Until 1988, the Pamban bridge was the only surface transport that connected Tamil
Nadu's island of Rameswaram to the mainland. In December 2018, the bascule of this
bridge was damaged, which suspended transportation on the bridge for 3 months. Rail
movement was again restored on 27 February 2019.

PANVAL NADI VIADUCT - RATNAGIRI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TGGSQnuo3U

PANVAL NADI VIADUCT - RATNAGIRI
Konkan Railway bridge across Panval River in Ratnagiri.
This is at present Asia's third highest Viaduct and was constructed by Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T) ECC Division.
It was made by one of its kind Slip Technology which was used in India for the first time.
It is 64 m tall and 424 m long.

BANDRA–WORLI SEA LINK - MUMBAI

BANDRA–WORLI SEA LINK - MUMBAI
Mahim Causeway was the only road connecting
the western suburbs to Mumbai's central business
district.
This north-southwestern corridor became a
bottleneck and was highly congested at peak hours.
The Western Freeway project was proposed to span
the entire western coastline of Mumbai to ease
congestion.
The Bandra–Worli Sea-Link, a bridge
over Mahim Bay, was proposed as the first phase
of this freeway system, offering an alternative
route to the Mahim Causeway.
The Mujeeb Acharwala Bridge connects the
intersection of the Western Express
Highway and Swami Vivekanand Road in Bandra
to the Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Road in Worli.
From Worli Seaface, it connects to Mumbai's
arterial Annie Besant Road.

MAHATMA GANDHI SETU - BIHAR
Mahatma Gandhi Setu (also called Gandhi Setu or Ganga Setu) is a bridge over the river Ganges in Bihar, India,
connecting Patna in the south to Hajipur in the north.
Its length is 5,750 metres (18,860 ft)[4] and it is the third-longest river bridge in India.
It was inaugurated in May 1982 in a ceremony in Hajipur by the then prime minister, Indira Gandhi. From 1982 to 2017,
Mahatma Gandhi Setu remained as the longest bridge in India.
Later, Gandhi Setu rehabilitation project was undertaken to install triangular steel trusses on Mahatma Gandhi Setu

MANTRIMANDIR – AUROVILLE (TN)

MANTRIMANDIR – AUROVILLE (TN)
The Matrimandir (Sanskrit for Temple of The Mother) is an
edifice of spiritual significance for practitioners of Integral
yoga, in the centre of Auroville established by The Mother of
the Sri Aurobindo Ashram.
It is called soul of the city and is situated in a large open space
called Peace. Matrimandir does not belong to any particular
religion or section.
The Matrimandir took 37 years to build, from the laying of
the foundation stone at sunrise on 21 February 1971 - the
Mother's 93rd birthday - to its completion in May 2008.
It is in the form of a huge sphere surrounded by twelve petals.
The Geodesic dome is covered by golden discs and reflects
sunlight, which gives the structure its characteristic radiance.
Inside the central dome is a meditation hall known as the inner
chamber - this contains the largest optically-perfect glass globe
in the world.
The Matrimandir, and its surrounding gardens in the central
Peace Area, is open to the public by appointment.

UNDER WATER TUNNEL - KOLKATA
This unique and special Kolkata Underwater Metro Line is currently under construction and will be functional by the
year 2023. This East-West Metro Project will be 16.6 km long and 520 metres will be under the river bed. The tunnel
corridor is built 33 meters below the riverbed and will connect Kolkata to Howrah.
East-West Metro Tunnel's length is 10.8 km and its width is 5.5 metres. A 520m stretch of the tracks will go through a
tunnel under the Hooghly River. The roof of the tunnel would be about 30 metres from the ground level will connect
Kolkata to Howrah.

ANCIENT MARVELS OF WORLD
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

GREAT WALL OF CHINA
 Let’s start the list off with a creation that is touted as the longest man-made
building in the world. Even though the official number when it comes to its
length is set at 5500 miles, its original length is estimated at a whopping
13,170 miles.
 It has been found that The Great Wall of China was not just built under one
dynasty, but at least four different dynasties during the 7th and 8th century BC.
This is to be expected as its construction lasted for at least 2500 years.
 The wall was commissioned by the Emperor Qin Shi Huang who wanted to
protect China from outside forces.
 There is also a dark side to The Great Wall of China as it is also referred to as
the longest cemetery in the world. During the time of the Qin Dynasty alone,
one million people lost their lives building the Great Wall of China.

The Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Russia
Built in 16th century Moscow, the Saint Basil’s Cathedral is
one among the most recognizable man-made building of
the world. It is also among the list of world heritage sites
by the UNESCO.
The Cathedral was built by Ivan the Terrible who had
sanctioned it in the year 1554. The purpose of the
cathedral was to showcase the military prowess that Ivan
had over Russia during his reign.
The legend surrounding the Cathedral and Ivan states that
Ivan had purposefully blinded the architect so that he may
not replicate the intricate design of the cathedral for any
other of his works. The official name of the church is the
“Church of the Intercession”, however, it got the name
“The Saint Basil’s Cathedral after the death of Basil, a
commoner who is known for his prophetic powers who
was buried in the cathedral.

The Taj Mahal, India
Taj Mahal is one among the seven man-made
wonders of the world and is something of sheer
beauty made in lustrous white marble. The structure
was built between the years 1631 and 1648 and was
ordered as a memorial by the Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan to his late wife Mumtaz.
The Taj Mahal closely follows Islamic architecture
melded with Persian and Indian design language. It
is situated in Agra, India.
The structure required a labor force of 22,000
workers, consisting of common workers and stone
cutters. With such a large workforce, Taj Mahal took
17 years to finish.
Taj Mahal also had many precious stones
embedded in its structure; however, it is believed
that most of them were pried out and stolen by the
British during the rebellion.

Horyuji Temple, Japan
Meet the world’s oldest wooden temple, the Horyuji
Temple situated in the Japanese city of Nara. The temple
was first constructed in 600 AD.
However, due to a fire breakout, some parts of it were
destroyed. The damaged parts of the temple were
reconstructed during the time 700 – 800 AD.
The Horyuji Temple is a Buddhist temple that perfectly
encapsulates Japanese Architecture. After viewing the
Horyuji temple, you’ll realize that most of the other
Japanese structures including homes follow the same
design language.
The main attraction of Horyuji temple is undoubtedly the
five-storied wooden pagoda, which is the most ancient
wooden part of all the temple structures in the area. The
central pillar of the pagoda extends three meters below
the ground, giving it central support that is strong and
uncompromising.

Chand Baori, India
Chand Baori “The City of Brightness” is situated
in India and is intricate in any angle you look at
it! The Chand Baori was built in the 10th century
as a step well.
Today it is still one of the world’s deepest step
wells.
It makes sense that the Chand Baori span so
much into the earth surface as it is constructed
on the edge of the Thar desert, one among the
hottest places in India. The structure has about
3500 steps that are put together in a zig-zag
fashion, creating a unique symmetry that is
guaranteed to make you in awe of the
workmanship of an age where they had no
sophisticated tools to ease the work.

Leshan Giant Buddha, China
Leshan Giant Buddha gets the name due to
the fact that it is the largest carved Buddha
statue in the world. The statue measures
71 meters high and has sculpted in a
sitting pose, facing Mount Emei.
The statue is carved from a cliffside, with
the project beginning in the year 713,
taking 90 years for its completion. The
brilliance of this ancient engineering lies in
the drainage system that is built with the
statue.
This actually helps the soil from eroding,
enabling the build to stand the test of time.

Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan
The reason why the Mohenjo-Daro, an entire
civilization, is on the list is because of
its builders' ingenuity that is evident throughout
their buildings. Mohenjo-Daro is situated on the
Indus valley, Pakistan.
The precise date of origin of the Mohenjo-Daro
civilization is yet to be confirmed. However,
there is a vague timeline that stretches its age
as being 5000 to 8000 years old, positioning it
as one of the oldest civilizations in the world.
Mohenjo-Daro carried 40,000 occupants and
was built on an idea of city planning. The
complex, yet carefully laid out sewer and
drainage paths means that the Indus valley
occupants paid tremendous attention to the
city’s design.

Angkor Wat, Cambodia
One among the largest religious temples in
the world, the Angkor Wat was originally a
Hindu temple situated in Cambodia. The
Temple was built in the 12th Century as a
place of worship dedicated to Vishnu.
However, it was later changed into a
Buddhist temple towards the end of the 12th
Century.
Angkor Wat is recognized by the UNESCO
as a world heritage site. The temple spans
over 402 acres and contains numerous
sculpture and statues that are in ordinance
with the Hindu architecture.

The Pyramid of Giza, Egypt
It is unlikely that you have not heard about
the Pyramid of Giza, the oldest of all the
Seven Wonders of the World. The
Pyramid of Giza is built using stones, a lot
of them, around 2.3 million to give an
approximate figure.
This effectively puts the Pyramid’s weight
at 5.9 million tons.
One among the many wonders of the
Pyramid is the mortar that was used to
adhere the stones together. Even today,
archeologists and scientists cannot
replicate the mortar, which was stronger
than the stones themselves.

The Great Sphinx, Egypt
One of the most recognizable architectural
marvels of Egypt is undoubtedly the Great
Sphinx. The Great Sphinx was not made
using any sort of blocks or tiles, as it was
carved from a bedrock that is situated in
the Giza Plateau.
The length of the Great Sphinx is measured
at 73 meters, with a height of 20 meters.
This makes the Great Sphinx the largest
single stone structure in the world.
The purpose and the motive behind the
construction of The Great Sphinx is still a
mystery.

Borobudur, Indonesia
In Indonesia sits the largest Buddhist temple
in the world, the Borobudur. The structure was
built in the 9th century.
When you see this manmade structure, you
will be amazed at how perfectly they have
arranged and stacked the stones to complete
this temple.
And did you know that Borobudur doesn’t use
any adhesive to keep the rocks together, even
when it is high as a ten story building?
Yes, instead of a binding compound, the
stones are shaped in a certain pattern so that
they interlock with each other when placed in
a certain order.
Borobudur is also a UNESCO world heritage
site and had been restored in the years 1975
to 1982 by UNESCO and the Indonesian
Government after some parts of the temple
had been damaged.

Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Armenia
The Etchmiadzin Cathedral is believed to be
the oldest Cathedral in the world and is situated
in Armenia. The word Etchmiadzin Cathedral
translates to “the place where the only begotten
descended.”
The Cathedral was built between 301 and 303
AD by Said Gregory the illuminator. The
structure is made out of stone and has beautiful
domes that add to its flair.
The Cathedral is still operational today and is
presently the Armenian Apostolic Church
headquarters. The Etchmiadzin Cathedral is
also known as Armenia’s Mother Church.

The Great Mosque of Damascus, Syria
The Great Mosque of Damascus, also
known as the Umayyad Mosque, is the
oldest standing stone mosque in the world.
It was built during AD 705 through 715,
commissioned by Ummayad Caliph Al-
Walid I.
The Mosque had to undergo several
restoration works, but still carries the same
design language from when it was built.
There is a large central courtyard with
minarets on the sides, the Jesus minaret
being the tallest.
The mausoleum of the great sultan of
Egypt and Syria, Saladin, rests in a garden
outside the Mosque, adding even more
prominence to the Mosque.

MODERN MARVELS
The Pearl Bridge (Akashi-Kaikyo) is holding the title of “World’s
Longest Suspension Bridge” with a span of 1,991 meters (6,532 ft).
The bridge links the city of Kobe (Japan) on the mainland of Honshū
to Iwaya on Awaji Island by crossing the busy Akashi Strait.
Akashi Pearl Bridge uses one of the finest architecture and
technology which consists of three spans. It is designed in such a
manner where the earthquakes and harsh sea currents doesn’t
damage the bridge.
The bridge roadway surface was constructed atop a 14 meter deep,
35.5 meter wide truss girder system, suspended from main cables
passing over 2 steel towers rising 298 meters above main sea level.
A 65-meter clearance was maintained over the shipping lane. The
1.12-meter diameter main cables were erected using full-length,
prefabricated strands. Approximately, 181,400 metric tons of steel
was used in the superstructure and 1.42 million cubic meters of
concrete in the substructure.
Pearl Bridge (Akashi-Kaikyo)

MILLAU VIADUCT
A viaduct is a bridge consisting of a number of short spans for carrying a road over a valley, river etc.
Millau is a commune in southern France located at the confluence of the Tarn and Dourbie rivers. Millau
Viaduct extends across the Tarn River valley linking two limestone plateaus.
The plan to construct a bridge spanning the Tarn valley was considered as early as 1987. It was due to the
fact that there was heavy traffic on the route from Paris to Spain in the holiday season

MILLAU VIADUCT
 The construction of Millau Viaduct began in late 2001. Due to the design of the bridge, constructing it was an
enormous challenge.
 It started with deep foundations to support the massive weight the bridge would put on the pillars. 7 pillars
weighing 700 tons each had to be built. The pillars had to be exactly in place for the bridge to be a success
and signals from multiple satellites were used to pin point the position.
 The pillars were completed by November 2003. Pillar P2, with a height of 244.96 metres (803 ft 8 in), broke
the world record for world’s tallest bridge pylon by more than 50m.
 It was constructed in around 3 years with a cost of €394 million
 The two popular types of cable-stayed bridge designs are harp and fan. In the fan design, the cables
supporting the deck pass through the same point which is at or near the top of the pillar. While in the harp
design, the cables pass through the pillar at different heights with the cable nearest to the pillar passing
through the lowest point on the pillar. Millau Viaduct is an example of a harp cable-stayed bridge.

The Venice tide barrier project (Venice, Italy)
Venice was in danger of becoming the next Atlantis. The city with priceless art, gorgeous architecture, holy
sites ... and water. Lots and lots of water.
Italy isn't content to watch one of its cultural crown jewels slump into the sea, so the country took on an
unprecedented water damming project, which it hopes will block out rising tides and preserve Venice for
generations to come. The dam is called MOSE

MOSE is necessary because Venice is slowly but surely getting swamped. The city is basically propped up in
the middle of a lagoon on the eastern shore of Italy, rising just barely above the waterline on a centuries-old
clutter of wooden stilts, sand and rubble.
In the early 1900s, the city's low-lying areas faced flooding around 10 times annually. Later, the same places
are waterlogged dozens of times per year.
Sea levels in Venice are a whopping 6 feet (1.8 meters) higher since the city's beginnings 16 centuries ago.
And in just the past century, Venice has plunged 9 inches (22.9 centimeters) into the sea

PALM ISLANDS
Palm Islands are three artificial islands, Palm Jumeirah, Deira Island and Palm Jebel Ali, on the coast of
Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Creation of the islands started in 2001. Only Palm Jumeirah has been
completed. This island takes the form of a palm tree, topped by a crescent.
Like Palm Jumeirah, each island will host many residential, leisure and entertainment centers and will add a
total of 520 kilometers of non-public beaches to the city of Dubai.
Palm Jumeirah
Palm Jumeirah, Deira Island and Palm Jebel Ali

PALM ISLANDS
 Palm Jumeirah was built entirely from sand and rocks (no concrete or steel was used to build the island). This
was done in accordance with the order of the Ruler of Dubai, who came up with the idea for the Palm Islands, as
well as their design.
 Construction resources involved
5.5 million cubic meters of rock brought from over 16 quarries in Dubai.
94 million cubic meters of sand brought from deep sea beds 6 nautical miles from the coast of Dubai.
210 million cubic meters of rock, sand and limestone
 Hidden problems
Erosion (caused by winds and water currents) is one of the biggest problems present, as it strips away the
sand which forms the majority of the island.
Damage to the marine ecology (e.g. the loss of reefs and fish), including disturbances in the reproductive
cycles of the species of fish that were close to the shores of Dubai. Research conducted by marine biologists
on this phenomenon showed that the newly-born fish were not able to survive in conditions along the shores of
Dubai due to constant construction and environmental alterations (e.g. shifting of sand, moving boulders and the
effects of the vibrations).
Due to the shape of the island right outside the coast of Dubai, there is loss of coastal shape along the
seashore of Dubai.

THREE GORGES DAM
The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze River in China. The Three
Gorges Dam has been the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW) since 2012.
Made of concrete and steel, the dam is 2,335 m long and the top of the dam is 185 m above sea level.
The project used 27.2×106 m3 of concrete (mainly for the dam wall), used 463,000 T of steel (enough to build 63
Eiffel Towers), and moved about 102.6×106 m3 of earth. The concrete dam wall is 181 m (594 ft) high above
the rock basis.

THREE GORGES DAM
 When the water level is at its maximum of 175 m (574 ft) above sea level, 110 m (361 ft) higher than the
river level downstream, the dam reservoir is on average about 660 km (410 mi) in length and 1.12 km
(3,675 ft) in width.
 Each main water turbine has a capacity of 700 MW. Coupling the dam's 32 main turbines with two
smaller generators (50 MW each) to power the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the
dam is 22,500 MW.
 China regards the project as monumental as well as a success socially and economically.
 However, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites, displaced some 1.3 million people, and had
caused significant ecological changes including an increased risk of landslides. The dam has been
controversial both domestically and abroad.
 The government estimated that the Three Gorges Dam project would cost 180 billion yuan
(US$22.5 billion).

THE CHANNEL TUNNEL
The Channel Tunnel is a 50.45-kilometre railway tunnel that connects Folkestone, Kent in England, with
Calais in northern France.
It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland.
At its lowest point, it is 75 m deep below the sea bed and 115 m below sea level. At 37.9 kilometers, the tunnel
has the longest underwater section of any tunnel in the world.
The speed limit for trains through the tunnel is 160 kilometers per hour (99 mph)

THE CHANNEL TUNNEL
 Working from both the English side and the French side of the Channel, eleven Tunnel boring machines
cut through chalk marl to construct two rail tunnels and a service tunnel.
 Tunnelling commenced in 1988, and the tunnel began operating in 1994. In 1985 prices, the total
construction cost was £4.65 billion (equivalent to £13 billion in 2015), an 80% cost overrun.
 At the peak of construction 15,000 people were employed with daily expenditure over £3 million. Ten
workers, eight of them British, were killed during construction between 1987 and 1993, most in the first
few months of boring
A – MAIN TUNNEL
B – SERVICE TUNNEL
C – CROSS PASSAGE
D – VENTILATION
TUNNEL

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