Dr. Shahzad Rasool will teach the course CSE-868 on Human Computer Interaction over 15 weeks. The course will cover topics such as HCI principles, interaction models, the design process, interaction devices, interaction styles, and collaborative environments. Students will learn to apply HCI techniques through assignments, quizzes, a midterm, and final exam.
Introduction and Human Information Processing lecture.pptPradeepJoshi88
This document provides an introduction to the HCI module. It discusses three aspects of HCI - software interfaces, ergonomics, and societal interaction. It outlines the module team and assessment details. It also summarizes several arguments for the importance of HCI, such as its increasing role in our lives and jobs. HCI involves understanding users and ensuring systems are designed according to human cognitive and physical abilities.
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) emerged as an interdisciplinary field in the late 1970s due to developments in computer graphics, information retrieval, and a focus on usability by computer scientists and psychologists. Early interactions included Sketchpad in 1963, the mouse in 1964, and the graphical user interface. HCI involves the study of human-technology interaction through the lenses of computer science and psychology. Key perspectives in HCI include human factors, cognitive ergonomics, user-centered design, and experience-centered design. Studying HCI is important because it can help improve technology design and user experience, enhance productivity and satisfaction, and further our understanding of the role of technology in society.
HCI is the study of how humans interact with computers and how computers can be designed for successful human interaction. HCI involves three main components - the user, the computer, and how they interact. The goals of HCI are to design usable, safe, and functional systems by understanding human factors and developing tools that prioritize people. HCI draws from many disciplines like cognitive psychology, social psychology, ergonomics, and computer science. Key topics in HCI include user customization, embedded computation, augmented reality, and brain-computer interfaces.
Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use, and the study of major phenomena surrounding them. The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and computers by making computers more user-friendly and responsive to user needs. Key aspects of HCI include usability testing interfaces for effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. Emerging areas of HCI research include pervasive/ubiquitous computing which embeds technology in everyday objects and ambient intelligence which aims to make technology invisible to users.
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
The document discusses human-centered design principles based on human cognitive processes like memory, perception, and attention. It provides an overview of the information processing model of cognition and suggests strategies for interface design that minimize cognitive load. These include organizing information meaningfully, leveraging existing mental models, and focusing attention on the learning task rather than interface mechanics. The goal is to design interfaces that accommodate human cognitive abilities and constraints to improve learning outcomes.
Introduction and Human Information Processing lecture.pptPradeepJoshi88
This document provides an introduction to the HCI module. It discusses three aspects of HCI - software interfaces, ergonomics, and societal interaction. It outlines the module team and assessment details. It also summarizes several arguments for the importance of HCI, such as its increasing role in our lives and jobs. HCI involves understanding users and ensuring systems are designed according to human cognitive and physical abilities.
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) emerged as an interdisciplinary field in the late 1970s due to developments in computer graphics, information retrieval, and a focus on usability by computer scientists and psychologists. Early interactions included Sketchpad in 1963, the mouse in 1964, and the graphical user interface. HCI involves the study of human-technology interaction through the lenses of computer science and psychology. Key perspectives in HCI include human factors, cognitive ergonomics, user-centered design, and experience-centered design. Studying HCI is important because it can help improve technology design and user experience, enhance productivity and satisfaction, and further our understanding of the role of technology in society.
HCI is the study of how humans interact with computers and how computers can be designed for successful human interaction. HCI involves three main components - the user, the computer, and how they interact. The goals of HCI are to design usable, safe, and functional systems by understanding human factors and developing tools that prioritize people. HCI draws from many disciplines like cognitive psychology, social psychology, ergonomics, and computer science. Key topics in HCI include user customization, embedded computation, augmented reality, and brain-computer interfaces.
Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use, and the study of major phenomena surrounding them. The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and computers by making computers more user-friendly and responsive to user needs. Key aspects of HCI include usability testing interfaces for effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. Emerging areas of HCI research include pervasive/ubiquitous computing which embeds technology in everyday objects and ambient intelligence which aims to make technology invisible to users.
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
The document discusses human-centered design principles based on human cognitive processes like memory, perception, and attention. It provides an overview of the information processing model of cognition and suggests strategies for interface design that minimize cognitive load. These include organizing information meaningfully, leveraging existing mental models, and focusing attention on the learning task rather than interface mechanics. The goal is to design interfaces that accommodate human cognitive abilities and constraints to improve learning outcomes.
The document discusses intelligent user interfaces, covering topics like user-centric design, different interface design models and processes, and how to evaluate interfaces. It also examines human-centric artificial intelligence and ambient intelligence in various environments. Several discussion topics are proposed regarding applying AI concepts from a human-computer interaction and user design perspective in areas like assisted living, smart cities, and more.
This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in Week 2 of an Intelligent Interfaces course. It discusses the need for intelligent interfaces and the difference between intelligent interfaces and interfaces for intelligent systems. It describes the components of intelligent interfaces and various theories of human information processing, including methods and models. Learning outcomes focus on describing intelligent interfaces, explaining the difference between intelligent interfaces and interfaces for intelligent systems, listing intelligent interface components, and comparing information processing theories.
Unit 7 performing user interface designPreeti Mishra
The document discusses user interface design principles and models. It provides three key principles for user interface design:
1. Place users in control of the interface and allow for flexible, interruptible, and customizable interaction.
2. Reduce users' memory load by minimizing what they need to remember, establishing defaults, and progressively disclosing information.
3. Make the interface consistent across screens, applications, and interaction models to maintain user expectations.
It also describes four models involved in interface design: the user profile model, design model, implementation model, and user's mental model. The role of designers is to reconcile differences across these models.
This is the presentation of the Juan Cruz-Benito’s PhD “On data-driven systems analyzing, supporting and enhancing users’ interaction and experience” that was defended on September 3rd, 2018 in the Faculty of Sciences at University of Salamanca Spain. This PhD was graded with the maximum qualification “Sobresaliente Cum Laude”.
Being human (Human Computer Interaction)Rahul Singh
The presentation describes the increasing dependence of the human kind on the Computer systems. The increased variable usage of the machine and much more.
Design process interaction design basicsPreeti Mishra
This document provides an introduction to interaction design basics and terms. It discusses that interaction design involves creating technology-based interventions to achieve goals within constraints. The design process has several stages and is iterative. Interaction design starts with understanding users through methods like talking to and observing them. Scenarios are rich stories used throughout design to illustrate user interactions. Basic terms in interaction design include goals, constraints, trade-offs, and the design process. Usability and user-centered design are also discussed.
Here are some tips for observing strangers respectfully and ethically:
- Obtain verbal consent before observing. Explain your student project and ensure anonymity.
- Observe from a distance without interrupting their activities.
- Focus observations on actions, not personal details. Avoid noting attributes like age, gender.
- Be discreet. Do not stare or make the person feel uncomfortable.
- Respect privacy. Do not photograph or record without permission.
- Be mindful. Observe sensitively and avoid assumptions about the person's identity or situation.
- Thank the person afterwards if you introduced yourself. Respect their right to not participate.
While observation can provide useful insights, prioritizing the
This document provides an overview of the psychology of human-computer interaction. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which are to understand why psychologists should be involved in design, consider elements of HCI in relation to psychology, and how new technologies impact people. It then provides definitions of human-computer interaction and discusses relevant disciplines like computer science, psychology, and ergonomics. Examples of incidents involving poor interface design leading to issues like information overload are provided. The document also discusses goals of HCI like usability, effectiveness and different roles in the field like interaction designers.
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans (the users) and computers. While initially concerned with computers, HCI has since expanded to cover almost all forms of information technology design
This document provides an overview of the topic "Theoretical Frameworks in HCI" that is part of the course "ICS3211 - Intelligent Interfaces II". It discusses intelligent interfaces, their need and components. It also describes different theories and models of human information processing as they relate to HCI, including GOMS model, stages of information processing in choice-reaction tasks, and various attention models. The learning outcomes are to understand intelligent interfaces and the difference between intelligent interfaces and interfaces for intelligent systems.
This document discusses multimodal interfaces. It defines multimodal interfaces as those that process two or more combined user input modes, such as speech, gestures, touch, etc. It outlines some key characteristics of multimodal interfaces including exploiting multiple human senses and providing new functionalities. The document also covers guidelines for designing multimodal interfaces, such as supporting flexibility and adaptivity. Example application scenarios for multimodal interfaces in healthcare robots, education systems, and smart homes are also presented.
User Experience Design - Designing for othersBART RADKA
The document discusses user-centered design (UCD). It describes UCD as a multistage process that allows designers to understand how users will interact with a product from the user's perspective. The key stages of UCD are analysis, design, implementation, and deployment. During analysis, user research such as field studies and usability testing is conducted. In the design stage, prototypes are created and tested. Implementation involves working with development teams. Deployment includes gathering user feedback. The goal of UCD is to create products that meet users' needs and are easy to use.
This document discusses HCI (human-computer interaction) in the software development process. It explains that HCI is used to create an intuitive interface between users and products. Usability, effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction are important traditional usability categories to consider. The software lifecycle involves designing for usability at all stages. Prototyping is discussed as a model where prototypes are built, tested, and refined with user feedback until an acceptable final system is achieved. Design involves understanding users, requirements, and balancing goals within technical constraints.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts in human-computer interaction (HCI). It defines HCI as the study of how humans interact with computers and how to design interactive systems that are usable by humans. The document outlines the main topics in HCI, including understanding users, designing interactions, prototyping, and evaluation. It discusses the goals of HCI, which include improving the safety, utility, effectiveness, efficiency, usability and appeal of computer systems for users.
The document provides an overview of lecture 01 on human computer interaction. It discusses key topics like the human, computer, and interaction; usability paradigms and principles; design basics and rules; user experience design; and prototyping and evaluation techniques. The objectives are to understand what HCI is and why it is important, understand usability and how to design digital products to meet people's needs, and carry out a complete user-centered design process.
This document provides an introduction to human-computer interaction (HCI). It defines HCI as a discipline concerned with studying, designing, building, and implementing interactive computing systems for human use, with a focus on usability. The document outlines various perspectives in HCI including sociology, anthropology, ergonomics, psychology, and linguistics. It also defines HCI and lists 8 guidelines for creating good HCI, such as consistency, informative feedback, and reducing memory load. The importance of good interfaces is discussed, noting they can make or break a product's acceptance. Finally, some principles and theories of user-centered design are introduced.
Users And Business Functions Of ApplicationsOvidiu Von M
A user is the most important part of any computer system. Designers must understand users' needs, characteristics, and how they interact with computers. Poor design can lead to user confusion, frustration and ineffectiveness. It is important to understand individual differences, skill levels and how users' needs may change as they gain experience with a system. Gaining this understanding requires talking to and observing users.
This document outlines the course information for CS 6750 Human-Computer Interaction at Georgia Tech in Fall 2009. It introduces the instructor, Keith Edwards, and covers the course objectives of allowing users to carry out tasks safely, effectively, efficiently and enjoyably. Students will learn human-computer interaction principles and evaluation methods through a semester-long group project where they will design and evaluate an interface. The project involves understanding users, exploring design alternatives, prototyping a system, and evaluating its usability with users.
This document outlines the course information for CS 6750 Human-Computer Interaction at Georgia Tech in Fall 2009. It introduces the instructor, Keith Edwards, and covers the course objectives of understanding how humans and computers interact. The goals of HCI are to allow users to complete tasks safely, effectively, efficiently and enjoyably. Students will learn user-centered design processes including analyzing user needs, designing alternatives, and evaluating designs. A group project makes up a large part of the course where students will design and evaluate an interface on a topic of their choosing over the semester.
The document discusses intelligent user interfaces, covering topics like user-centric design, different interface design models and processes, and how to evaluate interfaces. It also examines human-centric artificial intelligence and ambient intelligence in various environments. Several discussion topics are proposed regarding applying AI concepts from a human-computer interaction and user design perspective in areas like assisted living, smart cities, and more.
This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in Week 2 of an Intelligent Interfaces course. It discusses the need for intelligent interfaces and the difference between intelligent interfaces and interfaces for intelligent systems. It describes the components of intelligent interfaces and various theories of human information processing, including methods and models. Learning outcomes focus on describing intelligent interfaces, explaining the difference between intelligent interfaces and interfaces for intelligent systems, listing intelligent interface components, and comparing information processing theories.
Unit 7 performing user interface designPreeti Mishra
The document discusses user interface design principles and models. It provides three key principles for user interface design:
1. Place users in control of the interface and allow for flexible, interruptible, and customizable interaction.
2. Reduce users' memory load by minimizing what they need to remember, establishing defaults, and progressively disclosing information.
3. Make the interface consistent across screens, applications, and interaction models to maintain user expectations.
It also describes four models involved in interface design: the user profile model, design model, implementation model, and user's mental model. The role of designers is to reconcile differences across these models.
This is the presentation of the Juan Cruz-Benito’s PhD “On data-driven systems analyzing, supporting and enhancing users’ interaction and experience” that was defended on September 3rd, 2018 in the Faculty of Sciences at University of Salamanca Spain. This PhD was graded with the maximum qualification “Sobresaliente Cum Laude”.
Being human (Human Computer Interaction)Rahul Singh
The presentation describes the increasing dependence of the human kind on the Computer systems. The increased variable usage of the machine and much more.
Design process interaction design basicsPreeti Mishra
This document provides an introduction to interaction design basics and terms. It discusses that interaction design involves creating technology-based interventions to achieve goals within constraints. The design process has several stages and is iterative. Interaction design starts with understanding users through methods like talking to and observing them. Scenarios are rich stories used throughout design to illustrate user interactions. Basic terms in interaction design include goals, constraints, trade-offs, and the design process. Usability and user-centered design are also discussed.
Here are some tips for observing strangers respectfully and ethically:
- Obtain verbal consent before observing. Explain your student project and ensure anonymity.
- Observe from a distance without interrupting their activities.
- Focus observations on actions, not personal details. Avoid noting attributes like age, gender.
- Be discreet. Do not stare or make the person feel uncomfortable.
- Respect privacy. Do not photograph or record without permission.
- Be mindful. Observe sensitively and avoid assumptions about the person's identity or situation.
- Thank the person afterwards if you introduced yourself. Respect their right to not participate.
While observation can provide useful insights, prioritizing the
This document provides an overview of the psychology of human-computer interaction. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which are to understand why psychologists should be involved in design, consider elements of HCI in relation to psychology, and how new technologies impact people. It then provides definitions of human-computer interaction and discusses relevant disciplines like computer science, psychology, and ergonomics. Examples of incidents involving poor interface design leading to issues like information overload are provided. The document also discusses goals of HCI like usability, effectiveness and different roles in the field like interaction designers.
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans (the users) and computers. While initially concerned with computers, HCI has since expanded to cover almost all forms of information technology design
This document provides an overview of the topic "Theoretical Frameworks in HCI" that is part of the course "ICS3211 - Intelligent Interfaces II". It discusses intelligent interfaces, their need and components. It also describes different theories and models of human information processing as they relate to HCI, including GOMS model, stages of information processing in choice-reaction tasks, and various attention models. The learning outcomes are to understand intelligent interfaces and the difference between intelligent interfaces and interfaces for intelligent systems.
This document discusses multimodal interfaces. It defines multimodal interfaces as those that process two or more combined user input modes, such as speech, gestures, touch, etc. It outlines some key characteristics of multimodal interfaces including exploiting multiple human senses and providing new functionalities. The document also covers guidelines for designing multimodal interfaces, such as supporting flexibility and adaptivity. Example application scenarios for multimodal interfaces in healthcare robots, education systems, and smart homes are also presented.
User Experience Design - Designing for othersBART RADKA
The document discusses user-centered design (UCD). It describes UCD as a multistage process that allows designers to understand how users will interact with a product from the user's perspective. The key stages of UCD are analysis, design, implementation, and deployment. During analysis, user research such as field studies and usability testing is conducted. In the design stage, prototypes are created and tested. Implementation involves working with development teams. Deployment includes gathering user feedback. The goal of UCD is to create products that meet users' needs and are easy to use.
This document discusses HCI (human-computer interaction) in the software development process. It explains that HCI is used to create an intuitive interface between users and products. Usability, effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction are important traditional usability categories to consider. The software lifecycle involves designing for usability at all stages. Prototyping is discussed as a model where prototypes are built, tested, and refined with user feedback until an acceptable final system is achieved. Design involves understanding users, requirements, and balancing goals within technical constraints.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts in human-computer interaction (HCI). It defines HCI as the study of how humans interact with computers and how to design interactive systems that are usable by humans. The document outlines the main topics in HCI, including understanding users, designing interactions, prototyping, and evaluation. It discusses the goals of HCI, which include improving the safety, utility, effectiveness, efficiency, usability and appeal of computer systems for users.
The document provides an overview of lecture 01 on human computer interaction. It discusses key topics like the human, computer, and interaction; usability paradigms and principles; design basics and rules; user experience design; and prototyping and evaluation techniques. The objectives are to understand what HCI is and why it is important, understand usability and how to design digital products to meet people's needs, and carry out a complete user-centered design process.
This document provides an introduction to human-computer interaction (HCI). It defines HCI as a discipline concerned with studying, designing, building, and implementing interactive computing systems for human use, with a focus on usability. The document outlines various perspectives in HCI including sociology, anthropology, ergonomics, psychology, and linguistics. It also defines HCI and lists 8 guidelines for creating good HCI, such as consistency, informative feedback, and reducing memory load. The importance of good interfaces is discussed, noting they can make or break a product's acceptance. Finally, some principles and theories of user-centered design are introduced.
Users And Business Functions Of ApplicationsOvidiu Von M
A user is the most important part of any computer system. Designers must understand users' needs, characteristics, and how they interact with computers. Poor design can lead to user confusion, frustration and ineffectiveness. It is important to understand individual differences, skill levels and how users' needs may change as they gain experience with a system. Gaining this understanding requires talking to and observing users.
This document outlines the course information for CS 6750 Human-Computer Interaction at Georgia Tech in Fall 2009. It introduces the instructor, Keith Edwards, and covers the course objectives of allowing users to carry out tasks safely, effectively, efficiently and enjoyably. Students will learn human-computer interaction principles and evaluation methods through a semester-long group project where they will design and evaluate an interface. The project involves understanding users, exploring design alternatives, prototyping a system, and evaluating its usability with users.
This document outlines the course information for CS 6750 Human-Computer Interaction at Georgia Tech in Fall 2009. It introduces the instructor, Keith Edwards, and covers the course objectives of understanding how humans and computers interact. The goals of HCI are to allow users to complete tasks safely, effectively, efficiently and enjoyably. Students will learn user-centered design processes including analyzing user needs, designing alternatives, and evaluating designs. A group project makes up a large part of the course where students will design and evaluate an interface on a topic of their choosing over the semester.
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1. Dr. Shahzad Rasool
RESEARCH CENTER FOR MODELING & SIMULATION (RCMS)
Human Computer Interaction
CSE-868
Week 1 & 2. Introduction and HCI Principles
01–11 FEB 2022
2. Organization (1)
• Lecture:
– Time: Mon 04:00 pm – 05:00 pm Classroom 1
Wed 03:00 pm – 05:00 pm GP Lab
– Office hours: **** ****
• Notes/Script:
– Topic based:
• Books, tutorials, internet sources
• Lecture Notes Phillip Fu, Josh Bongard
• Reference Literature:
– Alan Dix et al., Human Computer Interaction, Pearson
– Jenny Preece, Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp, Interaction Design: Beyond
Human-Computer Interaction, Wiley
– Ben Shneiderman et al., Designing the User Interface: Strategies for
Effective Human-Computer Interaction (6th Ed.) Pearson
2
CSE-868
3. Organization (2)
• Grading:
– Assignments/Project ~10%
– Quizzes ~15%
– Mid Term ~20%
– Exam ~55%
• Feedback:
– Too fast ?
– Too slow?
– Email to shahzad.rasool@rcms.nust.edu.pk
3
CSE-868
4. Goal
• Course Objectives:
– To provide an understanding of the basics of human cognitive abilities
and limitations
– To introduce theories/principles, tools and techniques in HCI
– To develop an understanding of the fundamental aspects of designing
and evaluating interfaces and devices
– To help students learn to apply appropriate HCI techniques to design
systems that are usable by everyone
• Outcomes:
– The students should be able to apply HCI principles/techniques to new
problems through iterative design
4
CSE-868
5. Course Outline (Tentative)
Week Topics to be covered
1 Introduction – Interaction vs Interface
2 HCI Principles and the Human – Principles, Interpretation of human role in HCI, Human capabilities
3-4
PACT Analysis and Interaction Models – Mental models, Norman’s model - gulfs of execution and evaluation,
Interaction framework
5 Design Process – Types of data, Process, Research phase
6 Design Process – Design and Prototyping – Brainstorming, Personas, Scenarios, Types of prototypes and timeline
7
Design Process – Evaluation – Timeline, procedure, location, cognitive walkthrough, heuristic/predictive/empirical
evaluation
8-10
Interaction Devices – Interaction tasks, Pointing devices, Keyboards and text entry, Modalities of interaction and
input trends, Feedback – Display technologies, wearables
11 Interaction Styles – Direct manipulation – Invisible interfaces, 3D interfaces, Teleoperation
12-13
Interaction Styles – Fluid Navigation and Languages – Menu selection, Content organization, audio menus, Form
fill-in, speech recognition and production
14
Interaction through smell, taste and touch – Haptics perception and displays, Physiology and perception smell and
taste, Olfactory and gustatory interfaces
15 Brain computer interfaces – Capturing methods, Subtypes, ERPs and oscillatory processes, Challenges
16
Collaborative environments – Models of collaboration, Model of collaborative action (MoCA), Contexts and design
considerations
ESE
CSE-868 5
6. Sociology
What is Human Computer Interaction?
• Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with
the design, implementation and evaluation of interactive
computing systems for human use and with the study of
major phenomenon surrounding them
~ ACM SIGCHI
• Interdisciplinary area
CSE-868 6
Computer
Science
Design
Engineering
Artificial
Intelligence
Ergonomics
and Human
Factors
Robotics
Linguistics
Psychology
Many
more
7. The Human in HCI
• Basic Senses?
• Any other senses?
7
CSE-868
8. The Human in HCI
• Other attributes
• HCI involves the study, planning, design and uses of the
interaction between people (users) and computers
• Considerations
– Every element of human perception, interaction, experiences
CSE-868 8
Memory
Experience
Skills
Knowledge
9. The Computer in HCI
• What is a computer?
• Forms of interaction
– Human interacts with computer
– Computer responds to human
– Interaction with a task? Through the computer!
– Goal
• As little time and as high accuracy for task accomplishment
• Focus on task rather than focusing on interaction
– How to interact vs how to accomplish the task at hand
9
CSE-868
10. Interaction vs Interface
• Interaction
– Abstract model by which humans interact with the computing device
for a given task
• Interface
– Choice of technical realization (hardware or software) of such a given
interaction model
CSE-868 10
Ever made an online payment?
Think about what people
want to do, rather than
what technology can do
11. Example – Text Reader
• Finger Reader
– A finger worn device that assists the
visually impaired with effectively and
efficiently reading paper-printed text
– Real-time auditory and haptic feedback
• OrCam MyEye
– A wearable artificial vision device to assist
people who are visually impaired, or
have a reading disability
– Instantly reads printed and digital text
aloud, recognizes faces, products, and
money notes in real time
CSE-868 11
13. Why HCI?
• Why HCI?
– Effective interaction Usability
– Research investigate human perception, behavior, etc.
– Change behavior by providing a different interaction
• Between Humans and Computers
– Emphasis is not on interface (as in Interaction/UI Design course)
– Emphasis is on performing the task
• Basic idea of HCI
– Users use interfaces to accomplish some task
– Interfaces that are computational or computerized
13
CSE-868
14. HCI – A Brief History
• Until the late 1970s IT professionals and
dedicated hobbyists only humans who
interacted with computers
• Personal computers everyone became a
potential computer user
– deficiency in usability command line
• Graphics processing
• Pointing devices
• Smaller but more powerful microprocessors
• Ubiquitous computing (Pervasive Computing)
• Internet of Things (IoT)
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15. What are we looking for?
User Experience (UX)
+ seamless integration into one’s lifestyle
Aesthetic appeal
Examples?
Looking for High usability
Easy to use interfaces, efficient, safe, correct task completion
Functional Completeness
Making the necessary functionalities available
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17. Example – More wearable devices
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Can you recognize these?
Google Glass
Magic Leap
Intel Vaunt
18. Why is HCI so … Complex?
• Good design is difficult simultaneous multiple objectives
– Types of users
– Characteristics of tasks
– Capabilities and cost of devices
– Lack of objective or exact quantitative evaluation measures
– Changing technologies
• Researchers/developers have established basic principles or
guidelines over the years
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19. HCI Principles
• Determine user skills ‘Know thy user’
– Comprehensive information (e.g., age, gender, education level, social
status, computing experience, cultural background) about target users
• Determine the probable preferences, tendencies, capabilities (physical
and mental), and skill levels
• Properly model interaction and pick the right interface solution
– Ever heard of ‘user-centred design’?
– What about ‘Universal usability’?
• Understand the task
– Identifying the sequence and structure of subtasks appropriate for the
typical user within the larger application context
– Expert user model the task with detailed steps
– Casual user simplified subtasks
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20. HCI Principles
• Reduce Memory Load
– Humans are more efficient in carrying out tasks that require less
memory burden, long or short term
• Capacity of the human’s short-term memory (STM) ~5–9 chunks of
information
• Light memory burden less erroneous behavior
• Example: Microsoft metro interface No. of menu items limited
– To maintain good user awareness of the ongoing task PLUS reminders and
status information continuously throughout the interaction
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21. HCI Principles
• Strive for consistency
– One way to reduce memory load Consistency
• Both within an application and across different applications
• Both the interaction model and interface implementation
– If the same subtask is modelled differently for different interaction
steps confusion
– Same subtasks across different applications?
• Consistency and familiarity lead to higher acceptability and preference
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22. HCI Principles
• Remind users and refresh their memory
– Give continuous reminders of important information and refresh
user’s memory
– Human memory dissipates information quite quickly when switching
tasks in multitasking situations
– Feedback should be informative whether momentary or continuous
– Ever bought anything online?
– Ever filed tax returns in Pakistan?
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23. HCI Principles
• Prevent errors/action reversal
– High usability includes accuracy
– Interaction should be designed to avoid confusion and mental
overload
– Present/obtain only relevant information/action as required at a given
time
• Inactive menu items
• Choose from possibilities rather than direct text input
– Always a chance that the user will make mistakes
• Could you live without CTRL + Z?
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24. HCI Principles
• Naturalness
– Interaction should be reflective of operations in our everyday life
– Natural Language Processing
– Model interaction ‘metaphorically’ to the real-life counterpart,
extracting the conceptual and abstract essence of the task
– Ever used a 3D modelling or visualization software?
• 3D rotations with 2D input device (mouse)?
• How much learning do you think it will
require?
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26. Role of the Human in HCI
• Processor
– A sensory processor that takes input and produce output
• Not using information about how the information is processed
– Interface must fit within human limits
– Quantitative measurements for evaluation
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27. Role of the Human in HCI
• Predictor
– Includes humans knowledge, experiences, expectations, thought
process
• Using information about how information
is being processed
– Predict what will happen in response to
actions map inputs to outputs
– Interface must fit with knowledge
• Help learn and leverage existing knowledge
– Qualitative evaluation methods in
controlled environments
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28. Role of the Human in HCI
• Participant
– Using information about what is going on around the user
• Other tasks, interfaces, people they are interacting with
• Competing attention seekers, importance of current task with what else is
going on
– Interface must fit with the context
• Must be able to physically use the system
• Must know how to use the system
– Qualitative evaluation in actual environments
• Studies about the interface and the user in
real complete context
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29. Model Human Processor
• A simplified view of human processing involved in interacting
with computer systems
• Three subsystems
– Perceptual system handling sensory stimulus from outside world
– Motor system controls actions
– Cognitive system provides the processing needed to connect
the two
• Each of these subsystems has its own processor and memory
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Perceptual Interaction, Input, Sensory
Physical Interaction, Output
Conceptual Interaction
30. Example – Wii Remote
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Sensor Bar
Physical interaction
Can sense three axes of
orientation; three directions of
acceleration.
Q: How could the remote
sense/calculate linear acceleration
or rotational orientation?
Perceptual interaction
Sound used for simulating the
shooting of an arrow from a bow
Sound of arrow unleashed is
made by a speaker on the
remote; a short time later, the TV
speakers make the sound of the
arrow hitting its target.
31. Human
• Information Exchange via input and output
channels
– Visual, auditory, haptic, movement
• Storage of information
– Short and long term memory
• Stored and exchanged information is
processed and applied
– Reasoning, problem solving, skill, error
• Emotion influences human capabilities
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Influence of external factors e.g. Social and organizational environment
32. Human – Vision
• Physical reception of stimulus
– Light (inter-)reflects from objects and enters into eyes
– Retina contains rods for low light vision and cones for colour vision
– Images are focused upside-down on retina
– Ganglion cells detect pattern and
movement and generate
corresponding neural pulses
– Is the visual hardware perfect?
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Photoreceptors
33. Human – Vision
• Processing/interpretation of stimulus
– Size and depth
• Visual angle indicates how much of view an object occupies
• Visual acuity is ability to perceive detail (limited)
• Familiar objects perceived as constant size (Despite different visual angles)
– Brightness Subjective reaction to levels of light
• Affected by luminance and measured by just noticeable difference
• Visual acuity increases with luminance as does flicker
– Colour
• Cones sensitive to colour wavelengths
– Compensation
• Movement and changes in luminance by visual system
• Ambiguity by using context
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Why
are
they
important?
34. Human – Vision
• Process of reading
– Visual pattern perceived
– Decoded using internal representation of language
– Interpreted using knowledge of syntax, semantics, pragmatics
• Reading involves saccades and fixations
– Perception occurs during fixations
• Word shape is important to recognition
• Reading from a computer screen is slower than from a book
• Why is dark text used over bright backgrounds?
– Negative contrast improves reading from computer screen
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35. Human – Audition
• Provides information about environment
– distances, directions, objects etc.
• Physical apparatus
– Outer ear Protects inner and amplifies sound
– Middle ear Transmits sound waves as vibrations to inner ear
– Inner ear Chemical transmitters are released and cause impulses in
auditory nerve
• Sound
– Pitch Sound frequency (Humans perceptual range ~20Hz to 15000Hz)
• Less accurate distinguishing high frequencies than low
– Loudness Amplitude
– Timbre Type or quality
• Auditory system filters sounds adapt to background noise
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36. Human – Touch
• Provides important feedback about environment
• Stimulus received via receptors in the skin
– Thermoreceptors Heat and cold
– Nociceptors Pain
– Mechanoreceptors Pressure
• Rapidly adapting
• Slowly adapting
• Cutaneous vs Kinaesthetic feedback
• Some areas more sensitive than others e.g. fingers
– How to measure?
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38. Human – Movement
• Time taken to respond to stimulus
reaction time + movement time
• Movement time dependent on physical characteristics
– Age, fitness etc.
• Reaction time – dependent on stimulus type
– Visual ~ 200 ms
– Auditory ~ 150 ms
– Pain ~ 700 ms
• Increasing reaction time decreases accuracy in the unskilled
operator but not in the skilled operator
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39. Human – Movement
• How can we reduce movement time?
– Time taken to hit a target is a function of size of the target and
distance that has to be moved
• Fitts’ Law
𝑀𝑇 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 log2
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
+ 1
– 𝑎 and 𝑏 are empirically determined constants
• Smaller objects more difficult to manipulate
– Make objects larger
– Make distances between objects smaller
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40. Human – Memory
• Knowledge of facts, actions, procedures, etc.
• Selection of stimulus being attended to
– Based on interest or level of arousal
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Sensory
memory
Short term
memory
Long term
memory
Attention
Rehearsal
41. Human – Memory
• Sensory Memory
– Buffers for stimuli received through the senses
– For each sensory channel, sensory memory exists
• Iconic, echoic, haptic
– Selective focus on stimuli of interest
• Otherwise overload
– What happens to information received by sensory
memories?
• Quickly passed into a more permanent memory store
• Overwritten
• Lost
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42. Human – Memory
• Short term memory
– ‘Scratch-pad’ for temporary recall
– Rapid access ~70 ms
– Rapid decay ~200 ms
– Capacity Limited to 5-9 chunks
– Try to remember this
265397620853
0121 414 2626
0320 1780931
090078601
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Closure? Recency Effect?
43. Human – Memory
• Long term memory
– Everything that we know
– Capacity HUGE
– Slow access ~1/10 sec
– Slow decay
– Episodic memory
• Serial memory of events
– Semantic memory
• A structured record of facts, concepts and skills
– Information in semantic memory derived from that in our episodic
memory
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44. Human – Memory
• How does the information get in there?
– Rehearsal
• Information moves from STM to LTM
– Total time hypothesis
• Amount retained proportional to rehearsal time
– Distribution of practice effect
• Optimized by spreading learning over time
– Structure, meaning and familiarity
• Information easier to remember
Faith Age Cold Quiet Logic Idea Value Past Large
Boat Tree Cat Child Rug Plate Church Gun Flame Head
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45. Human – Memory
• How does it get out of there?
– Decay
• Information is lost gradually but very slowly
– Interference
• New information replaces old: retroactive interference
• Old may interfere with new: proactive inhibition
• Can we forget at all?
• Memory is selective …
– … affected by emotion – can subconsciously ‘choose’ to forget
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46. Human – Memory
• How to access whatever is in there?
– Recall
• Information reproduced from memory
• Can be assisted by cues, e.g. categories, imagery
– Recognition
• Information gives knowledge that it has been seen before
• Less complex than recall – information is cue
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47. Human – Thinking
• Reasoning
– Process of drawing conclusions or infer something
new about domain of interest using existing
knowledge
• Problem Solving
– Process of finding a solution to an unfamiliar task using existing
knowledge
• Restructuring the problem
• Gaining insight into the problem
• Intermediate goals identification between initial state and goal state
• Analogical mapping: by mapping knowledge relating to a similar known
domain to the new problem
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48. Human – Thinking – Reasoning
• Deductive
– Derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises
• e.g. If it is Friday then she will go to work
It is Friday
Therefore she will go to work
– Logical conclusion solely based on premises may not be true
• e.g. If it is raining then the ground is dry
It is raining
Therefore the ground is dry
– Often people bring world knowledge to base conclusion on both: given
information and truth
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49. Human – Thinking – Reasoning
• Inductive
– Generalize from cases seen to cases unseen
• e.g. all elephants we have seen have trunks
therefore all elephants have trunks
– Unreliable … but useful!
• Can only prove false not true
– Humans not good at using negative evidence
• A trunk-less elephant would still not move us away from our positon
• Abductive
– Establishing causal relationships i.e. event to cause
– Unreliable
• Can lead to false explanations
• Ignores other possibilities
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50. Human – Emotion
• Various theories of how emotion works
– James-Lange: emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response
to a stimuli
– Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli
– Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our evaluation of our
physiological responses, in light of the whole situation we are in
• Emotion involves both cognitive and physical responses to
stimuli
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51. Human – Emotion
• The biological response to physical stimuli is called affect
• Affect influences how we respond to situations
– Positive creative problem solving
– Negative narrow thinking
• Implications for interface design
– Stress will increase the difficulty of problem solving
– Relaxed users will be more forgiving of shortcomings in design
– Aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive
affect
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52. What about the Computer?
• Made of various elements each element affects interaction
– Input devices – text entry and pointing
– Output devices – screen (small & large), digital paper
– Virtual reality – special interaction and display devices
– Physical interaction – e.g. sound, haptic, bio-sensing
– Paper – as output (print) and input (scan)
– Memory – RAM & permanent media, capacity & access
– Processing – speed of processing, networks
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what goes in and out
devices, paper,
sensors, etc.
what can it do?
memory, processing,
networks
53. A Typical Computer System
• Screen, or monitor, on which there are windows
• Keyboard
• Mouse/trackpad
• Variations
– Desktop
– Laptop
– Tablet
• Devices dictate the styles of interaction that system supports
– If we use different devices, then the interface will support a different
style of interaction
• Around us
– PC, TV, VCR, DVD, cable/satellite TV, microwave, washing machine,
security system, phone, camera, electronic car key, USB memory, etc.
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54. Human Errors
• Errors in task performance (using the system to perform task)
– Some are trivial no more than temporary inconvenience or
annoyance
– Others may be more serious require substantial effort to correct
• Why?
– Stressed, distracted, failed understanding of the interface, flawed
understanding of user’s own goal
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55. Human Errors
• Slip – When the user has the right mental model
– Understand system and goal
– Correct formulation of action
– Incorrect action
– Action based vs memory lapse
• Mistake – When the user has the wrong mental model
– May not even have right goal!
– Rule based, Knowledge based and Memory lapse
• Fixing things?
– Slip – better interface design
– Mistake – better understanding of system
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