HCI is the study of how humans interact with computers and how computers can be designed for successful human interaction. HCI involves three main components - the user, the computer, and how they interact. The goals of HCI are to design usable, safe, and functional systems by understanding human factors and developing tools that prioritize people. HCI draws from many disciplines like cognitive psychology, social psychology, ergonomics, and computer science. Key topics in HCI include user customization, embedded computation, augmented reality, and brain-computer interfaces.

1. Chapter 1
Introduction

2. Introduction
• HCI (human-computer interaction) is
the study of:-
– how people interact with computers and
– to what extent computers are or are not
developed for successful interaction with
human beings.
• HCI consists of three parts:-
– The user,
– The computer itself, and
– The ways they work together.

3. Cont…
User
• we may mean an individual user, a group of users working
together.
• An appreciation of the way people's sensory systems
(sight, hearing, touch) relay information is vital.
Computer
• Any technology ranging from desktop computers, to large
scale computer systems.
• Website.
• Devices such as mobile phones or VCRs

4. Cont…
Interaction
There are obvious differences between humans and machines.
• In spite of these, HCI attempts to ensure that they both get
on with each other and interact successfully.
• In order to achieve a usable system, you need to apply
what you know about humans and computers, and consult
with likely users throughout the design process.
• In real systems, the schedule and the budget are important,
and it is vital to find a balance between what would be
ideal for the users and what is feasible in reality.

5. Cont…
• The loop of interaction has several aspects to it, including
– Visual Based :The visual based human computer interaction
– Audio Based : The audio based interaction between a computer
and a human is another important area of in HCI systems.
– Task environment: The conditions and goals set upon the user.
– Machine environment: The environment that the computer is
connected to, e.g. a laptop in a college student's dorm room.
– Areas of the interface: Non-overlapping areas involve processes
of the human and computer not pertaining to their interaction.
Meanwhile,.

6. Cont…
– Input flow: The flow of information that begins in the task
environment, when the user has some task that requires using
their computer.
– Output: The flow of information that originates in the machine
environment.
– Feedback: Loops through the interface that evaluate, moderate,
and confirm processes as they pass from the human through the
interface to the computer and back.
– Fit: This is the match between the computer design, the user and
the task to optimize the human resources needed to accomplish
the task.

7. The Goals of HCI
• The goals of HCI are to produce usable and safe systems, as well as
functional systems.
• In order to produce computer systems with good usability, developers
must attempt to:
– understand the factors that determine how people use technology
– develop tools and techniques to enable building suitable systems
– achieve efficient, effective, and safe interaction
– put people first

8. Usability
• Usability is one of the key concepts in HCI. It is concerned with
making systems easy to learn and use. A usable system is:
– easy to learn
– easy to remember how to use
– effective to use
– efficient to use
– safe to use
– enjoyable to use

9. Factors in HCI
 Organization Factors
Training, job design, politics, roles, work organization
 Environmental Factors
Noise, heating, lighting, ventilation
Health and Safety Factors
 The User
Cognitive processes and capabilities
Motivation, enjoyment, satisfaction, personality, experience
 Comfort Factors
Seating, equipment, layout.

10. Cont…
 User Interface
Input devices, output devices, dialogue structures, use of colour, icons,
commands, navigation, graphics, natural language, user support,
multimedia,
 Task Factors
Easy, complex, novel, task allocation, monitoring, skills
 Constraints
Cost, timescales, budgets, staff, equipment, buildings
 System Functionality
Hardware, software, application
 Productivity Factors
Increase output, increase quality, decrease costs, decrease errors,
increase innovation

11. Disciplines contributing to HCI
 Computer Science
o Technology
o Software design, development & maintenance
o User Interface Management Systems (UIMS) & User Interface
Development Environments (UIDE)
o Prototyping tools
o Graphics
• Cognitive Psychology
o information processing
o capabilities
o limitations
o cooperative working
o performance prediction

12. Cont…
• Social Psychology
o social & organizational structures
• Ergonomics/Human Factors
o hardware design
o display readability
• Linguistics
o natural language interfaces
• Artificial Intelligence
o intelligent software
• Philosophy, Sociology & Anthropology
o Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW)
• Engineering & Design
o graphic design
o engineering principles

13. Topics in human-computer interaction include the following:
User customization
• End-user development studies how ordinary users could routinely
tailor applications to their own needs.
• To invent new applications based on their understanding of their own
domains.
• With their deeper knowledge, users could increasingly be important
sources of new applications at the expense of generic programmers
with systems expertise but low domain expertise.

14. Cont…
Embedded computation
• Computation is passing beyond computers into every object for which
uses can be found.
• Embedded systems make the environment alive with little
computations and automated processes, from computerized cooking
appliances to lighting and plumbing fixtures to window blinds to
automobile braking systems to greeting cards.
• The expected difference in the future is the addition of networked
communications that will allow many of these embedded
computations to coordinate with each other and with the user.

15. Cont…
• Augmented reality
• Social computing
• Knowledge-driven human–computer interaction
• Emotions and human-computer interaction
• Brain–computer interfaces