CS 133 Introduction to Python Assignment 1 1) Write a .docx

CS 133 Introduction to Python
Assignment 1
1) Write a program that produces a comparison of the balance of
a bank account over time
between simple, monthly and daily methods of compounding
interest. The program
should prompt the user for an initial balance, an interest rate,
and the number of years to
compare. The output should be a table with four columns, one
for the year and one each
for the yearend balance in the account given each compounding
method. The columns
should be aligned and account balances expressed in dollars and
cents, e.g. $ 1050.00.
2) Write a program to print a table of powers. The program
should read three values: a base
and two exponents, min and max. The program should print
output values for basen for
min ≤ n ≤ max. The output should be formatted in three
columns: base, exponent value
(n) and result value (basen).
Make your code as readable as you can by choosing appropriate
variable names and adding
comments to your code. Upload your .py files through the
course Moodle page.

CHAPTER 1:
COURTS, CRIME, AND CONTROVERSY
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Learning Objectives
Describe how the courts are related to the other components of
the criminal justice system
Discuss the major types of courts found in the United States
Identify the most important actors in the courthouse
List the steps in a typical felony prosecution
Explain how a law in action perspective complements a law on
the books approach to studying the criminal courts
Distinguish between the crime control model of criminal justice
and the due process model of criminal justice
Trayvon Martin
What do you know about the Trayvon Martin case?
Other than the court system, who else played a role in his
arrest/apprehension and to what extent?
The Courts and the Criminal Justice SystemIn addition to

Courts, the two other main components of the Criminal Justice
System are:
Police
Corrections
*
Courts and the CJ System Courts are related to the rest of the
criminal justice system as follows:InterdependentAll have
different goals, histories, operating proceduresAll forced to
interact with one anotherFragmentedOver 18,000 law
enforcement organizationsCorrections encompasses prisons,
probation, parole, drug treatment, halfway houses, etc.Court has
many actors including private citizensTensions and
ConflictsCome from conflicting goals and perspectives
*
U.S. CourtsMajor types of courts in
the United States:
Trial Courts
Appellate Courts
United States Supreme Court

*
Trial CourtsTrials are held here, jurors sworn, and witnesses are
questioned
Lower courtsProcess felony cases
Major trial courtsResponsible for final phases of felony
prosecutions
Appellate CourtsReview decisions made by trial courts—most
often major trial courts
No trials are held
No jurors employed
No witnesses heard
Lawyers argue over previous cases
US Supreme CourtCourt of Last Resort
Cases are hand selected
Hears Fewer than 85 cases a year
Usually only hears cases impacting society as a whole
Thinking Point

Roe v. Wade challenged a Texas law that prohibited abortions
except to save a woman's life. The Court was careful to balance
the right of a woman seeking an abortion with the states'
interest in protecting maternal health and the potential life of
the fetus.
What allows the Supreme Court to hear this type of case?
Do you agree that a court should decide the fate of a woman’s
choice?
Thinking Point
Elena Kagan and Sonya Sotomayor are the newest U.S. Supreme
Court Justices added to the panel since President Barrack
Obama took office.
What impact, if any, do you think bringing two minority women
onto the Supreme Court will have on future cases?
Actors in the CourthouseThe most important actors in the
courthouse include: ProsecutorsDefense
AttorneysJudgesDefendantsVictims
*
Actors in the Courthouse

The Steps in a Typical Felony Prosecution
CrimeFelony/Misdemeanor
Arrest
Initial appearance
Bail
Grand Jury
Preliminary Hearing
Arraignment
Discovery
Pretrial Motions
Plea Negotiation
Trial
Presentence Investigation
If a Guilty Verdict, sentencing
Possible Appeal
*
The Steps in the Criminal Judicial Process
Law on the Books and Law in ActionLaw on the BooksLegal
and structural components of the
judiciaryConstitutionsLegislationRegulationsCourt CasesLaw in
ActionFocuses on human factors governing the actual

application of lawPoliceProsecutorsJudgesVictimsWitnesses
Jurors
*
Brown v. Mississippi
Race related murder case of innocent men and corrupt police
Confessions based on torture, coercive tactics“Free and
voluntary” confessions as evidence
Due process & 14th Amendment
Crime Control Model and Due Process ModelDiscuss the
details of the Trayvon Martin case
The controversy surrounding the case can be compared through
two criminological concepts:
Crime control
Due process
The Crime Control Model and the Due Process ModelThe Crime
Control ModelConservative modelProposes harsher penalties
The Due Process Model of Criminal JusticeLiberal

modelAdvocates social programs aimed at reducing crime by
reducing poverty
*
The Crime Control Model
Individual Responsibility
Self-Control
Discipline
Quickly determine innocence or guilt
Informal Fact-Finding is foolproof
Speed and finality of courts
Courts hinder effective law enforcement and provide inadequate
protection to society
*
The Due Process Model
Protecting the rights of the individual
Social Influences
Formal Fact-FindingCareful consideration of each case
Considers the court to find error on the part of law enforcement
& prosecutors
Community based sentencing

*
Thinking Point
Jaycee Dugard was kidnapped at the age of 11. By the age of 15
she had two children by her kidnapper/rapist, Phillip Garrido.
Phillip’s wife Nancy also took part in the kidnapping. Jaycee
was found in 2009 and both Phillip and Nancy were charged
with this crime.
For this particular crime (the loss of a child’s entire childhood
and mental wellbeing), which model of justice would you
choose, and why?
Is it time to end the war on drugs?
Read this section of your text and discuss the following:What is
your opinion on drug use and arrests?What is your opinion on
drug court sentencing?Should drugs be legal?Do you agree with
the crime control model or due process model? Why?
Media Depictions/Distortions of Criminal CourtsMost people in
the U.S. learn about the process of criminal courts through the
mediaAdvantage:People are able to understand influences on the
outcome of the case, such as:Influences of laws on the
booksInfluences of law in actionInfluences of law in

controversy Disadvantage:Media can distort reality to make dull
proceedings seem more dramatic
Media Depictions/Distortions of Criminal Courts
Read the section in your text regarding the influence of the
media on the Casey Anthony Trial Do you think Casey
Anthony’s behavior is consistent with that of a parent concerned
with the welfare of their missing child? Why or why not? Do
you think that her behavior is evidence of her guilt in Caylee’s
death? Explain. Do you think that the lack of forensic evidence
affected the jurors in Casey Anthony’s case? Do you expect
prosecutors to present forensic evidence in homicide cases?
What effect did “proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt” have
on the outcome of the case? Do you think prosecution failed to
prove her guilt beyond a reasonable doubt?
CHAPTER 2:
LAW AND CRIME
Learning Objectives
List the four key elements defining law
Identify the three key characteristics of the common law
Explain the importance of the adversary system
Name the four amendments of the Bill of Rights that deal

specifically with criminal procedure
List five major areas of civil law
List the major elements of crimes
Identify some of the most important legal defenses in American
law
Discuss the effects of the criminal law on courts
The Basis of American LawBasis of Law = Human ConflictThe
four key elements defining LAW:
Law is a body of rules
Law is enacted by public officials
Law is enacted in a legitimate manner
Law is backed by the force of the state
*
Common Law Heritage“The law common to the entire land”
Anglo-Saxon or Anglo-American law
used by English speaking people throughout the world
Louisiana is unique among American states and uses the French
system of civil law, but still uses the common law for crimes

*
Common Law HeritageThe Three Key Characteristics
Judge-made law
Based on precedent or stare decisis
Found in multiple sources “uncodified”
*
Judge-Made LawCommon law Predominately judge-made rather
than created by legislatures
Modern criminal law Defined by legislative bodies through
enactment of codes
*
Based on PrecedentStare DecisisTranslated literally: “let the
decision stand”

Followed previous court decisions with similar facts of a case
By following previous court decisions, the system promotes
fairness and consistency in judicial decision makingA cautious
approach to problem solving
*
How to Read Legal Citations
Found in Multiple SourcesCourts must know how the cases were
interpreted, as well as their location
Sources of American LawConstitutionsCodes or
StatutesAdministrative Rules and RegulationsCourt Opinions or
Cases—judge made law
*
ConstitutionsThe fundamental rules which dictate that people
will be governed
Create guidelines or rules for establishing that government
First document establishing principles and general laws of a
nation or state
Define the powers each branch of government may exercise

*
Thinking Point
Consider the three branches of government.
What are they, and what are the duties of each branch?
Does your state have its own constitution? If so, take a moment
to read some of the rules/guidelines of your state.
Did you locate any that were outdated by modern standards?
Codes or StatutesThese are rules enacted by state or federal
legislatures and are the product of the legislative process
Local government rules are often called “municipal ordinances”
*
Administrative Rules and RegulationsAdministrative agencies
are created by, and get their power to act, from the legislature
Regulations have the “force of law” the same way a legislative
statute does, and they are often interpreted by the courts
Internal Revenue ServiceState boardsZoning boards

*
Thinking Point
Research the administrative rules and regulations that apply to
your local area.
What administrative policies do you see? Discuss this in class.
Do any of the policies seem limiting to your community?
Are most of the policies “fair” by modern standards, or do they
need updated?
Judge-Made LawAppellate courts are still a very important
source of American law
They are not “making” law, rather they are “finding” it
Constitutional law
Still an area that is primarily judge-made
*
Thinking Point
Consider any recent changes within your communityAre there
any “social issues” that continue to take place?
Pretend you are a judge in your local area. What is your first

judge-made law that you will create and why? What guidelines
will you use to create this law to make it fair and equitable?
The Adversary SystemSubstantive Law: Rules that create legal
obligationsSubstantive civil law
Tort, contract, domestic relations Substantive criminal law
Robbery, burglary
Procedural Law: Establishes the methods of enforcing these
obligations
*
The Adversary SystemBurden of proof is on the prosecutor for
the state to prove guilt beyond a reasonable
doubtSafeguardsCross-examination—6th amendment Diffusion
of powerPresumptions and inferences—sanity & innocence
Burdens of proof—production/persuasion
*
Levels of “Proof”Mere suspicionA hunchReasonable articulable
suspicionOne can articulate reasons for suspicion
Terry v. Ohio (1968)Creation of a stop and frisk for law

enforcementBased on RASBrief, limited, investigative
detentionsLegal to law enforcement personnel if they can
articulate the reason for the detentionLandmark case, 4th
amendment
Levels of “Proof”Probable causeA probability that a crime
occurred or that a particular person was involved in a crime
Preponderance of evidence (civil case)Proof more likely than
not, more than 50%
Clear and convincing evidence
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Rights of the AccusedCrime prevention must take place without
the violation of individual rights and liberties
Due process of law
Key examples include:The right to remain silentThe right to
have a trial by jury The right to counsel in criminal proceedings
*
Criminal Procedure Amendments4th AmendmentSearch and
Seizure
5th AmendmentDouble jeopardy, self-incrimination
6th AmendmentSpeedy, public, fair trial
8th AmendmentExcessive bail, fine, cruel and unusual

punishment
*
Types of Civil DisputesTort lawLegal wrong to another
Contracts
Property
Domestic relations
Inheritance
Civil RemedyA remedy
The result a plaintiff seeking in a civil law suit
Remedies might be in the form of money damages, a declaratory
judgment, or an injunction
*
Civil Remedies for Fighting CrimeLawsuits against criminal
defendants in
order to recover lost property
Awarding compensation for injuries to person or property
Declaratory judgment

Asset Forfeiture
Injunction
*Sexual assault cases are starting to be recognized more in civil
trials due to the CJ response
*
Types of Injunctions
Criminal Law OverviewMisdemeanorLess serious crime,
punishable by a fine and less than a year in jail
FelonyDepending upon the state, it is typically defined by the
term or location of imprisonment Over 1 yearState prison v.
county jail
*
Differences Between Civil and Criminal Law
The Five Elements of a CrimeCorpus Delicti:

Actus reus Guilty act
Mens rea Guilty intent
The guilty act and guilty intent are related
“Attendant circumstances”
Specific result
*
Criminal Defenses
Legal defenses
Alibi defenses
Mistake of fact
Necessity
Justifications (self-defense)
Procedural defenses
Defense of excuse (infancy)
Insanity or mental illness
Juvenile delinquency
*
Characteristics of the Most Common Serious Crimes

Characteristics of the Most Serious Crimes
United States v. LoughnerCase regarding politicians and
community membersQuestions of Loughner’s mental
illnessWarning signs for his mental illnessPsychosis,
paranoiaFederally chargedPsychiatric assessment ordered –
incompetent to stand trialIf his competency is restored, he will
likely plead insanityInsanity defense is a heated debate among
people
Effects of the Criminal Law on CourtsCriminal Law
and…InconsistenciesPlea BargainingSentencing
*

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