Computer data can be vulnerable when traveling between computers. Cryptography transforms data using secret codes and modern mathematics, making it safer during transmission. It provides security by encrypting data to protect confidentiality and ensuring integrity and authentication of messages. Common security threats include passive attacks like eavesdropping and traffic analysis, as well as active attacks like masquerading, message modification, denial of service, and replays. Cryptography addresses these using techniques like symmetric and public key encryption.
Cryptography and Network Security-ch1-4.pptxSamiDan3
The document describes various classical encryption techniques. It discusses symmetric encryption where the same key is used for encryption and decryption. Some classical ciphers described include the Caesar cipher which shifts letters by a fixed number, monoalphabetic substitution ciphers which map each plaintext letter to a ciphertext letter, and the Playfair cipher which encrypts pairs of letters based on a 5x5 keyword matrix. It also covers cryptanalysis techniques like frequency analysis to crack classical ciphers.
information technology cryptography Msc chapter 1-4.pdfwondimagegndesta
This document provides an overview of cryptography and network security topics covered in a course. It discusses definitions of cryptography, security attacks and services, symmetric and asymmetric encryption mechanisms. Specific topics covered include classical encryption techniques, modern encryption standards like DES and AES, public key cryptography principles like RSA, and number theory concepts used in cryptography. Network security frameworks and current issues are also mentioned.
The document discusses classical encryption techniques such as the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic substitution cipher, and Playfair cipher. The Caesar cipher replaces each letter with the letter three positions down the alphabet. The monoalphabetic substitution cipher randomly maps each plaintext letter to a ciphertext letter. The Playfair cipher encrypts pairs of letters based on their positions in a 5x5 grid generated from the key. Cryptanalysis techniques like frequency analysis that exploit patterns in letter frequencies are also covered.
Cryptography is the study and practice of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties. It deals with developing and analysing protocols which prevents malicious third parties from retrieving information being shared between two entities. Some key principles of cryptography include confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. Cryptography is widely applied in computer security, network security, and internet security. Common techniques include symmetric encryption algorithms, cryptanalysis methods, and the use of substitution and transposition ciphers.
The document discusses network security and cryptography. It provides an overview of security concepts like attacks, services, defense methods, and models. It defines information security, why it is important, and common security attacks like interruption, interception, modification, and fabrication. It also discusses security goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Cryptography techniques like symmetric and asymmetric encryption are introduced along with concepts like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, decryption, and cryptanalysis.
Security Introduction
Potential attacks
Positive attacks
Active attacks
Cryptography
Terminologies
Symmetric and asymmetric
authentication
types of authentication
approaches to authentication
user login
access control
protection domains
design signature
design principle
Module-1.ppt cryptography and network securityAparnaSunil24
The document provides an overview of cryptography and network security. It begins by defining key terms like computer security, network security, and internet security. It then discusses the OSI security architecture and how it defines security services, mechanisms, and attacks in a systematic way. The document also covers traditional cryptosystems including symmetric key cryptosystems, classical encryption techniques like substitution and transposition ciphers, and examples of monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic ciphers.
Cryptography and Network Security-ch1-4.pptxSamiDan3
The document describes various classical encryption techniques. It discusses symmetric encryption where the same key is used for encryption and decryption. Some classical ciphers described include the Caesar cipher which shifts letters by a fixed number, monoalphabetic substitution ciphers which map each plaintext letter to a ciphertext letter, and the Playfair cipher which encrypts pairs of letters based on a 5x5 keyword matrix. It also covers cryptanalysis techniques like frequency analysis to crack classical ciphers.
information technology cryptography Msc chapter 1-4.pdfwondimagegndesta
This document provides an overview of cryptography and network security topics covered in a course. It discusses definitions of cryptography, security attacks and services, symmetric and asymmetric encryption mechanisms. Specific topics covered include classical encryption techniques, modern encryption standards like DES and AES, public key cryptography principles like RSA, and number theory concepts used in cryptography. Network security frameworks and current issues are also mentioned.
The document discusses classical encryption techniques such as the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic substitution cipher, and Playfair cipher. The Caesar cipher replaces each letter with the letter three positions down the alphabet. The monoalphabetic substitution cipher randomly maps each plaintext letter to a ciphertext letter. The Playfair cipher encrypts pairs of letters based on their positions in a 5x5 grid generated from the key. Cryptanalysis techniques like frequency analysis that exploit patterns in letter frequencies are also covered.
Cryptography is the study and practice of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties. It deals with developing and analysing protocols which prevents malicious third parties from retrieving information being shared between two entities. Some key principles of cryptography include confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. Cryptography is widely applied in computer security, network security, and internet security. Common techniques include symmetric encryption algorithms, cryptanalysis methods, and the use of substitution and transposition ciphers.
The document discusses network security and cryptography. It provides an overview of security concepts like attacks, services, defense methods, and models. It defines information security, why it is important, and common security attacks like interruption, interception, modification, and fabrication. It also discusses security goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Cryptography techniques like symmetric and asymmetric encryption are introduced along with concepts like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, decryption, and cryptanalysis.
Security Introduction
Potential attacks
Positive attacks
Active attacks
Cryptography
Terminologies
Symmetric and asymmetric
authentication
types of authentication
approaches to authentication
user login
access control
protection domains
design signature
design principle
Module-1.ppt cryptography and network securityAparnaSunil24
The document provides an overview of cryptography and network security. It begins by defining key terms like computer security, network security, and internet security. It then discusses the OSI security architecture and how it defines security services, mechanisms, and attacks in a systematic way. The document also covers traditional cryptosystems including symmetric key cryptosystems, classical encryption techniques like substitution and transposition ciphers, and examples of monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic ciphers.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in information security including confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, authorization, and nonrepudiation. It defines important security terms and describes different types of security attacks such as passive attacks, which observe information without modifying it, and active attacks, which can alter systems and resources. Specific active attack types like masquerade, modification of messages, replay, and denial of service are outlined. The document also discusses the differences between passive and active attacks, and provides examples of how concepts like encryption, authorization, and auditing can help prevent different types of security risks.
The document discusses various topics in network security including:
1. It describes the OSI security architecture and defines security attacks, mechanisms, and services.
2. It covers different types of security attacks like passive attacks and active attacks.
3. It discusses security services like authentication, access control, data confidentiality, and data integrity.
4. It provides an overview of classical encryption techniques like symmetric ciphers, substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, and steganography.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document discusses types of attacks on computer and network security. It defines passive and active attacks. Passive attacks monitor systems for information without interaction and include interception and traffic analysis attacks. Interception involves unauthorized access to messages. Traffic analysis examines communication patterns. Active attacks make unauthorized changes and include masquerade, interruption, fabrication, session replay, modification, and denial of service attacks. Masquerade involves assuming another user's identity. Interruption obstructs communication. Fabrication inserts fake messages. Session replay steals login information. Modification alters packet addresses or data. Denial of service deprives access by overwhelming the target.
This document discusses types of attacks on computer and network security. It defines passive and active attacks. Passive attacks monitor systems without interaction and include interception and traffic analysis attacks. Interception involves unauthorized access to messages. Traffic analysis examines communication patterns. Active attacks make unauthorized changes and include masquerade, interruption, fabrication, session replay, modification, and denial of service attacks. Masquerade involves assuming another user's identity. Interruption obstructs communication. Fabrication inserts fake messages. Session replay steals login information. Modification alters packet addresses or data. Denial of service deprives access by overwhelming the target.
The document discusses computer system security. It explains that security requirements vary based on the operating environment. Security goals are defined by policies, while mechanisms are used to achieve those goals. Common security goals are secrecy, privacy, authenticity, and integrity of information. Both internal and external security threats are discussed, along with potential attacks like viruses, worms, and logic bombs. Methods of passive attacks like browsing and active attacks on message communications are also summarized. The importance of cryptography for secure communication is highlighted. Symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems are compared for encrypting messages between systems.
Chapter 1 Introduction of Cryptography and Network security Dr. Kapil Gupta
(1) Cryptography and network security are important topics that involve terminology like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, decryption, and cryptanalysis. (2) The document discusses principles of security like confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, and availability and how attacks can compromise them. (3) It also covers security services, mechanisms, and models in the OSI standard to enhance security and counter different types of security attacks.
This document provides an overview of information security and network security. It discusses security attacks like passive attacks (release of message contents, traffic analysis) and active attacks (masquerade, replay, modification, denial of service). It also covers security mechanisms, services (authentication, access control, data confidentiality, data integrity, nonrepudiation), and basic encryption terminology (plaintext, ciphertext, cipher, encryption, secret key, decryption, cryptanalysis). The document is a lecture on security that outlines these key concepts and issues.
This document provides information about a cryptography course including:
- The course name, code, credits, program, and instructor details
- An overview of the course units covering introduction to cryptography, security goals, cryptographic attacks, security services and mechanisms, traditional symmetric key techniques, and more
- Descriptions of topics within each unit including different types of cryptographic attacks, security services like confidentiality and integrity, security mechanisms like encryption and digital signatures, and categories of traditional ciphers like substitution and transposition ciphers
Encrypt header and content separately. Encrypt header with weak encryption to hide traffic pattern. Encrypt content with strong encryption to ensure data security.
information security (network security methods)Zara Nawaz
This document provides an overview of information security concepts. It discusses basic security principles like how no system is completely secure but security measures can reduce risks. It then summarizes key aspects of network security such as protecting systems through configuration, detection of issues, and rapid response. Common network security methods are outlined like access control, anti-malware tools, and firewalls. Goals of security like confidentiality, integrity and availability are defined in relation to the CIA triad model. Threats to these goals are also summarized.
This document discusses various aspects of network security. It outlines four key aspects:
1) Privacy - ensuring confidentiality of messages by encrypting transmissions so only the intended recipient can understand them.
2) Message integrity - ensuring data arrives at its destination exactly as sent with no changes, which is important for financial transactions.
3) Endpoint authentication - authenticating the identity of the sender to prevent impersonation.
4) Non-repudiation - providing proof of transmission to prevent senders from denying messages.
The document also discusses three levels of network security controls: physical, technical, and administrative. Physical controls restrict access to network infrastructure. Technical controls protect stored and transmitted data. Administrative controls manage user
The document discusses computer security and common cyber attack vectors. It defines key terms like attack surface, attack vectors, and security breaches. It then describes 8 common attack vectors: compromised credentials, weak/stolen credentials, malicious insiders, missing/poor encryption, misconfiguration, ransomware, phishing, and trust relationships. Typical symptoms of an attack are also listed, such as slow performance, strange files/programs, and automatic messages. The consequences of a successful attack compromise the goals of computer security - confidentiality, integrity and availability.
This document discusses various network security protocols and techniques. It begins with an introduction to network security and describes common network attacks such as denial of service attacks, spoofing, sniffing, and hijacking. It then discusses protocols for enhancing network security such as Kerberos, RADIUS, TACACS+, IPSec, and virtual private networks (VPNs). The document provides details on how these various protocols provide authentication, authorization, access control, integrity, and confidentiality to secure network communications.
Enhancement in network security with security protocolseSAT Journals
Abstract Network security is a wider term used habitually to be an eternal security medium to the broadcasting environment. Cryptography, Authentication and access control Mechanisms play a vital role in secure communication over the network. The computer network is a collection of network that shares information across wired or wireless technology. In order to transfer data in a protected and confidential manner there are several security measures available. Network security can also be referred to as network safety. Network security is used to prevent the attacks by using protocols during the communication of data. This paper describes the several types of attacks, threats and protocols which attempts the secure communication between client and server. Keywords: - DSA, DDOS, HTTPS, RADIUS, VPN, IPSEC etc…
Security is one of the most important issues in distributed systems. Cryptography, authentication, access control, and digital signatures are important concepts for securing systems. Potential attacks include unauthorized access, tampering, and denial of service. Cryptography aims to provide confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation of information. Authentication verifies identity while access control restricts allowed actions. Digital signatures demonstrate authenticity and prevent denial of message transmission or alteration. The Distributed Computing Environment provides naming, authentication, and security services to enable secure client-server applications across networks.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in information security including confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, authorization, and nonrepudiation. It defines important security terms and describes different types of security attacks such as passive attacks, which observe information without modifying it, and active attacks, which can alter systems and resources. Specific active attack types like masquerade, modification of messages, replay, and denial of service are outlined. The document also discusses the differences between passive and active attacks, and provides examples of how concepts like encryption, authorization, and auditing can help prevent different types of security risks.
The document discusses various topics in network security including:
1. It describes the OSI security architecture and defines security attacks, mechanisms, and services.
2. It covers different types of security attacks like passive attacks and active attacks.
3. It discusses security services like authentication, access control, data confidentiality, and data integrity.
4. It provides an overview of classical encryption techniques like symmetric ciphers, substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, and steganography.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document discusses types of attacks on computer and network security. It defines passive and active attacks. Passive attacks monitor systems for information without interaction and include interception and traffic analysis attacks. Interception involves unauthorized access to messages. Traffic analysis examines communication patterns. Active attacks make unauthorized changes and include masquerade, interruption, fabrication, session replay, modification, and denial of service attacks. Masquerade involves assuming another user's identity. Interruption obstructs communication. Fabrication inserts fake messages. Session replay steals login information. Modification alters packet addresses or data. Denial of service deprives access by overwhelming the target.
This document discusses types of attacks on computer and network security. It defines passive and active attacks. Passive attacks monitor systems without interaction and include interception and traffic analysis attacks. Interception involves unauthorized access to messages. Traffic analysis examines communication patterns. Active attacks make unauthorized changes and include masquerade, interruption, fabrication, session replay, modification, and denial of service attacks. Masquerade involves assuming another user's identity. Interruption obstructs communication. Fabrication inserts fake messages. Session replay steals login information. Modification alters packet addresses or data. Denial of service deprives access by overwhelming the target.
The document discusses computer system security. It explains that security requirements vary based on the operating environment. Security goals are defined by policies, while mechanisms are used to achieve those goals. Common security goals are secrecy, privacy, authenticity, and integrity of information. Both internal and external security threats are discussed, along with potential attacks like viruses, worms, and logic bombs. Methods of passive attacks like browsing and active attacks on message communications are also summarized. The importance of cryptography for secure communication is highlighted. Symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems are compared for encrypting messages between systems.
Chapter 1 Introduction of Cryptography and Network security Dr. Kapil Gupta
(1) Cryptography and network security are important topics that involve terminology like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, decryption, and cryptanalysis. (2) The document discusses principles of security like confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, and availability and how attacks can compromise them. (3) It also covers security services, mechanisms, and models in the OSI standard to enhance security and counter different types of security attacks.
This document provides an overview of information security and network security. It discusses security attacks like passive attacks (release of message contents, traffic analysis) and active attacks (masquerade, replay, modification, denial of service). It also covers security mechanisms, services (authentication, access control, data confidentiality, data integrity, nonrepudiation), and basic encryption terminology (plaintext, ciphertext, cipher, encryption, secret key, decryption, cryptanalysis). The document is a lecture on security that outlines these key concepts and issues.
This document provides information about a cryptography course including:
- The course name, code, credits, program, and instructor details
- An overview of the course units covering introduction to cryptography, security goals, cryptographic attacks, security services and mechanisms, traditional symmetric key techniques, and more
- Descriptions of topics within each unit including different types of cryptographic attacks, security services like confidentiality and integrity, security mechanisms like encryption and digital signatures, and categories of traditional ciphers like substitution and transposition ciphers
Encrypt header and content separately. Encrypt header with weak encryption to hide traffic pattern. Encrypt content with strong encryption to ensure data security.
information security (network security methods)Zara Nawaz
This document provides an overview of information security concepts. It discusses basic security principles like how no system is completely secure but security measures can reduce risks. It then summarizes key aspects of network security such as protecting systems through configuration, detection of issues, and rapid response. Common network security methods are outlined like access control, anti-malware tools, and firewalls. Goals of security like confidentiality, integrity and availability are defined in relation to the CIA triad model. Threats to these goals are also summarized.
This document discusses various aspects of network security. It outlines four key aspects:
1) Privacy - ensuring confidentiality of messages by encrypting transmissions so only the intended recipient can understand them.
2) Message integrity - ensuring data arrives at its destination exactly as sent with no changes, which is important for financial transactions.
3) Endpoint authentication - authenticating the identity of the sender to prevent impersonation.
4) Non-repudiation - providing proof of transmission to prevent senders from denying messages.
The document also discusses three levels of network security controls: physical, technical, and administrative. Physical controls restrict access to network infrastructure. Technical controls protect stored and transmitted data. Administrative controls manage user
The document discusses computer security and common cyber attack vectors. It defines key terms like attack surface, attack vectors, and security breaches. It then describes 8 common attack vectors: compromised credentials, weak/stolen credentials, malicious insiders, missing/poor encryption, misconfiguration, ransomware, phishing, and trust relationships. Typical symptoms of an attack are also listed, such as slow performance, strange files/programs, and automatic messages. The consequences of a successful attack compromise the goals of computer security - confidentiality, integrity and availability.
This document discusses various network security protocols and techniques. It begins with an introduction to network security and describes common network attacks such as denial of service attacks, spoofing, sniffing, and hijacking. It then discusses protocols for enhancing network security such as Kerberos, RADIUS, TACACS+, IPSec, and virtual private networks (VPNs). The document provides details on how these various protocols provide authentication, authorization, access control, integrity, and confidentiality to secure network communications.
Enhancement in network security with security protocolseSAT Journals
Abstract Network security is a wider term used habitually to be an eternal security medium to the broadcasting environment. Cryptography, Authentication and access control Mechanisms play a vital role in secure communication over the network. The computer network is a collection of network that shares information across wired or wireless technology. In order to transfer data in a protected and confidential manner there are several security measures available. Network security can also be referred to as network safety. Network security is used to prevent the attacks by using protocols during the communication of data. This paper describes the several types of attacks, threats and protocols which attempts the secure communication between client and server. Keywords: - DSA, DDOS, HTTPS, RADIUS, VPN, IPSEC etc…
Security is one of the most important issues in distributed systems. Cryptography, authentication, access control, and digital signatures are important concepts for securing systems. Potential attacks include unauthorized access, tampering, and denial of service. Cryptography aims to provide confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation of information. Authentication verifies identity while access control restricts allowed actions. Digital signatures demonstrate authenticity and prevent denial of message transmission or alteration. The Distributed Computing Environment provides naming, authentication, and security services to enable secure client-server applications across networks.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
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* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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Gopinath Rebala
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
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cryptography introduction.pptx
1. INTRODUCTION
Computer data often travels from one computer to another, leaving
the safety of its protected physical surroundings.
Once the data is out of hand, people with bad intention could modify
or forge your data, either for amusement or for their own benefit.
Cryptography can reformat and transform our data, making it safer on
its trip between computers.
The technology is based on the essentials of secret codes,
augmented by modern mathematics that protects our data in
powerful ways.
2. • Computer Security - generic name for the collection of tools designed
to protect data and to thwart hackers
• Network Security - measures to protect data during their
transmission
• Internet Security - measures to protect data during their transmission
over a collection of interconnected networks
3. Security Attacks, Services and Mechanisms
• To assess the security needs of an organization effectively, the manager
responsible for security needs some systematic way of defining the
requirements for security and characterization of approaches to satisfy
those requirements.
• One approach is to consider three aspects of information security:
• Security attack – Any action that compromises the security of information
owned by an organization.
• Security mechanism – A mechanism that is designed to detect, prevent or
recover from a security attack.
• Security service – A service that enhances the security of the data
processing systems and the information transfers of an organization.
The services are intended to counter security attacks and they make use of
one or more security mechanisms to provide the service.
4. Basic Concepts
• Cryptography The art or science encompassing the principles and
methods of transforming an intelligible message into one that is
unintelligible, and then retransforming that message back to its
original form.
• Plaintext The original intelligible message
• Cipher text The transformed message
• Cipher An algorithm for transforming an intelligible message into one
that is unintelligible by transposition and/or substitution methods
• Key Some critical information used by the cipher, known only to the
sender& receiver
5. • Encipher (encode) The process of converting plaintext to cipher text
using a cipher and a key
• Decipher (decode) the process of converting cipher text back into
plaintext using a cipher and a key
• Cryptanalysis The study of principles and methods of transforming an
unintelligible message back into an intelligible message without
knowledge of the key. Also called code breaking
• Cryptology Both cryptography and cryptanalysis
• ode An algorithm for transforming an intelligible message into an
unintelligible one using a codebook
7. Type of operations used for transforming plain text
to cipher text
• All the encryption algorithms are based on two general principles:
substitution, in which each element in the plaintext is mapped into
another element, and
• transposition, in which elements in the plaintext are rearranged.
8. The number of keys used
• If the sender and receiver uses same key then it is said to be symmetric key
(or) single key (or) conventional encryption.
• If the sender and receiver use different keys, then it is said to be public key
encryption.
• The way in which the plain text is processed A block cipher processes the
input and block of elements at a time, producing output block for each
input block.
• STEGANOGRAPHYA plaintext message may be hidden in any one of the two
ways. The methods of steganography conceal the existence of the message,
whereas the methods of cryptography render the message unintelligible to
outsiders by various transformations of the text.
9. SECURITY SERVICES
• The classification of security services are as follows:
• Confidentiality: Ensures that the information in a computer system and
transmitted information are accessible only for reading by authorized parties. E.g.
Printing, displaying and other forms of disclosure. Authentication: Ensures that
the origin of a message or electronic document is correctly identified, with an
assurance that the identity is not false.
• Integrity: Ensures that only authorized parties are able to modify computer
system assets and transmitted information. Modification includes writing,
changing status, deleting, creating and delaying or replaying of transmitted
messages.
• Nonrepudiation: Requires that neither the sender nor the receiver of a message
be able to deny the transmission.
• Access control: Requires that access to information resources may be controlled
by or the target system. Availability: Requires that computer system assets be
available to authorized parties when needed.
10. SECURITY MECHANISMS
• One of the most specific security mechanisms in use is cryptographic
techniques.
• Encryption or encryption-like transformations of information are the
most common means of providing security. Some of the mechanisms
are
1. Encipherment(the process of making data unreadable to unauthorized entities by applying a
cryptographic algorithm (an encryption algorithm). Decipherment (decryption) is the reverse operation by
which the ciphertext is transformed to the plaintext.)
2. Digital Signature
3. Access Control
11.
12. Access control
• Access control identifies users by verifying various login
credentials, which can include usernames and passwords,
PINs, biometric scans, and security tokens. Many access
control systems also include multifactor authentication (MFA), a
method that requires multiple authentication methods to verify a
user's identity.
13. SECURITY ATTACKS
• There are four general categories of attack which are listed below.
1. Interruption An asset of the system is destroyed or becomes
unavailable or unusable. This is an attack on availability e.g.,
destruction of piece of hardware, cutting of a communication line
or Disabling of file management system.
14. 2. Interception:
An unauthorized party gains access to an asset. This is an attack on
confidentiality. Unauthorized party could be a person, a program or a
computer.e.g., wire tapping to capture data in the network, illicit
copying of files
15. 3.Modification
An unauthorized party not only gains access to but tampers with an
asset. This is an attack on integrity. e.g., changing values in data file,
altering a program, modifying the contents of messages being
transmitted in a network
Eavesdropper or forger
16. 4. Fabrication
An unauthorized party inserts counterfeit objects into the system. This
is an attack on authenticity. e.g., insertion of spurious message in a
network or addition of records to a file.
17. Cryptographic Attacks
• Passive Attacks
• Passive attacks are in the nature of eavesdropping on, or monitoring of,
transmissions. The goal of the opponent is to obtain information that is being
transmitted. Passive attacks are of two types:
1.Release of message contents: A telephone conversation, an e-mail message
and a transferred file may contain sensitive or confidential information. We
would like to prevent the opponent from learning the contents of these
transmissions.
2. Traffic analysis: If we had encryption protection in place, an opponent might
still be able to observe the pattern of the message. The opponent could
determine the location and identity of communication hosts and could observe
the frequency and length of messages being exchanged. This information might
be useful in guessing the nature of communication that was taking place.
Passive attacks are very difficult to detect because they do not involve any
alteration of data. However, it is feasible to prevent the success of these
attacks.
18. Active attacks
These attacks involve some modification of the data stream or the creation of a
false stream. These attacks can be classified in to four categories:
Masquerade – One entity pretends to be a different entity.
A masquerade attack is an attack that uses a fake identity, such as a network identity, to gain unauthorized access
to personal computer information through legitimate access identification. If an authorization process is not fully
protected, it can become extremely vulnerable to a masquerade attack.
Masquerade attacks can be perpetrated using stolen passwords and logons, by locating gaps in programs, or by
finding a way around the authentication process.
Replay – involves passive capture of a data unit and its subsequent transmission to
produce an unauthorized effect.(server or receiver gets the message twice — once from the true
sender and once from the attacker)
Modification of messages – Some portion of message is altered, or the messages
are delayed or recorded, to produce an unauthorized effect.
Denial of service – Prevents or inhibits the normal use or management of
communication facilities. Another form of service denial is the disruption of an
entire network, either by disabling the network or overloading it with messages so
as to degrade performance
19. • It is quite difficult to prevent active attacks absolutely, because to do
so would require physical protection of all communication facilities
and paths at all times. Instead, the goal is to detect them and to
recover from any disruption or delays caused by them.
• Symmetric and public key algorithms
• Encryption/Decryption methods fall into two categories.
Symmetric key, the encryption and decryption keys are known both to
sender and receiver. The encryption key is shared, and the decryption
key is easily calculated from it.In many cases, the encryption and
decryption keys are the same.
In public key cryptography, encryption key is made public, but it is
computationally infeasible to find the decryption key without the
information known to the receiver
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23. • A message is to be transferred from one party to another across some
sort of internet. The two parties, who are the principals in this
transaction, must cooperate for the exchange to take place.A logical
information channel is established by defining a route through the
internet from source to destination and by the cooperative use of
communication protocols (e.g., TCP/IP) by the two principals