This paper begins with the understanding that criticizes in one of the Sustainable development gender goal, “Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property ” under the Populations growth and Climate Change. Because an increasing population generates a number of challenges for today and also in the future world. According to the results of World Population Prospect 2015, world population reached 7.3 billion as of mid-2015 and continually increasing to 11.2 billion in 2100, In the meanwhile world tempter anticipated to increase between 2.6 RCP and 8.6 RCP, therefore, world average sea level increase in between from 0.4m and 0.9 m in 2010 (IPCC,2014).as a reason world need to face negative demographical change send of this century. According to gender goals, UN wants to increase the women's new land access. but it generates the number of unsustainable results in future, because climate change and population growth affected to huge density and land ownership problems. Therefore in this paper criticized this Sustainable Development Goal and gender indicators, as same as discussed technological and sustainable suggestions under the Populations growth and Climate Change.
Vulnerable Groups and Communities in The Context of Adaptation and Developmen...Tariq A. Deen
Participants will be taken through the identification and targeting of vulnerable communities, groups and ecosystems at different scales, best available methods and data, best practices, in the context of adaptation and development planning and implementation. It will include introductory presentations on the topic and will engage participants in breakout group discussions.
The adverse impact of ecosystem degradation and poor governance on marginaliz...NAAR Journal
This document summarizes a research article that investigates how ecosystem degradation and poor governance negatively impact marginalized people in Bangladesh. It finds that households have lost on average 0.2636 hectares of cropland and 2.59 local fish species have disappeared from local water bodies. Over three-fourths of respondents also perceive that access to local ecosystem services is decreasing. However, over half of respondents pay bribes of $6.82 on average to access ecosystem services. The combination of ecosystem degradation and corruption negatively influences the income, employment, and spending of marginalized communities, making them even more vulnerable while wealthier groups benefit. The study aims to help identify more sustainable economic development approaches in coastal areas that reduce ecosystem impacts and
Human Development Report 2011 - The challenge of equitable and sustainable pr...UNDP Eurasia
This document discusses the challenges of achieving equitable and sustainable progress. It argues that pursuing intergenerational equity without also addressing current inequalities is a violation of universal principles. Empirically, problems of resource depletion and environmental degradation often stem from disparities in economic and political power between groups. The document examines how policies can identify synergies between equity and sustainability goals. It also notes the importance of considering risk and uncertainty when weighing substitutability between natural and human-made capital. Sustainable human development is defined as preserving and expanding freedoms for current and future generations while avoiding serious risks to future capabilities. The multidimensional poverty index indicates that environmental deprivations disproportionately impact the poor. Rethinking development models to prioritize a
Assessing the vulnerability of different age groups regarding flood fatalitiesKarina Vink
This study aimed to identify age groups vulnerable to flood fatalities in the Philippines and quantify their vulnerability through statistical analysis of 122 flood victim records from 2010-2013. The results showed that only those aged 70 and older were vulnerable, with a mortality rate over 3 times higher than those under 70. This contrasts with common assumptions in other studies that the young and old are always vulnerable. The study concludes that the age dependency ratio widely used to consider vulnerability may not apply to the Philippines context.
On Sunday, the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the second part in a major scientific assessment of climate change. The Report found that the effects of climate change are already visible from the tops of the highest mountains to the deep sea, and that society needs to prepare for a wide range of climate change-related threats during the next few decades.
Factors affecting the evacuation decisions of coastal households during Cyclo...Karina Vink
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors affecting evacuation decisions of coastal households in Bangladesh during Cyclone Aila in 2009. The study found that while over 97% of households received cyclone warnings and evacuation orders, only about 26% evacuated. Through analysis of survey data from 420 households, the study identified several key factors that influenced evacuation decisions, including absenteeism from disaster preparedness training, attributes of warning messages and cyclone shelters, risk perception, and socioeconomic factors. The findings can help improve evacuation rates during future emergencies in coastal Bangladesh.
perception towards family planning and its implication to environmental susta...IJEAB
This study was conducted aiming at to assess perception of couples towards family planning and its relevance to environmental sustainability and to identify factors hindering family planning practice. Sample respondents for study comprises 90 couples in rural and 28 in urban. Data was collected by using random systematic and simple random sampling methods. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus group discussion. The research found that there is promising level of awareness on family planning and main source of information were health extension agents. Reported reasons in sought of large number of children were old age support, son or daughter preference, considering children as a wealth, and labor support, religious prohibition. Nearly half of respondent couples approve contraceptives with more approval of women in both settings. Most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards family planning. Furthermore, half of the rural and nearly less than half of the urban respondents approve the importance of family planning for environmental sustainability. During the study period 23.2% of urban and 18.9% of rural couples were using some method of family planning; among which 21.4 of urban and 16.7% of rural women were using modern methods, hence, awareness level and practice in family planning showed a gap in both urban and rural. In general, urban showed more favorable attitude and practice than rural couples in family planning. Despite of their lower practice in family planning, rural respondents likely showed more favorable attitudes towards relevance of family planning for environmental sustainability.
Social Protection and Climate Resilience: A Review Of Sub-Saharan African Cas...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document reviews case studies on the relationship between social protection and climate resilience in sub-Saharan Africa. It finds that cash transfer programs have helped build climate resilience among beneficiaries by decreasing the use of negative coping strategies during extreme weather events and increasing access to resources. However, the evidence is still limited in scope and more comprehensive research is needed to better understand the impacts of social protection on climate resilience across sub-Saharan Africa.
Vulnerable Groups and Communities in The Context of Adaptation and Developmen...Tariq A. Deen
Participants will be taken through the identification and targeting of vulnerable communities, groups and ecosystems at different scales, best available methods and data, best practices, in the context of adaptation and development planning and implementation. It will include introductory presentations on the topic and will engage participants in breakout group discussions.
The adverse impact of ecosystem degradation and poor governance on marginaliz...NAAR Journal
This document summarizes a research article that investigates how ecosystem degradation and poor governance negatively impact marginalized people in Bangladesh. It finds that households have lost on average 0.2636 hectares of cropland and 2.59 local fish species have disappeared from local water bodies. Over three-fourths of respondents also perceive that access to local ecosystem services is decreasing. However, over half of respondents pay bribes of $6.82 on average to access ecosystem services. The combination of ecosystem degradation and corruption negatively influences the income, employment, and spending of marginalized communities, making them even more vulnerable while wealthier groups benefit. The study aims to help identify more sustainable economic development approaches in coastal areas that reduce ecosystem impacts and
Human Development Report 2011 - The challenge of equitable and sustainable pr...UNDP Eurasia
This document discusses the challenges of achieving equitable and sustainable progress. It argues that pursuing intergenerational equity without also addressing current inequalities is a violation of universal principles. Empirically, problems of resource depletion and environmental degradation often stem from disparities in economic and political power between groups. The document examines how policies can identify synergies between equity and sustainability goals. It also notes the importance of considering risk and uncertainty when weighing substitutability between natural and human-made capital. Sustainable human development is defined as preserving and expanding freedoms for current and future generations while avoiding serious risks to future capabilities. The multidimensional poverty index indicates that environmental deprivations disproportionately impact the poor. Rethinking development models to prioritize a
Assessing the vulnerability of different age groups regarding flood fatalitiesKarina Vink
This study aimed to identify age groups vulnerable to flood fatalities in the Philippines and quantify their vulnerability through statistical analysis of 122 flood victim records from 2010-2013. The results showed that only those aged 70 and older were vulnerable, with a mortality rate over 3 times higher than those under 70. This contrasts with common assumptions in other studies that the young and old are always vulnerable. The study concludes that the age dependency ratio widely used to consider vulnerability may not apply to the Philippines context.
On Sunday, the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the second part in a major scientific assessment of climate change. The Report found that the effects of climate change are already visible from the tops of the highest mountains to the deep sea, and that society needs to prepare for a wide range of climate change-related threats during the next few decades.
Factors affecting the evacuation decisions of coastal households during Cyclo...Karina Vink
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors affecting evacuation decisions of coastal households in Bangladesh during Cyclone Aila in 2009. The study found that while over 97% of households received cyclone warnings and evacuation orders, only about 26% evacuated. Through analysis of survey data from 420 households, the study identified several key factors that influenced evacuation decisions, including absenteeism from disaster preparedness training, attributes of warning messages and cyclone shelters, risk perception, and socioeconomic factors. The findings can help improve evacuation rates during future emergencies in coastal Bangladesh.
perception towards family planning and its implication to environmental susta...IJEAB
This study was conducted aiming at to assess perception of couples towards family planning and its relevance to environmental sustainability and to identify factors hindering family planning practice. Sample respondents for study comprises 90 couples in rural and 28 in urban. Data was collected by using random systematic and simple random sampling methods. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus group discussion. The research found that there is promising level of awareness on family planning and main source of information were health extension agents. Reported reasons in sought of large number of children were old age support, son or daughter preference, considering children as a wealth, and labor support, religious prohibition. Nearly half of respondent couples approve contraceptives with more approval of women in both settings. Most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards family planning. Furthermore, half of the rural and nearly less than half of the urban respondents approve the importance of family planning for environmental sustainability. During the study period 23.2% of urban and 18.9% of rural couples were using some method of family planning; among which 21.4 of urban and 16.7% of rural women were using modern methods, hence, awareness level and practice in family planning showed a gap in both urban and rural. In general, urban showed more favorable attitude and practice than rural couples in family planning. Despite of their lower practice in family planning, rural respondents likely showed more favorable attitudes towards relevance of family planning for environmental sustainability.
Social Protection and Climate Resilience: A Review Of Sub-Saharan African Cas...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document reviews case studies on the relationship between social protection and climate resilience in sub-Saharan Africa. It finds that cash transfer programs have helped build climate resilience among beneficiaries by decreasing the use of negative coping strategies during extreme weather events and increasing access to resources. However, the evidence is still limited in scope and more comprehensive research is needed to better understand the impacts of social protection on climate resilience across sub-Saharan Africa.
Earth System Challenges and a Multi-layered Approach for the Sustainable Deve...Ruben Zondervan
http://sdg.earthsystemgovernance.org/sdg/publications/earth-system-challenges-and-multi-layered-approach-sustainable-development-goals
Key messages of Policy Brief #1:
1. The Earth system has entered a new phase in which human actions are threatening the planet's life support systems and drawing down the planet's natural capital in an unsustainable manner. It is essential that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reconfirm the commitments of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused on human wellbeing by alleviating poverty, enhancing food and water security, and improving health. But the SDGs must also address issues of Earth system governance and the challenge of redirecting unsustainable practices of individuals, groups, and countries worldwide.
2. The way forward is to adopt a multi-layered approach encompassing:
Global goals to maintain planetary scale processes in a safe, just and sustainable space.
Individual goals and targets framed in such a way that they can serve as focal points for a wide range of stakeholders.
Targets framed in global terms but - where possible and relevant - tailored at regional, national, local, or corporate/organizational levels to provide a menu of options allowing actors with different needs and capabilities to select those best suited for them.
Indicators and monitoring capabilities with the capacity to track change and report on progress.
3. The formulation of the SDGs offers rich opportunities to bridge gaps among sectoral silos by framing goals that are cross-cutting and integrative in nature and, if achieved, meet current needs articulated in the MDGs while ensuring that future generations can meet their own needs continuously. A well-designed performance review system, such as a "Global Sustainable Development Report" and comparable reporting mechanisms at the national level, and roles given to actors beyond national states will be essential, given the complexity of the agenda and the need for accountable implementation. For the review of SDGs, one new dimension needed is to include monitoring the key aspects of Earth system transformation.
Critical issues in India , understanding the difference between conventional behavior vs Sustainable behavior , sustainable development , what are the issues ,which media should focus on? ,
Human and planetary health: towards a common languageCarol Daemon
This document discusses the connections between human health and planetary health, and calls for aligning agendas and efforts to address these interrelated issues. It notes that diet-related diseases are among the top global causes of death and disability, while food systems are responsible for a major portion of global emissions and environmental impacts. Achieving healthier, more sustainable diets could significantly benefit both human health and the climate by reducing emissions and environmental degradation from the food system. The document advocates exploring synergies between health, sustainability, and development goals to achieve food systems that support healthy people and a stable planet.
Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefelle...Carol Daemon
The document is a report from The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health that addresses the threats that environmental changes pose to human health. The summary identifies three main challenges: 1) conceptual failures to prioritize long-term health and sustainability over short-term economic gains, 2) knowledge failures around transdisciplinary research on social and environmental health drivers, and 3) implementation failures in governmental responses to environmental health threats. The report calls for action across multiple sectors to promote policies that improve health and environmental sustainability, especially for vulnerable populations. Key recommendations include accounting for natural capital, balancing economic growth with sustainability, transforming energy and agricultural systems, and expanding transdisciplinary research on health and environmental linkages.
Governance for planetary health and sustainable developmentCarol Daemon
The document discusses the report from The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health, which highlights the link between human health and environmental change. It argues this report comes at an important time as the UN is adopting new development goals. Implementing the report's recommendations requires strengthening resilience and governance to address challenges from economic, health, political or social shocks. Finally, it asserts sustainable development requires holistic approaches that advance social, economic and environmental goals together through resilient systems and improved governance.
Planetary health: a new science for exceptional actionCarol Daemon
The document discusses the concept of planetary health as defined by The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health. Planetary health aims to achieve the highest standard of health and well-being for all people worldwide through consideration of both human systems and Earth's natural systems. It recognizes that human health depends on environmentally sustainable and socially just societies. The commission outlines three main challenges to address - conceptual challenges to account for future health and environmental impacts, knowledge challenges around transdisciplinary research and drivers of ill health, and governance challenges. Planetary health demands new partnerships across disciplines and attention to governance to address pervasive knowledge failures.
Tamimi - Socioeconomic Dimension of Water PolicyLaura Haddad
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and related socioeconomic policy issues. It makes three main points:
1) IWRM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs when allocating water resources, but implementation faces challenges integrating different sectors and balancing regional differences. Overly general policies may be counterproductive.
2) Growing water demand, a changing climate, and potential reallocation of water from irrigation could significantly impact regional socioeconomies depending on how reallocation is implemented.
3) Key socioeconomic factors that must be considered in water policy include income trends, unemployment, poverty, food security, governance, and climate change. Balancing these tensions while enabling flexible policies to
Importance of Environmental Journalism in PakistanMuhammad Qasim
This document discusses the importance of environmental journalism in Pakistan. It covers several topics, including the challenges of reporting on environmental issues, significant themes like climate change and energy efficiency, and framing issues in a way that empowers readers. The goal of environmental journalism is to communicate earth systems thinking and facilitate public understanding of complex scientific topics in order to engage citizens and inform policy decisions. It is becoming increasingly important for journalists in Pakistan to cover these issues.
The document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between household livelihood strategies, assets, and food security in Ethiopia. 340 households in 6 villages were surveyed about their livelihood activities, asset ownership, and food security. Preliminary analysis identified 5 distinct livelihood strategies, including coffee/teff/maize and sorghum/teff/maize. Certain natural, physical, social, and economic assets were found to be significant for particular livelihood strategies. Households following strategies that combined cash crops and diverse food crops had better food security outcomes. The study aims to inform policy discussions on agriculture and food security.
Fiinovation Webinar on Poverty, Climate Change & Affirmative ActionFiinovation
Eradication of poverty has been the major focus of the UN member countries from past three decades. Despite significant efforts, a large segment of the world population still lives below the UN poverty line of $1.25 per day. One major threat to the efforts of poverty eradication is the growing concerns of global warming. Already the consequences of climate change can be seen with unpredictable weather changes, insufficient rains, severe droughts and the fast melting galciers. India is probably facing the worst water crisis in its history after two successive years of less monsoons. Marathawada in Maharashtra, North Karnataka and parts of Telangana are living at the mercy of the state and central government with no water left to drink or irrigate. Dams in Marathwada has only 3% water left in them. This water crisis is affecting not only the people and economy but also livestock and cattle which are valuable assets for the poor farmers. Understanding the gravity of the situation it can be said that India needs to focus not only on mitigating risks of climate change but also ensure development of opportunities to reduce vulnerability of the poor.
Trends in Microbiology and Biotechnology for Sustainable Development:the Nige...Iwalokun Abiodun
Sustainable development is a developmental process, which optimizes natural and man-made resources to meet the need of everyone and create wealth without compromising the environment and future generation. Both Microbiology and Biotechnology are at the heart of sustainable development. Nigeria stands to benefit immensely in the realization of many global and national targets of diseases such as Tuberculosis, Diabetes, Malaria and neglected tropical diseases as well as improved hygiene and sanitation for One Health. One major requirement to reap these benefits is improved local support for health research, which is presently too weak in the country.
Swarming: A Quality Agricultural Extension Technique among Organic Farmers in...AI Publications
This study examined the agricultural extension techniques used among organic farmers in Cameroon. A survey was conducted with 17 organic pineapple farmers in the Moungo region to understand how they learned and transmitted organic farming practices. The results showed that 60% of farmers reported learning organic agriculture through "swarming", which refers to reproducing knowledge and skills by observing and mimicking other farmers. Statistical analysis confirmed there was a very strong correlation between how farmers appropriated organic practices and how they transmitted them to others, primarily through swarming. The study concluded that swarming is the most widely used extension method for promoting organic farming in the Moungo region due to its low cost and ease compared to more formal training programs.
Gender and climate change introduction (Elizabeth Bryan)IFPRI Gender
Overview of IFPRI projects, research questions, and conceptual framework (Elizabeth Bryan)
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
This document discusses governance challenges around achieving both food security and biodiversity conservation in southwestern Ethiopia. It identifies four discourses around food security: smallholder commercialization, agroecology and resilience, local economy and equity, and market liberalization. It also examines preferences for "land sharing" versus "land sparing" approaches to land use. There are gaps in horizontal coordination between different governance levels and a lack of integration between food security and biodiversity actors. The zone level plays an important role in brokering between higher-level policies and local implementation challenges.
Managing natural resources research paper-China’s land reform, feminization o...Xintong Hou
This document summarizes the current literature on gender and natural resource management approaches, and discusses the history of land reform and status of women's land rights in rural China. It reviews two main strands of gender and environment theory, as well as three approaches adopted by developers - WED, WID, and GED. The GED approach that emphasizes dynamic social relations is adopted for analyzing rural women's land rights and feminization of agriculture in China. It then discusses China's land reform history from 1949 to 1978. Despite some gains, women's land rights are still limited in reality, and they can lose land due to marriage, divorce or widowhood. Data shows difficulties for newly married, divorced and widowed women to retain or obtain land
Vulnerabilityin the Face of Climate Change and Variability: Perceptions and O...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on farm households' perceptions of vulnerability to climate change and their coping strategies in northern Ghana. Key findings include:
1) Farmers perceived changes in climate over the last 30 years, including increasing temperatures, shorter rainy seasons, prolonged dry seasons, and erratic rainfall patterns.
2) Farmers attributed these changes to illicit human activities like robbery and adultery, believing the gods and ancestors were punishing them through changes in the climate.
3) Common coping strategies adopted by farm households included selling casual labor, charcoal making, petty trading, brewing alcohol, collecting shea nuts, and temporary migration to find work elsewhere.
This document discusses various indicators for measuring sustainable development, including the Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, Living Planet Index, Planetary Boundaries, Environmental Performance Index, and Ecological Footprint. It provides details on each indicator, including trends over time for various countries and regions of the world. Overall, the document analyzes a wide range of metrics to assess progress toward global sustainable development goals and outlines some of the challenges around balancing economic growth, social welfare, and environmental protection.
This document presents a framework for mapping global patterns of drought risk at the sub-national level. Drought risk is assessed as the product of drought hazard, exposure, and vulnerability over the period of 2000-2014. Drought hazard is derived from historical precipitation deficits, exposure is based on population/livestock densities and crop cover indicators, and vulnerability incorporates social, economic, and infrastructure factors. The results show drought risk is highest in populated agricultural regions like South/Central Asia, Southeast South America, and Central Europe. As climate change may increase droughts in these areas, there are concerns about effects on global food security and potential for conflict. Adaptation strategies could include expanding irrigation and diversifying regional economies.
1
4
Virus Spread
Natasha Higdon
MHA/507
December 3, 2018
Professor David Stribbards
Introduction
There are different virus’ that affect people across the world. It can be noted that the increased development of cities has led to the potential risks as well as challenges based on emerging infectious diseases. They have associated many risk factors with the spread of diseases in the US cities. These factors are housing conditions, people’s movement, etc. that has led to a change or proliferation of insect vectors. Other factors that have led to the spread or outbreak of viruses are poor sanitation and insufficient water supply. This has contributed to the comfortable breeding ground for insects, which carry pathogens and another transmitted infection. This paper presents information about a virus outbreak in US cities and prevalence rates based on age.
Virus Infections
Cities are considered as the perfect hotbed and breeding ground for viruses and the spread of disease as more people move to crowded areas. As the world becomes more urbanized, the more cities will grow or develop; these cities might be kept clean or well maintained. Even though big cities have all the required health care facilities such as a sanitation department, but the moment the population increases the city always outgrows these service. According to the study conducted by Adda, (2016), there is an increased number of people traveling in the US, and this might be the reason for the virus outbreak. The individual cities in the United States have shown different transmission patterns, which are different due to climate variation etc.
Figure 1: Virus Prevalence
The Figure above presents virus spread according to the age. The findings show that people aged less than years are highly affected by the virus as compared to any other age group. This age group has reported a high number of cases in most cities in the US. The ages least affected are between 19 and 30; this group has a lower number of cases in all cities as compared to any other group. People aged 18 years and less has a high prevalence rate of 0.43 while those aged between 19 and 30 had a prevalence rate of 0.154. The findings imply that younger people are highly affected by virus across all cities in the US.
References
Adda, J. (2016). Economic activity and the spread of viral diseases: Evidence from high-frequency data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 891-941.
Sustainability 2010, 2, 2626-2651; doi:10.3390/su2082626
sustainability
ISSN 2071-1050
www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Article
The Century Ahead: Searching for Sustainability
Paul D. Raskin *, Christi Electris and Richard A. Rosen
Tellus Institute, 11 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (C.E.);
[email protected] (R.A.R)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected];
Tel.: +1-617-266-5400; Fax: +1-617-266-8303.
Received: 10 July 2010;.
1. The document discusses the need to move away from unlimited economic growth models and towards more sustainable models of development with decreased consumption. Continued economic growth is putting unsustainable stress on the planet's ecosystems.
2. It argues that economic degrowth, involving reduced consumption and working hours, is necessary to stabilize the climate and prevent irreparable environmental damage. Emerging economies need to promote more sustainable economic models to serve as an example for other countries.
3. Public policies are needed to incentivize more sustainable behaviors around housing, transportation, food, and consumption. Taxing unsustainable goods and services can encourage changes to new social standards based on planetary boundaries and perennial values.
Earth System Challenges and a Multi-layered Approach for the Sustainable Deve...Ruben Zondervan
http://sdg.earthsystemgovernance.org/sdg/publications/earth-system-challenges-and-multi-layered-approach-sustainable-development-goals
Key messages of Policy Brief #1:
1. The Earth system has entered a new phase in which human actions are threatening the planet's life support systems and drawing down the planet's natural capital in an unsustainable manner. It is essential that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reconfirm the commitments of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused on human wellbeing by alleviating poverty, enhancing food and water security, and improving health. But the SDGs must also address issues of Earth system governance and the challenge of redirecting unsustainable practices of individuals, groups, and countries worldwide.
2. The way forward is to adopt a multi-layered approach encompassing:
Global goals to maintain planetary scale processes in a safe, just and sustainable space.
Individual goals and targets framed in such a way that they can serve as focal points for a wide range of stakeholders.
Targets framed in global terms but - where possible and relevant - tailored at regional, national, local, or corporate/organizational levels to provide a menu of options allowing actors with different needs and capabilities to select those best suited for them.
Indicators and monitoring capabilities with the capacity to track change and report on progress.
3. The formulation of the SDGs offers rich opportunities to bridge gaps among sectoral silos by framing goals that are cross-cutting and integrative in nature and, if achieved, meet current needs articulated in the MDGs while ensuring that future generations can meet their own needs continuously. A well-designed performance review system, such as a "Global Sustainable Development Report" and comparable reporting mechanisms at the national level, and roles given to actors beyond national states will be essential, given the complexity of the agenda and the need for accountable implementation. For the review of SDGs, one new dimension needed is to include monitoring the key aspects of Earth system transformation.
Critical issues in India , understanding the difference between conventional behavior vs Sustainable behavior , sustainable development , what are the issues ,which media should focus on? ,
Human and planetary health: towards a common languageCarol Daemon
This document discusses the connections between human health and planetary health, and calls for aligning agendas and efforts to address these interrelated issues. It notes that diet-related diseases are among the top global causes of death and disability, while food systems are responsible for a major portion of global emissions and environmental impacts. Achieving healthier, more sustainable diets could significantly benefit both human health and the climate by reducing emissions and environmental degradation from the food system. The document advocates exploring synergies between health, sustainability, and development goals to achieve food systems that support healthy people and a stable planet.
Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefelle...Carol Daemon
The document is a report from The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health that addresses the threats that environmental changes pose to human health. The summary identifies three main challenges: 1) conceptual failures to prioritize long-term health and sustainability over short-term economic gains, 2) knowledge failures around transdisciplinary research on social and environmental health drivers, and 3) implementation failures in governmental responses to environmental health threats. The report calls for action across multiple sectors to promote policies that improve health and environmental sustainability, especially for vulnerable populations. Key recommendations include accounting for natural capital, balancing economic growth with sustainability, transforming energy and agricultural systems, and expanding transdisciplinary research on health and environmental linkages.
Governance for planetary health and sustainable developmentCarol Daemon
The document discusses the report from The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health, which highlights the link between human health and environmental change. It argues this report comes at an important time as the UN is adopting new development goals. Implementing the report's recommendations requires strengthening resilience and governance to address challenges from economic, health, political or social shocks. Finally, it asserts sustainable development requires holistic approaches that advance social, economic and environmental goals together through resilient systems and improved governance.
Planetary health: a new science for exceptional actionCarol Daemon
The document discusses the concept of planetary health as defined by The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health. Planetary health aims to achieve the highest standard of health and well-being for all people worldwide through consideration of both human systems and Earth's natural systems. It recognizes that human health depends on environmentally sustainable and socially just societies. The commission outlines three main challenges to address - conceptual challenges to account for future health and environmental impacts, knowledge challenges around transdisciplinary research and drivers of ill health, and governance challenges. Planetary health demands new partnerships across disciplines and attention to governance to address pervasive knowledge failures.
Tamimi - Socioeconomic Dimension of Water PolicyLaura Haddad
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and related socioeconomic policy issues. It makes three main points:
1) IWRM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs when allocating water resources, but implementation faces challenges integrating different sectors and balancing regional differences. Overly general policies may be counterproductive.
2) Growing water demand, a changing climate, and potential reallocation of water from irrigation could significantly impact regional socioeconomies depending on how reallocation is implemented.
3) Key socioeconomic factors that must be considered in water policy include income trends, unemployment, poverty, food security, governance, and climate change. Balancing these tensions while enabling flexible policies to
Importance of Environmental Journalism in PakistanMuhammad Qasim
This document discusses the importance of environmental journalism in Pakistan. It covers several topics, including the challenges of reporting on environmental issues, significant themes like climate change and energy efficiency, and framing issues in a way that empowers readers. The goal of environmental journalism is to communicate earth systems thinking and facilitate public understanding of complex scientific topics in order to engage citizens and inform policy decisions. It is becoming increasingly important for journalists in Pakistan to cover these issues.
The document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between household livelihood strategies, assets, and food security in Ethiopia. 340 households in 6 villages were surveyed about their livelihood activities, asset ownership, and food security. Preliminary analysis identified 5 distinct livelihood strategies, including coffee/teff/maize and sorghum/teff/maize. Certain natural, physical, social, and economic assets were found to be significant for particular livelihood strategies. Households following strategies that combined cash crops and diverse food crops had better food security outcomes. The study aims to inform policy discussions on agriculture and food security.
Fiinovation Webinar on Poverty, Climate Change & Affirmative ActionFiinovation
Eradication of poverty has been the major focus of the UN member countries from past three decades. Despite significant efforts, a large segment of the world population still lives below the UN poverty line of $1.25 per day. One major threat to the efforts of poverty eradication is the growing concerns of global warming. Already the consequences of climate change can be seen with unpredictable weather changes, insufficient rains, severe droughts and the fast melting galciers. India is probably facing the worst water crisis in its history after two successive years of less monsoons. Marathawada in Maharashtra, North Karnataka and parts of Telangana are living at the mercy of the state and central government with no water left to drink or irrigate. Dams in Marathwada has only 3% water left in them. This water crisis is affecting not only the people and economy but also livestock and cattle which are valuable assets for the poor farmers. Understanding the gravity of the situation it can be said that India needs to focus not only on mitigating risks of climate change but also ensure development of opportunities to reduce vulnerability of the poor.
Trends in Microbiology and Biotechnology for Sustainable Development:the Nige...Iwalokun Abiodun
Sustainable development is a developmental process, which optimizes natural and man-made resources to meet the need of everyone and create wealth without compromising the environment and future generation. Both Microbiology and Biotechnology are at the heart of sustainable development. Nigeria stands to benefit immensely in the realization of many global and national targets of diseases such as Tuberculosis, Diabetes, Malaria and neglected tropical diseases as well as improved hygiene and sanitation for One Health. One major requirement to reap these benefits is improved local support for health research, which is presently too weak in the country.
Swarming: A Quality Agricultural Extension Technique among Organic Farmers in...AI Publications
This study examined the agricultural extension techniques used among organic farmers in Cameroon. A survey was conducted with 17 organic pineapple farmers in the Moungo region to understand how they learned and transmitted organic farming practices. The results showed that 60% of farmers reported learning organic agriculture through "swarming", which refers to reproducing knowledge and skills by observing and mimicking other farmers. Statistical analysis confirmed there was a very strong correlation between how farmers appropriated organic practices and how they transmitted them to others, primarily through swarming. The study concluded that swarming is the most widely used extension method for promoting organic farming in the Moungo region due to its low cost and ease compared to more formal training programs.
Gender and climate change introduction (Elizabeth Bryan)IFPRI Gender
Overview of IFPRI projects, research questions, and conceptual framework (Elizabeth Bryan)
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
This document discusses governance challenges around achieving both food security and biodiversity conservation in southwestern Ethiopia. It identifies four discourses around food security: smallholder commercialization, agroecology and resilience, local economy and equity, and market liberalization. It also examines preferences for "land sharing" versus "land sparing" approaches to land use. There are gaps in horizontal coordination between different governance levels and a lack of integration between food security and biodiversity actors. The zone level plays an important role in brokering between higher-level policies and local implementation challenges.
Managing natural resources research paper-China’s land reform, feminization o...Xintong Hou
This document summarizes the current literature on gender and natural resource management approaches, and discusses the history of land reform and status of women's land rights in rural China. It reviews two main strands of gender and environment theory, as well as three approaches adopted by developers - WED, WID, and GED. The GED approach that emphasizes dynamic social relations is adopted for analyzing rural women's land rights and feminization of agriculture in China. It then discusses China's land reform history from 1949 to 1978. Despite some gains, women's land rights are still limited in reality, and they can lose land due to marriage, divorce or widowhood. Data shows difficulties for newly married, divorced and widowed women to retain or obtain land
Vulnerabilityin the Face of Climate Change and Variability: Perceptions and O...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on farm households' perceptions of vulnerability to climate change and their coping strategies in northern Ghana. Key findings include:
1) Farmers perceived changes in climate over the last 30 years, including increasing temperatures, shorter rainy seasons, prolonged dry seasons, and erratic rainfall patterns.
2) Farmers attributed these changes to illicit human activities like robbery and adultery, believing the gods and ancestors were punishing them through changes in the climate.
3) Common coping strategies adopted by farm households included selling casual labor, charcoal making, petty trading, brewing alcohol, collecting shea nuts, and temporary migration to find work elsewhere.
This document discusses various indicators for measuring sustainable development, including the Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, Living Planet Index, Planetary Boundaries, Environmental Performance Index, and Ecological Footprint. It provides details on each indicator, including trends over time for various countries and regions of the world. Overall, the document analyzes a wide range of metrics to assess progress toward global sustainable development goals and outlines some of the challenges around balancing economic growth, social welfare, and environmental protection.
This document presents a framework for mapping global patterns of drought risk at the sub-national level. Drought risk is assessed as the product of drought hazard, exposure, and vulnerability over the period of 2000-2014. Drought hazard is derived from historical precipitation deficits, exposure is based on population/livestock densities and crop cover indicators, and vulnerability incorporates social, economic, and infrastructure factors. The results show drought risk is highest in populated agricultural regions like South/Central Asia, Southeast South America, and Central Europe. As climate change may increase droughts in these areas, there are concerns about effects on global food security and potential for conflict. Adaptation strategies could include expanding irrigation and diversifying regional economies.
1
4
Virus Spread
Natasha Higdon
MHA/507
December 3, 2018
Professor David Stribbards
Introduction
There are different virus’ that affect people across the world. It can be noted that the increased development of cities has led to the potential risks as well as challenges based on emerging infectious diseases. They have associated many risk factors with the spread of diseases in the US cities. These factors are housing conditions, people’s movement, etc. that has led to a change or proliferation of insect vectors. Other factors that have led to the spread or outbreak of viruses are poor sanitation and insufficient water supply. This has contributed to the comfortable breeding ground for insects, which carry pathogens and another transmitted infection. This paper presents information about a virus outbreak in US cities and prevalence rates based on age.
Virus Infections
Cities are considered as the perfect hotbed and breeding ground for viruses and the spread of disease as more people move to crowded areas. As the world becomes more urbanized, the more cities will grow or develop; these cities might be kept clean or well maintained. Even though big cities have all the required health care facilities such as a sanitation department, but the moment the population increases the city always outgrows these service. According to the study conducted by Adda, (2016), there is an increased number of people traveling in the US, and this might be the reason for the virus outbreak. The individual cities in the United States have shown different transmission patterns, which are different due to climate variation etc.
Figure 1: Virus Prevalence
The Figure above presents virus spread according to the age. The findings show that people aged less than years are highly affected by the virus as compared to any other age group. This age group has reported a high number of cases in most cities in the US. The ages least affected are between 19 and 30; this group has a lower number of cases in all cities as compared to any other group. People aged 18 years and less has a high prevalence rate of 0.43 while those aged between 19 and 30 had a prevalence rate of 0.154. The findings imply that younger people are highly affected by virus across all cities in the US.
References
Adda, J. (2016). Economic activity and the spread of viral diseases: Evidence from high-frequency data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 891-941.
Sustainability 2010, 2, 2626-2651; doi:10.3390/su2082626
sustainability
ISSN 2071-1050
www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Article
The Century Ahead: Searching for Sustainability
Paul D. Raskin *, Christi Electris and Richard A. Rosen
Tellus Institute, 11 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (C.E.);
[email protected] (R.A.R)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected];
Tel.: +1-617-266-5400; Fax: +1-617-266-8303.
Received: 10 July 2010;.
1. The document discusses the need to move away from unlimited economic growth models and towards more sustainable models of development with decreased consumption. Continued economic growth is putting unsustainable stress on the planet's ecosystems.
2. It argues that economic degrowth, involving reduced consumption and working hours, is necessary to stabilize the climate and prevent irreparable environmental damage. Emerging economies need to promote more sustainable economic models to serve as an example for other countries.
3. Public policies are needed to incentivize more sustainable behaviors around housing, transportation, food, and consumption. Taxing unsustainable goods and services can encourage changes to new social standards based on planetary boundaries and perennial values.
1. The document discusses the water-energy-food nexus (WEF-N), which recognizes the interconnectedness between water, energy, and food resources and policies. Managing these resources requires cooperation across government, private sector, and civil society stakeholders.
2. Population growth, economic development, and climate change are increasing demands for water, energy, and food globally. Coordinated policies and stakeholder participation are needed to develop solutions that balance these growing needs with environmental sustainability.
3. Media and communication play an important role in raising awareness of issues, facilitating stakeholder participation in decision-making, and promoting cooperation around managing the WEF nexus.
This document discusses challenges faced by data users in monitoring progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 2 of ending hunger and malnutrition. It summarizes findings from expert consultations and analysis conducted by the ONE Campaign-facilitated accountability working group for data users. Key challenges identified include lack of availability of important indicators, unreliable or inaccurate existing data, and difficulties measuring certain concepts. Specific examples are provided from projects monitoring rural hunger and the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program. The document calls for improved data quality and standardization to strengthen accountability and progress on food security and nutrition goals.
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Relevant policy innovations exist and need to be up-scaled; (iv) A focus on the quality of growth will be key in sustaining progress.
The document presents research on achieving sustainable development that meets both human and environmental needs by 2050. It describes two scenarios: 1) "business-as-usual" where trends continue without coordination, and 2) a "sustainable path" with cross-sector collaboration. Modeling shows the sustainable path can provide food, water and energy for a larger population while better protecting nature, through changes like sustainable agriculture and clean energy. However, urgent global collaboration is needed across sectors like public health, development and conservation to achieve this vision.
The document discusses the role of media in creating environmental awareness in Masaka District, Uganda. It begins with background on global environmental issues and challenges. It then discusses the need for environmental awareness and protection in Uganda. The objectives of the study are to identify how residents obtain environmental knowledge, investigate media coverage of environmental issues in Masaka District, and explore how understandable and relevant this media coverage is to the community. The significance of the study is that it can provide information to policymakers and empower communities to better protect the environment.
This document discusses the linkages between gender and climate change in Asia and the Pacific region. It finds that women are disproportionately vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to social inequalities that limit their economic opportunities and political participation. Integrating a gender perspective into climate policies and programs is important to minimize risks to women and ensure the success of adaptation and mitigation efforts.
This document discusses the linkages between gender and climate change in Asia and the Pacific region. It finds that women are disproportionately vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to social, economic and political barriers that constrain their opportunities. Women often have less access to resources, participation in decision making, and mobility, making it difficult for them to cope with or adapt to climate changes. However, women also play important roles in environmental management and have knowledge that could contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. The document calls for integrating gender perspectives into climate policies and programs in order to address both women's and men's needs, ensure women's participation, and support women's empowerment.
The paper arises many questions related to issues covered under the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development mainly focuses on quality of life which is highly dependent upon use of natural resources and thus these resources must be sustained. The present concept of sustainable global enterprise will help to achieve three basic goals known as corporate responsibility, environmental protection and social responsiveness. The concept of sustainable development also focuses on issues related to women as they play a significant role in policy of sustainable development. Women issues are basically linked with population and fertility. The development process worldwide has contributed to increase in economic and social inequalities, environment degradation and has also led to growth in poverty.
This document presents a research proposal that aims to investigate how permaculture can be used as an adaptive strategy to mitigate food insecurity arising from climate variability in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The proposal outlines the problem statement regarding food insecurity in Kinshasa due to rapid urbanization and climate change impacts. It then presents the research questions, objectives, and theoretical considerations regarding permaculture and indigenous agriculture. The proposed methodology includes analyzing mechanisms to enhance permaculture approaches at household levels and examining its effectiveness in promoting new agricultural systems and indigenous knowledge to adapt to food insecurity and climate change.
Climate change and economic growth – full reportRégis Frias
The document discusses climate change and its connection to economic growth and finite resources. It summarizes research from the 1972 book "The Limits to Growth" which used computer models to show that exponential economic growth cannot continue indefinitely given finite resources. Updates to the model in later years confirmed its conclusions. While technology, behavior changes, and policy measures can help reduce emissions, the core of economic growth based on GDP is incompatible with sustainability. Continued growth will likely lead to overshooting and collapse of resource availability and sinks like the climate. Reducing overall growth remains necessary to achieve environmental sustainability.
UNDP: ADVANCING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH AN INTEGRATED GENDER PERSPECTIVE Dr Lendy Spires
The Africa Adaptation Programme (AAP) is pleased to present the first edition of its Discussion Paper Series. Each paper in this series will focus on one issue related to climate change adaptation and sustainable development.
These papers are intended to stimulate intellectual discussions as well as share early lessons learned from the design and initial implementation stages of the AAP with adaptation and development practitioners. This first paper in the Discussion Paper Series focuses on the links between gender and climate change adaptation. The AAP has made gender equality an important goal in each of its 20 participating countries. To promote equitable and gender-sensitive adaptation to climate change, the AAP is actively supporting countries to increase their capacities to integrate gender perspectives into both the design and implementation of climate change strategies and national development plans.
This is in line with Millennium Development Goal 3 – promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. The AAP is a strategic climate change adaptation initiative designed to help create more informed adaptation decision-making and more e ective implementation of those decisions in the 20 participating African countries. The AAP supports the long-term e orts of targeted countries to further develop their capacity to successfully identify, design and implement holistic climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction programmes.
It was established under the Japan-UNDP Joint Framework for Building Partnership to Address Climate Change in Africa, which was established at the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on Africa Development (TICAD IV) organized in Yokohama, Japan (May 2008). The AAP was launched in 2008 by UNDP in partnership with UNIDO, UNICEF and WFP, with funding of US$92 million from the Government of Japan. This discussion paper consists of three sections. The first section, ‘Key Challenges for Reducing Gender-Based Vulnerability’, provides a background on the relationship between climate change and gender, and presents three key factors contributing to the disproportionate effects of climate change upon women.
The second section on ‘Gender-Sensitive Approaches in the AAP’ outlines some of the methods the AAP is using to main-stream gender into climate change adaptation planning and decision-making to ensure equal participation and benefits.
This document discusses major problems facing the economy of Bangladesh, identifying 5 key barriers: population, natural calamities/environmental issues, political instability, inequality, and corruption. It focuses on population and natural disasters, explaining how overpopulation strains resources and how floods, cyclones and other natural disasters damage infrastructure and agriculture. To address these issues, it recommends increasing education to reduce population growth, promoting family planning, developing flood protections like dams, and addressing global warming and environmental degradation.
Analysis of poverty environmental degradation nexus among arable crop farmers...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation among crop farmers in Plateau State, Nigeria. It finds that 42% of surveyed farming households live below the poverty line. Factors like the quantity of wood collected, number of grazing animals, and length of grazing time were found to significantly increase poverty levels by degrading the environment. Increasing farm size and knowledge of conservation, on the other hand, were found to decrease poverty by reducing environmental degradation. The study concludes that poverty and environmental degradation are strongly linked, with each exacerbating the other in a vicious cycle. It recommends targeting poverty programs at the local level and introducing environmental aid to break this cycle.
Implementation of Sustainable DevelopmentPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: Students will be able to -
a) comprehend the suggestions for implementing Sustainable Development based on the Brundtland Commission's findings
b) Learn about the nature of SDGs
c) be informed about the current progress in achieving the SDGs
The document provides an overview and summary of key developments in sustainable development since the landmark 1987 report Our Common Future by the World Commission on Environment and Development. It discusses how the report emphasized integrating environmental, economic, and social issues in development decisions. It summarizes the major outcomes of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit which formalized an international framework for sustainable development, including the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21. While some progress has been made, serious barriers remain and environmental degradation continues to threaten development and human well-being.
Main messages It is 20 years since the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future, emphasized the need for a sustainable way of life which not only addresses current environmental challenges but also ensures a secure society well into the future. This chapter analyses the evolution of such ideas as well as global trends in relation to environment and socio-economic development.
The following are its main messages: The world has changed radically since 1987 – socially, economically and environmentally. Global population has grown by more than 1.7 billion, from about 5 billion people. The global economy has expanded and is now characterized by increasing globalization. Worldwide, GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) has increased from US$5 927 in 1987 to US$8 162 in 2004. However, growth has been distributed unequally between regions. Global trade has increased during the past 20 years, fuelled by globalization, better communication, and low transportation costs.
Technology has also changed. Communications have been revolutionized with the growth of telecommunications and the Internet. Worldwide, mobile phone subscribers increased from 2 people per 1 000 in 1990 to 220 per 1 000 in 2003. Internet use increased from 1 person per 1 000 in 1990 to 114 per 1 000 in 2003. Finally, political changes have also been extensive. Human population and economic growth has increased demand on resources. The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) recognized 20 years ago that the environment, economic and social issues are interlinked. It recommended that the three be integrated into development decision making.
In defining sustainable development, the Commission acknowledged the need for both intra- and intergenerational equity – development that meets not only today’s human needs but also those of more people in the future. Changing drivers, such as population growth, economic activities and consumption patterns, have placed increasing pressure on the environment. Serious and persistent barriers to sustainable development remain. In the past 20 years, there has been limited integration of environment into development decision making.
Environmental degradation is therefore undermining development and threatens future development progress. Development is a process that enables people to better their well-being. Long-term development can only be achieved through sustainable management of various assets: financial, material, human, social and natural. Natural assets, including water, soils, plants and animals, underpin people’s livelihoods. Environmental degradation also threatens all aspects of human well-being. Environmental degradation has been demonstrably linked to human health problems, including some types of cancers, vector-borne diseases, emerging animal to human disease transfer, nutritional deficits and respiratory illnesses.
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CRITICISMS OF THE FUTURE AVAILABILITY IN SUSTAINABLE GENDER GOAL, ACCESS TO LAND AND NON-LAND UNDER THE POPULATIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Circuits and Systems: An International Journal (CSIJ), Vol.5, No.1/2/3, July 2018
DOI: 10.5121/csij.2018.5301 1
CRITICISMS OF THE FUTURE AVAILABILITY IN
SUSTAINABLE GENDER GOAL, ACCESS TO LAND
AND NON-LAND UNDER THE POPULATIONS AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
Kasun D Ramanayake R.A
Department of Economics, University of Florence, Italy
ABSTRACT
This paper begins with the understanding that criticizes in one of the Sustainable development gender
goal, “Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to
ownership and control over land and other forms of property ” under the Populations growth and
Climate Change. Because an increasing population generates a number of challenges for today and also
in the future world. According to the results of World Population Prospect 2015, world population
reached 7.3 billion as of mid-2015 and continually increasing to 11.2 billion in 2100, In the meanwhile
world tempter anticipated to increase between 2.6 RCP and 8.6 RCP, therefore, world average sea level
increase in between from 0.4m and 0.9 m in 2010 (IPCC,2014).as a reason world need to face negative
demographical change send of this century. According to gender goals, UN wants to increase the
women's new land access. but it generates the number of unsustainable results in future, because climate
change and population growth affected to huge density and land ownership problems. Therefore in this
paper criticized this Sustainable Development Goal and gender indicators, as same as discussed
technological and sustainable suggestions under the Populations growth and Climate Change.
KEYWORDS
Climate Change, Populations, Indicator, Availability of Land
1. INTRODUCTIONS
Research from a range of source including the World Bank, the United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization, the OECD Development Centre, civil society organizations, and
academic institutions also point to another key finding illustrates ,women land ownership effects
gender inequality and sustainable developments problem in future world . “The world women
property ownership was represented less than 2 percentage of the total property ownership in
world”1.comparison to the men, especially in developing world, woman are 5 times less likely
than men to own land, and their farms are usually smaller and less spaces 2”.but world need to
understand “Discrimination against women and girls impairs progress in all other areas of
development,”3because there is an evident correlation between gender inequality, societal
poverty, eradicate extreme poverty and hunger and the failure to respect, protect and fulfill these
rights for women. the rights of the land ownerships for women as a basic element of the
sustainable development Rights to land and property include the right to own, use, access,
control, transfer, exclude, inherit and otherwise make decisions about land and related resources.
2. Circuits and Systems: An International Journal (CSIJ), Vol.5, No.1/2/3, July 2018
2
Secure rights to land are rights that are clearly defined, long-term, enforceable, appropriately
transferable, and legally and socially legitimate whole including to this concept (Gómezes and
Tran,2012) as well as the world bank reports illustrates “only independent or joint ownership can
ensure that women have access to and control over land based earnings.4” Additionally, as the
World Bank recognizes, “lights to land and natural resources increase a woman’s bargaining
power within the household, which results in increased allocation of household resources to
children and women as well as increased household welfare5.”
According to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), Fisheries and Forests in the whole of
National Food Security is main part of the gender equality "The Guidelines recognize the
importance of gender equality in land tenure as critical to the strategies to reduce hunger and
poverty, support sustainable development, and enhance the environment"6
According to a World
Bank report, “only independent or joint ownership can ensure that women have access to and
control over land based earnings.7
” but the transaction to the MDG to SDG (Sustainable
development goals) this concept were changed in the limited conditions but overall targets of
the those two policies shows similarity conditions in gender equality. According to the
introductions summary, all past study reviews strongly construct, there was a steady
relationship between women property ownership and the all economics component in the world
specially, hunger and poverty, women empower and gender equality. As a reason Sustainable
development Goals (SDG) adding the one of main targets increasing women land ownership,
Generally, it’s really the effective movement for the gender inequality in future but in this paper
mainly discuss the matter of this SDG of "Achieve gender equality and empower all women
and girls" under this goal UN introduces 17 targets, those 17 targets are categorized into 5
groups 1. Agricultural work and food security 2 Access to land and non-land assets 3 Water
and sanitation 4 Health impacts of indoor and outdoor air pollution 5 Female participation in
environmental institutions and education(GEEU,2016 )8
, but problem is really correlated in
target 2 "Access to land and non- land assets" because can world increasing the land and non-
land assets in future?, specially under effects of the climate change and population. as a reason,
this paper mainly highlights the problems of this target and how to effected to this for un-
sustainability, but impotent argumentation was world cannot stop the gender equality target, but
in same time world need to balance land access according to the sustainability conditions, this
paper also discuss the those conditions in deferent views .
2. METHODOLOGY
Paper approach mainly based on case-study method while secondary data is also taken for the
analysis. This means qualitative methods are meaningfully integrated. Selection of the areas on
takes general discussion of the world (used completely secondary data analyzes). Data need and
data source should include both primary as well as secondary research and also social and
economic research variables use to qualitative analyzes those are, especially in the world
organizations reporters were highly valuated the base contents (ex: ipcc reports, world
populations reports, un repots … etc. ) secondary data used on the analytical qualitative
methods to be used for achieving the objectives of the paper . The analytical methods to be used
for achieving the objectives 1) to understand the factors that causes: qualitative annualize use to
case study and key- information 2) to understand environment problems, density problems,
social problems: with published and unpublished reason from access to land and non-land assets
category how to effect the world using case-study method also impact of goal analysis
qualitative analysis ,effectiveness of existing policies: to be change the policy ,identification of
3. Circuits and Systems: An International Journal (CSIJ), Vol.5, No.1/2/3, July 2018
3
social and environment effects and analytical tools : case-study method .finally expected
outcomes of the study and descriptive significance 1. Disclose the magnitude of future problem
for the world 2. Suggest measures for strengthening existing policies and programs 3. Make
appropriate recommendations for formulating new policies and programs 4. Disseminate
findings to policy makers, academics, other responsible bodies and the general public
PROBLEMS STATEMENT“SDGs are likely to fail unless far more attention is given to
addressing governance challenges crucial to their implementation9
”. Actually those are not
really focused on the whole economics forecast in future, specially population and climate
changes. “goal 13 is a classic example. Those affected in the short term, such as fossil fuel
companies and their workers, will perceive themselves as “losers” if they are forced to change,
even though society as a whole will be a “winner” in the long-term by avoiding the tremendous
risks and impacts of runaway climate change”10
. According to the gender SDG, mainly
indicators used for the meshed the availability of data of women and men on the environment
and sustainable development issues and gender inequality. Those main 17 indicators are
categorized into 5 groups 1. Agricultural work and food security 2.Access to land and non-land
assets 3.water and sanitation, 4.health impacts of indoor and outdoor air pollution 5.female
participation in environmental institutions and education. According to that in sustainable goals
are not dependent only on education such as done in minimums goals therefore this was a
significant movement for the society .but in problems is being in access to land and non-land
assets category, because all concepts of the SDG gender targets forecast on the improving land
access of the women (in quantitative improvement of the yield) , according to the future effect
of the population and climate change will decrease to world land space and residential space as
a reason, is this goal really suitable to the future therefore, this paper mainly discuss, how to
effect this goal for the un-sustainability? (limitations of Land Access indicators)
3. INDICATORS (GENDER AGRICULTURE LAND ACCESS)
“A series of long-term trends, from climate change to demographics, is already reshaping the
global landscape for policymakers and practitioners, just as they set their sights on
implementing the Sustainable Development Goals by 203011
” (Mario Pezzini, 2016). According
to that increasing land access is suitable for the sustainability in future world. This that main
point which world need contraception in whole time, Specially in agriculture Land access in
worldwide because ,”The international development community has recognized that agriculture
is an engine of growth and poverty reduction in countries where it is the main occupation of the
poor12
” (World Bank, 2007)Although there are the global situations that women’s land rights
are the necessary condition for the establishing of food security and rural development,
according to the reasons statistics highlighted of these rights are still lacking. Indeed, the lack of
clear and combine statistics on land ownership and land management– that are correlated with
sex .it is fundamental principle for developing policy responses and monitoring of, inequalities
faced by women and men in rural areas (Doss et al., 2015)therefore the world needs to measure
the sex (gender) aggregate statically and theoretical movement according to the changing time
in rural areas, because the “FAO Statistics Division began encouraging countries undertaking
an agricultural census to compile and report key sex-disaggregated structural indicators,
including the share of agricultural holders by sex:”13
This is a measure of management giving by
the indicators , not only landownership, also take considerations women’s responsibilities and
management in agriculture and identified actual value of the land ownership and management at
the plot levels (WCA 2010)
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3.1. INDICATOR 1
Agricultural holders by sex or gender, measures the percentage of female and male agricultural
holders out of total agricultural holders. The indicator is created as follows
The agricultural holder is illustrated in agricultural concept as: “The civil or juridical person
who makes the major decisions regarding resource use and exercises management control over
the agricultural holding operation. The agricultural holder has technical and economic
responsibility for the holding and may undertake all responsibilities directly, or delegate
responsibilities related to day to day work management to a hired manager14
” (FAO, 2005).
An agricultural holding is defined as: “An economic unit of agricultural production under single
management comprising all livestock kept and all land used wholly or partly for agricultural
production purposes, without regard to title, legal form, or size. Single management may be
exercised by an individual or household, jointly by two or more individuals or households, by a
clan or tribe, or by a juridical person such as a corporation, cooperative or government agency.
The holding’s land may consist of one or more parcels, located in one or more separate areas or
in one or more territorial or administrative divisions, providing the parcels share the same
production means, such as labor, farm buildings, machinery or draught animals15
” (FAO 2005)
This indicator represents the management of agricultural holdings by gender, classification of
the extent how to women and men have the management responsibility of agricultural process
of production. Sometime holder is the owner and sometime not but. "While agricultural
holdings typically are land holdings, they may also comprise other agricultural production
resources, and in some cases only non-land resources16
"normally, the world represent much
more single agricultural holding as a reason the join management was lower than signal
agriculture holding therefore “the total number of holders would therefore be larger than the
total number of holdings.17
” this indicator data sources are mainly coming for the Agricultural
National and Holders censuses
3.2. INDICATOR 2
Measures the share of female and male agricultural landowners in the total population of
landowners
this flowing indicator mainly illustrates the landownership in gender vices .specially this indicator
combining with the property law because land property ownership have to be legalized under the
5. Circuits and Systems: An International Journal (CSIJ), Vol.5, No.1/2/3, July 2018
5
law and it needs to be an access for owner his property anytime and anywhere. Therefore this
indicator indirectly combines with the legal conditions therefore "ownership, it may also include
proxies, such as the right to use, sell or bequeath the land, or the right to use it as legal
collateral18
".in this indicator also represent similarity condition which was sawed in 1 indicator as
same, because land ownership can see in different peptones which are single ownership and
someone's multi ownerships and some land had multi borders which owned by the same family.
Data sources. The data used to construct Indicator 2 typically stems from large-scale household
surveys in which questions on landownership for individual household members are included in
an agricultural module (LSMS approach)
3.3. INDICATOR 3
Measures the single male and female land ownership under the total male and female total
populations, and also this indicator realizing the sole and joint ownership under the women and
by men and for any ownership
Specially this indicator represents the property rights of the man and women. if they are like to
sole or joint their own property, this indicator measures this right under the man and women
total population the main sources of data to construct this indicator are large-scale household
surveys that include questions on individual land ownership. There are currently two potential
sources of nationally representative data for constructing Indicator 2.
3.4. INDICATOR 4
Measures the share of the agricultural land area that is owned by women, men, and jointly by
men and women, using the total land area owned by households measures the share of the
agricultural land area that is owned by women, men, and jointly by men and women, using the
total land area owned by households
3.5. INDICATOR 5
Measures the share of the agricultural land value that is owned by women, men and jointly,
using the total value of land owned by households.
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Indicator 3,4,5 data collect was represented similar pattern large-scale household surveys that
include questions on individual landownership. Similarly to Indicator 4, this indicator requires
plot level data on value and ownership which is typically only available in specialized
agricultural surveys
Overall this chapter illustrates the land and non-land access data measures in world but the all
five indicators mainly forecasted on the quantitative analysis or analyzing the land and land
value data only. It was the special think which is representing this indictors.
4. LIMITATIONS AND AVAILABILITY OF INDICATORS
According this chapter mainly discuss about limitations this indicators in two different ways on
one hand illustrates limitations each by each in indicator on the other hand (second part) try to
demonstrates the common limitations of the indicators combine with the SDG gender target
(Increasing the women land and non-land Access) under the population and climate change
effect he various analyses presented in this paper provide new insights into the gendered
patterns of land ownership. Our best estimates from a review of 17 large scale micro-studies
indicate that women are disadvantaged relative to men in nearly all measures of land ownership
and bundles of rights; however, the gender gap varies widely. These statistics are typically
more equitable for management indicators, or for land with use or access rights only, while
they are less equitable for indicators based on reported or documented ownership
Indicator Limitations Availability
01 1) Measured only at the holding level and
while does not capture management
within the holding 1*
2) this concept is mainly basted on the
managerial decisions and landownership
within the holding in addition to the sex of
the holder and it illustrates the availability
of the intra-holding data in the future
3) some countries should adopt for the
minimum size of the holdings included in
the census (often due to implementation
constraints), leaving out holdings that fall
below a certain value2*
4) yearly collection of this indicator is likely
to be redundant
The FAO and GLRD World
Programmed of Agricultural
Censuses follow a 10-year cycle.
Every 10 years new guidelines and
recommendations are provided to
countries to help them generate
internationally comparable figures
on the structure of agriculture
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Table 1. Limitations and availability of Indicators
1* some of the countries in world use combining the agriculture household and agricultural
holding under their land ownership and landless situations .but it was not common in every
time, it depends on the agriculture management under the technical and economic responsibility
2* for the example, some countries should adopt for the minimum size of the holdings included in
the census.
# GLRD = The Gender and Land Rights Database
Indicator Limitations Availability
03 Collecting data on land ownership in terms of
reliability of people’s response about
whether they are owners as and lack of
documentation
The indicator is available in the
GLRD as of May 2015 for 16
countries, based on the analysis by
Doss et al. (2015) and Kieran et al.
(2015);
04 This does not tell us how many men and how
many women own land3*
As of May 2015, the GLRD has this
indicator available for six countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa and for three
countries in Asia22, based on the
analysis by Doss et al. (2015) and
Kieran et al. (2015)
05 Challenges with collecting data on land
values.
Data are currently only available for
five countries for this indicator in the
GLRD, based on the analysis by Doss
et al. (2015).23 The results are shown
More surveys are available for
processing to add to the data
availability
Table 2. Limitations and availability of Indicators
Those 5 indicates were illustrated one common view, it was quantitative change in the property
of land and Non-land access in gender vices, simply change the land access of the world .and
also those 5 indicators were represented and joined very time of the analyzing the GLRD data
(The Gender and Land Rights Database) therefore the every time the SDG are representing this
concept under the gender equality targets but there was a common challenge for the future, the
second part of this chapter illustrate this matter ,"can world increasing land access under the
climate change and population effects ?"
3* While it would not add to the picture in terms of gender inequalities it would show , degree
productive land is controlled by non-households and provide a sense of the importance of those
other players in agriculture
02 1) Land ownership that affects this and the
following indicators. The indicator is
collected in different years, depending on
when surveys are conducted in individual
countries. This may negatively affect
compared to the across countries
shows the available data for this
indicator in the GLRD#
based on
data analysis by Deere et al. (2012),
Deere & Leon (2013), Doss et al.
(2011) and Kieran et al. (2015)
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5. POPULATION EFFECT TO THE LAND ACCESS
The world population reached 7.3 billion as of mid-2015, implying that the world has added
approximately one billion people in the span of the last twelve years. Sixty per cent of the
global population lives in Asia (4.4 billion), 16 per cent in Africa (1.2 billion), 10 per cent in
Europe (738 million), 9 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean (634 million), and the
remaining 5 per cent in Northern America (358 million) and Oceania (39 million). China (1.4
billion) and India (1.3 billion) remain the two largest countries of the world, both with more
than 1 billion people, representing 19 and 18 per cent of the world’s population, respectively
Table 3. Population Of The World And Major Areas, 2015, 2030, 2050 And 2100, According To The
Medium- Variant Projection
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
(2015).World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York: United Nations
“Population growth represents 1.18 percent per year last two years but ten years ago the world
population was growing by 1.24 per cent per year or approximately19
” an additional 83 million
people for total population to annually. The world population is projected to increase by more
than one billion people within the next 15 years, reaching 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase
further to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100 (UNPR 2015)
It took hundreds of thousands of years for the world population to grow to 1 billion – then in
just another 200 years or so, it grew sevenfold. In 2011, the global population reached the 7
billion mark, and today, it stands at about 7.5 billion. This dramatic growth has been driven
largely by increasing numbers of people surviving to reproductive age, and has been
accompanied by major changes in fertility rates, increasing urbanization and accelerating
migration. These trends will have far-reaching implications for generations to come. The recent
past represented enormous changes in fertility (birth) rates and life expectancy. In the early 70,
women had on average 4.5 children, total fertility for the world had fallen to around 2.3
children per woman in today. Meanwhile, average Global life spans have risen, from 64.8 years
in the early 1990s to 70.0 in 2017. In the meantime, the world is showing high levels of
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urbanization and accelerating migration. in 2050 about 66 per cent of the world population will
be living in cities.(UNDP 2014)The higher growth in the world population after the sound
world war is positively the result of advance in modern medicines and improvements in living
and life standards. as a reason reduced infant, child, and maternal death rate, contributing to an
increase in life expectancy. Also, child birth rate levels have declined, The world population
will continue to grow up for until the end of this century. This is the result of population trends
Because of improved survival rates and past high childbirth levels, This will be affected by an
increasingly large number of births, after 2060 it will almost exclusively be driven by fertility
levels in the world’s least developed countries. Reaching population nearly 8 billons today, it is
generated many problems in recently and population continently increasing nearly 11 .2 billon
in between today and 2100 (UNPR 2015) in this effect makes a number of problems in the
future world which is really serious problems. and UNPR report mentioned adding the new 4
billons total population end of this century 3 billon is generated by African region, it means
African population is most highlighting factor of the future world population. The problem is
begging around world resources, are there all land space and natural resources enough for the
total population in 2100? The simple answer is defiantly in not enough for saving the human in
this planet .theirs effects are generated so many interrelated challenges for the world
RESIDENCE in future, such as health problems, food, and SPACE PROBLEMS, human right,
energy, challenges law and institutional and etc. Unprecedentedly, today, the world population
is encountering unfamiliar human-induced changes in the lower and middle atmospheres and
world-wide depletion of various other natural systems (e.g. soil fertility, aquifers, ocean
fisheries, and biodiversity in general). “Beyond the early recognition that such changes would
affect economic activities, infrastructure and managed ecosystems, there is now recognition that
global climate change poses risks to Human Population20
” (WHO). On other hand Agriculture
land in the 21st century faces multiple challenges: it has to produce more food and fiber to feed
a growing population with a smaller rural labor force, more feedstock’s for a potentially huge
bio energy market, contribute to overall development in the many agriculture-dependent
developing countries, adopt more efficient and sustainable production methods and adapt to
climate change.(HOW;2009) therefore ,according to the SDG gender targets "can world
increasing land access under the climate change and population effects ?" because according to
the populations growth agricultural land use is steeper than the slope of the location rent
function for forestry land use. Therefore, rural lands with relatively greater accessibility to
markets and the population are more likely to be converted to or retained in agricultural land
use, and rural lands in remote locations are more likely to be converted to or retained in forestry
use. A number of empirical studies of tropical deforestation model the effect of accessibility to
markets on conversion of undisturbed forests to agriculture (Chomitz and Gray; Parks, Barbier,
and Burgess).it clearly represents if the world needs to the incoming land access (whatever
access of men or women ) the only option is using the rural forest lands, again this paper argue
thus is the sustainability which world hope to make while protect the gender equality because
density problems is really effected to the future world Another obvious population pattern is the
big difference in population between Earth's most populated countries China and India and
other countries. (NASA 2016) in 2100 estimations, Asia and North and South American regions
are most density areas, in mean time whole over the world completely filling the peoples
because this data represented only in 9.5 billons only, but real effect is nearly 11.2 billion,
6. CLIMATE EFFECT TO THE LAND ACCESS
“This environment change directly affected by the negative change of the air and water
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pollution, loss of biodiversity, wildlife habitat fragmentation, and increased flooding. And also
it makes combining effects of climate change, therefore these effects are changing land base is
privately owned therefore it is important to understand how socioeconomic and environmental
factors affect private landowners’ decisions concerning land use.21
”Availability of the land use
depend on modeled at the individual or aggregate level, especially describe areas or proportions
and certain land use categories within a well-defined geographic area , this geographical
exceptions dependent on the social economics and environment situations in world(Alig and
Healy; Parks and Murray; Stavins and Jaffe; Zhang and Nagubadi). Final expiations of the
models of land use allocation that not only utilize aggregate but also environment estimate
proportions of land shares more valuable for the land allocation in today (Miller and Plantinga),
According to the SDG in gender targets really illustrated only utilizations in women's
propositions of the land share,therefore the problem is this target. really unmatched for the
sustainability correct conditions of the the future land access dependent on the large scale
models, spatial variability of prices, economic and climatic conditions and also in addition to
site characteristics and location, also to include variables such as observable returns to
agriculture, forestry, and residential uses (Lubowski, Plantinga, and Stavins; Miller and
Plantinga) or property taxes (Polyakov and Zhang).therefore the climate and environment
effects are strong conditions for the future land access. And also “increasingly important as
conditions change and the likelihood of major ecological shifts increases. These changes will
decrease the relevance of current models and practices for managing ecological resources and
fisheries stocks, LAND, leading the management of many marine resources into uncharted
waters. Nonetheless, no regret management strategies that reduce the impact of local stresses
while maintaining ecological resilience will play an increasingly important role as the climate
changes22
”.
“Actions that reduce the flow of nutrients and sediments from coastal catch- means, for
example, as well as those that reduce activities such as the deforestation of mangroves and the
overfishing of key ecological species (e.g., herbivores)23
”, “will become increasingly important
as the impacts of climate change mount. NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT must also
remain flexible in order to absorb the sudden and nonlinear changes that are likely to
characterize the behavior of most ecosystems into the future.24
”Land is the Natural recourse,
According to the all of the lecturer represented the world cannot use much more natural lands
under this population and climate change conditions but SDG gender targets faces on the
increasing land access ,therefore world need ask is this correct movement for the future
As same as the world density problem highly effect to the world law and pieces in end of the
this century In mean time increasing average world tempter in between 2.6 RCP to 8.6 RCP
therefore this effect rising the average sea level from 0.4m to 0.9 m between 2010 and. as a
reason world need anticipate really negative demographical change end of this century because
world land spaces to melt to the sea in this effect according to the scientifically annualize
represented London, Paris, Mississippi Miami and mush more economic and demographical
valuable places despaired in this plant (IPCC 2014)25
”.the overall idea of upper chapter mainly
highlighted world population is increasing and makes huge density problem and also climate
change both affected to the makes real property problem in the future world, therefore, land or
property is the much valuable component in future society. but according to the 17 indicators
second category (Access To Land and Non-Land Assets) is actually suitable for the society and
sustainability because according to the this accept UN will face to future this targets to take
success
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According to overall idea of this targets illustrates , if UN wants to reach this target need to be
an increase the land use in future but the matter is, Can World increase the land access in future
?, because world density is much higher in future world and mean time climate change affected
to decreasing the land if the world need to increase the land access the only option is
deforestation then the next chapter illustrate population, climate change and deforestation
(Green Effects ) how to effects to the future sustainability.
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
“Important factors affecting the allocation of land between rural and developed uses, between
agricultural and forestry uses26
”, First, “we implement a spatially explicit econometric model of
land use land cover change that models changes between rural and urban uses, between
agricultural and forestry uses, and between forest cover types. This model can be used to
forecast land use change at a small (sub watershed and watershed) scale and serve as a useful
tool for ecologists, hydrologists27
”, and city and county planners. Second, our model
simultaneously describes land use changes occurring among several different land use classes
as opposed to modeling changes for each initial land use separately. “This allows better
utilization of land use change data where probabilities of changes are relatively low and
probabilities of retention are relatively high. Third, we find that accessibility to population
drives not only the transition of rural land uses to developed land and allocation between
forestry and agricultural uses, but also transition between forest cover types (forest management
types)28
”.therefore land access is directly effected to the deforestation in future world moreover
it doesn't matter who is the owner of this land may be women or men this happen in similar
ways therefore this concept directly effects to the SDG especially gender equality target which
was represented in upper. then what is the real concept of future women's land access according
to the SDG while protecting the sustainability. Therefore the world needs to concentrations not
increasing the land access in quantitatively because it directly over bound with the deforestation
as a reason solutions are generating in the agricultural technology vices
7. CONCLUSIONS
The world population increasing the mush huger number in end of this century .especially the
African population directly affected by the population growth makes number of social-cultural
problems, may be some time it makes another disaster in future. therefore as the world we need
to found sustainable solutions for this especially that solutions are generated by the
technological innovations, therefore, world need to motivate technical education and
experiment and research for the peaceful world , social science are not giving permanent
solutions for this matters because social science are not generated tangible solutions for the
problem surfaces therefore world need many technical innovations The push for economic
growth in recent decades has led to substantial increases in wealth for large numbers of people
across the globe. But despite huge gains in global economic output, there is evidence that our
current social, political and economic systems are exacerbating inequalities, A growing body of
research also suggests that rising income inequality is the cause of economic and social ills,
ranging from low consumption to social and political unrest, and is damaging to our future
economic well- being. Put simply, we need jobs for the hundreds of millions of unemployed
people around the world, and we need the skilled employees that businesses are struggling to
find. Every country will implement its own climate action plan that will be reviewed in 2018
and then every five years to ratchet up ambition levels.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
1. The “2 percent” (or “1 percent”) figure has been widely reproduced, and most commonly traces citations
back to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
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2. Taken from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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3. UN System Task Team (2012). Realizing the Future We Want for All, 23.
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11 .The 2008 World Development Report presented compelling empirical evidence from a wide range of
countries that supports this finding (World Bank, 2007)
12.A census of agriculture is a statistical operation for collecting, processing and disseminating data on the
structure of agriculture, covering the whole or a significant part of
thecountry.http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1595e/i1595e00.htm,http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-
wca/wca-2000/ess-wca2000-tables/en/
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14. The FAO World Programmes of Agricultural Censuses follow a 10-year cycle.
15.
Di Gregorio et al., 2008 cited in Lastarria-Cornhiel et al., 2014
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