Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
A hand note on water resource management, specially in the context of Bangladesh. I prepared the note for the MS final exam on the course water resource management.
The increasing role of groundwater in the global water policy: Is groundwater mining an acceptable solution? Ramón Llamas, Director of the Water Observatory, Botín Foundation. International Annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conference 2012/2013. Preparing for the 2013 International Year. Water Cooperation: Making it Happen! 8-10 January 2013
This presentation covers the sustainable water resources in India. It also covers the concepts of sustainablity, government policies and the role of the society in promoting water sustainability.
Disaster Management Flooding and Landslidesonika patel
Management of disaster on the basis of Guidelines framework, of landslide & Flooding with the respective case study and flood forecasting and management
Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
A hand note on water resource management, specially in the context of Bangladesh. I prepared the note for the MS final exam on the course water resource management.
The increasing role of groundwater in the global water policy: Is groundwater mining an acceptable solution? Ramón Llamas, Director of the Water Observatory, Botín Foundation. International Annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conference 2012/2013. Preparing for the 2013 International Year. Water Cooperation: Making it Happen! 8-10 January 2013
This presentation covers the sustainable water resources in India. It also covers the concepts of sustainablity, government policies and the role of the society in promoting water sustainability.
Disaster Management Flooding and Landslidesonika patel
Management of disaster on the basis of Guidelines framework, of landslide & Flooding with the respective case study and flood forecasting and management
Drought risk and resilience decision support - Chris Hughes, Arup, at IWA 2019The Resilience Shift
Chris Hughes, drought specialist at Arup, has written a guest blog for the Resilience Shift. In it he discusses some of the ways cities might better prepare for drought and resilience to water scarcity. Chris spoke about the work of his team recently at the IWA Conference on Efficient Water Management in Manila in January this year and referenced the Resilience Shift, and its work on the City Water Resilience Approach and online collaboration tool. You can see his presentation here.
Policy Tools to Achieve Urban Water SecurityRobert Brears
TRADITIONALLY, URBAN WATER managers, faced with increasing demand for water alongside varying levels of supplies, have relied on largescale, supply-side infrastructural
projects, such as dams and reservoirs, to meet increased demands for water. This supply-side approach, however, is under increasing pressure from climate change, rapid population and economic growth and even land-use changes impacting the availability of good quality water of sufficient quantities. To enhance urban water security, water managers are turning towards demand-side management.
Presentation by Dr A Qayyum, Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme, Bangladesh at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
One of the main highlights in preparing an AMSHeR Progress Report had to be our 10th Anniversary. That’s 10 eventful years of promoting non-discrimination for MSM/LGBT individuals, building partnerships and achieving our mission of a healthy and empowered LGBT community in Africa. May this landmark occasion introduce an exciting new chapter of strengthening our leadership and, especially, celebrating the great contributions of our 18 members across 15 African countries, as well as our global partners.
Approximately 97.5% of the water on our planet is located in theoceans and is therefore classified as seawater. Freezing is one of the methods used for desalination.
Desalination · Freezing · Non-direct contact freezing · Persian Gulf
Today’s world is all about
accessibility. If taxis were easy to
hail, we wouldn’t need Uber. If
books were affordable, then we
wouldn’t need kindles. If it was
easy to ask a girl out at a party,
we wouldn’t need Tinder.
Uber gives you the GPS
whereabouts of your driver with
the model of their vehicle; Kindle
gives you recommendations
on what book to read next
based on your previous
purchase; and Tinder gives you
a shot at meeting someone
you might not have the guts
to introduce yourself to. They
have all created a promise
that is unique by positioning
themselves as ruler of their
game within the marketplace,
quickly becoming a necessity
in your life. This is branding.
Every morning, on your commute
to work, whether by foot,
public transport or car, you are
bombarded with a visual feast of
billboards, automobiles, apparel,
technology, bumper stickers,
advertising screens, radio… the
list goes on. Some of these
products get lost in the chaos
and fall under the radar. Then
you see a mark that draws you
in. The shoe with the swoosh
on the side, a familiar tagline
on a poster, or the slick looking
mobile phone with the graphiteback
that grabs your attention.
It might be that you have never
seen this brand before. It’s your
first date and you’re trying to
work it out. It’s intrigued you and
you want to know more. Through
their unique combinations of
design, color and typography,
they have incited your curiosity
and captured your attention.
Behind these products are
companies with a deep
understanding of their audience
and how to engage with their
target consumer. They have
taken a strategic and bold
approach to standing out from
the crowd and are becoming a bigger piece of the puzzle.
Position Statement on the Use of Dominance Theory in Behavior Modification of...Fanus van Straten
Dominance is defined as a relationship between
individual animals that is established by
force/aggression and submission, to determine
who has priority access to multiple resources
such as food, preferred resting spots, and mates
(Bernstein 1981; Drews 1993). A dominancesubmissive
relationship does not exist until one
individual consistently submits or defers. In
such relationships, priority access exists primarily
when the more dominant individual is present
to guard the resource. For instance, in a herd
comprised of several bulls and many cows, the
subordinate males avoid trying to mate when
the dominant bull is near or they defer when the
dominant bull approaches (Yin 2009). However,
they will mate with females when the dominant
bull is far away, separated by a barrier, or out of
visual sight. By mating in this manner, subordinate
bulls are not challenging the dominant
bull’s rank; rather, they are using an alternate
strategy for gaining access to mates.
In our relationship with
our pets, priority access to
resources is not the major
concern. The majority of
behaviors owners want to
modify, such as excessive
vocalization, unruly greetings,
and failure to come
when called, are not related
to valued resources and
may not even involve aggression.
Rather, these behaviors
occur because they
have been inadvertently
rewarded and because alternate
appropriate behaviors
have not been trained
instead. Consequently, what
owners really want is not to
gain dominance, but to obtain
the ability to influence their pets to perform
behaviors willingly —which is one accepted
definition of leadership (Knowles and Saxberg
1970; Yin 2009).
Anton Neethling Senior and Anton Neethling jr., the Founders of EBA Health and Wellness, started EBA Health and Wellness Centers (pty) ltd with the vision of healing peoples cause of disease instead of treating the symptoms - www.ebahealth.co.za
Contact - http://cv.wordpressconsultant.co.za/contact/
SKILL SUMMARY
• IT, WordPress Consultant, web design & development
• WordPress, PHP, HTML5, CSS3, MySQL, Javascript
• Proficient with Google Applications for Business
• Integration with social media networking like LinkedIn/Facebook/Twitter/Google+/Blogs…
• Good understanding & knowledge of the overall media & Internet landscape
• Core function – WordPress
PERSONAL
• Able to work effectively
• Good self-management and interpersonal skills
• Passionate about the Web
• Strong people skills with the ability to work as a team
• Good communication skills, both verbally and writing
• Understanding and appreciation of the need for professionalism
• Ability to work with a variety of clients, and good communication skills
• Hard working and eager to learn
• Open minded, receptive to new and different ideas and the opinions of others
EDUCATION
• Mathematics
• Science
• Biology
• History
• English
• Afrikaans
The A to Z of Adobe Illustrator – design & illustrationFanus van Straten
The Adobe Illustrator toolbar is jam-packed with useful tools you may have used a million times or that may be entirely unfamiliar to you. Add to that the numerous panels and effects, and this program can create most any type of artwork. This A–Z list breaks down every tool in the Illustrator toolbar, with a link to a quick tip.
This document sets out general issues related to the
Telkom Internet service and contains the Telkom Internet
Acceptable Use Policy (AUP).
Your Telkom Internet account provides you access to a vast
collection of networks around the world via the World Wide
Web, electronic mail, and File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Your
use of these services is subject to the AUP.
It is our intention to allow Telkom customers access to everything
the internet has to offer, with minimal or no interference.
Our belief in free speech is a firm commitment to
our customers. However, certain activities are considered
inappropriate by the internet community at large and
cannot be permitted under the guise of free speech.
Save as may be set out herein, we do not monitor the
activity of accounts, except for measurements of system
utilization and billing records. However, in our efforts to
promote good citizenship within the Internet community,
if we become aware of inappropriate use of our service,
we will respond appropriately.
If a Telkom Internet account is used in a manner which
violates this AUP, we reserve the right to terminate the
service without notice. Our preferred course of action is
to advise you of the inappropriate behaviour and any
corrective action that is necessary. However, certain
circumstances may warrant immediate termination of the
Telkom Internet service without notice.
As a member of our network community, we encourage
you to use your internet access responsibly. Should you
have any questions regarding this policy, feel free to contact
us at 10210.
Reports of activity in violation of this policy may be sent
via e-mail to abuse@telkomsa.net.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Protecting Your Account
3 Account and Network Security
4 Electronic Mail
5 Protection of Network Performance
6 Personal Home Pages
7 Third Party Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
8 Illegal Activities
9 Fair usage policy
10 Breach of the Acceptable Use Policy
11 General
Search Engine Land’s Periodic Table Of SEO Success Factors is designed to depict the factors that will help your website succeed in gaining more visitors from organic search.
http://wordpressconsultant.co.za/
Introducing Windows 8.1 Preview and Windows RT 8.1 Preview
Windows 8.1 Preview is the next step forward for a truly modern computing experience
with the widest possible range of devices: from the smallest tablets and convertibles
to the sleekest and highest-powered notebooks, all delivering the latest advances in screens, battery life, performance, and design. Microsoft and its expansive partner community continue to innovate and deliver imaginative and diverse hardware to meet the needs and preferences of the 1.2 billion Windows users around the world.
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/preview
Cape Town based suppliers & manufactures of portable & mobile massage tables, beds & accessories to the health & beauty industry in South Africa.
Standard model portable bed/plinth - R1799.00
Adjustable model portable bed/plinth - R1999.00
Protective carry covers - R375.00
Beauty & Nail Technician Trolley (Aliminium) - R999.00
Fixed steel framed massage bed/plinth - R2599.00
Wooden framed massage bed/plinth - R2940.00
Beauty & Nail Technician Trolley - R1235.00
Therapist stools with gas lift - R499.00
Small nail tables in steel frame – Black/White - R599.00
Pedicure & manicure tables with drawers - R2599.00
Re-upholstery of beds - R459
Above product on our website - http://compacthealthsystems.co.za/our-products/
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
What is the point of small housing associations.pptx
Critical water shortages disaster plan summary
1. October 2017
Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan – Public Summary
This is a public summary of the City of Cape Town’s Critical Water Shortages Disaster
Plan.
It explains the disaster plan but does not provide operational details, which are
sensitive in a disaster scenario.
The full plan, comprising three phases, and its supporting sectoral operational plans
and protocols, which guide City operations and preparedness actions is the City’s
operational blueprint in the unlikely event of critical water shortages.
The plan and relevant operational details will be shared with intergovernmental
partners supporting the response and appropriate information will be made public
during each phase to enable supporting actions from the public, business and civil
society.
It assumes no additional water into our system before the next rainy season.
It is important to stress the severity of the situation that Cape Town faces because of
the unprecedented and protracted drought.
With the winter rainfall season mostly behind us, it is clear that we are in a much
worse position than we were at the same time last year.
We are now in Phase 1 of the disaster plan which entails water rationing. The other
two phases comprises disaster phases and more extreme disaster interventions.
Phase 1
Disruption of water supply in some areas should be expected as we introduce water
rationing through further pressure management and limiting supply.
These measures are needed to avoid entering Phase 2.
While the City and its partners are taking all possible measures to ensure that Phase 2
of the Disaster Plan does not need to be deployed, avoiding intensive water
rationing cannot be achieved by the City alone and requires a collective effort by
all residents.
If we don’t pull together now and drive down water usage even further, we face
the risk of disrupting the daily lives of our households and businesses. The risks we
face individually and as a City increase significantly in phases 2 and 3 (please see
the disaster plan summary to follow).
2. In order to avoid this disruption, everyone in the city will have to endure some
discomfort and inconvenience, but this will be better than the alternative, which is
extensive disruption at a later point.
The drought and actions required to get Cape Town through a difficult time are
everyone’s responsibility, and while the City will continue to lead this process, all
residents are going to need to contribute and to take leadership in their own
communities.
All water must be conserved now, including non-drinking water from boreholes and
other sources.
Richard Bosman
Executive Director of Safety and Security
City of Cape Town
4. CRITICAL WATER SHORTAGES DISASTER PLAN – PUBLIC SUMMARY
Page 1 of 6
The Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan for the City of Cape Town constitutes the
corporate plan for managing increasingly severe drought conditions as they intensify
over time. The plan details actions for the City and its constituent line functions, in
the areas of its local government competencies.
This corporate plan, along with the supporting sector plans, form the basis of
response planning by the City’s intergovernmental partners and supporting entities.
The disaster plan for managing critical water shortages adopts a pessimistic
approach, and assumes very little additional supply will arise from water
augmentation measures, such as desalination and increased ground water
abstraction.
This pessimistic approach ensures the City is prepared for a worst-case scenario.
The Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan for the City is an actively managed set of
preparedness and implementation plans for sectors, such as Water and Sanitation,
Fire Services, Metro Police, Traffic Services, City Health, Recreation and Parks, Social
Development and Early Childhood Development, as well as various other critical
and supporting services, communication protocols and decision processes.
The plan is designed to account for changing conditions in time, particularly those
relating to the available supply of the Western Cape Water Supply System (WCWSS)
including water use by agriculture and other municipalities from the main supply
dams.
Principles and objectives of the Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan
The Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan for the City of Cape Town is based on the
following fundamental principles which provide a basis for decision-making:
• Minimising the impact of the critical water shortages on human life, dignity
and property;
This is a public summary of the City of Cape Town’s Critical Water Shortages
Disaster Plan.
The plan, and its supporting sectoral operational plans and protocols, are
guiding City operations and preparedness actions. The plan and relevant
operational details will be shared with intergovernmental partners
supporting the response and appropriate information will be made public
during each phase to enable supporting actions from the public, business,
civil society, etc.
5. CRITICAL WATER SHORTAGES DISASTER PLAN – PUBLIC SUMMARY
Page 2 of 6
• Ensuring the continuation of critical services, such as health and safety and
security services, to the public;
• Ensuring the disaster is prevented from escalating by employing appropriate
mitigation measures;
• Ensuring the effects of the disaster on the day-to-day life of the City’s
residents are reduced;
• Ensuring the protection of the City’s infrastructure;
• Ensuring every person in the city has access to sufficient water to drink and is
able to maintain health and hygiene;
• Ensuring appropriate measures are in place to limit and respond to outbreaks
of water-borne diseases.
• The most vulnerable residents of the city are least able to adapt to an
escalating disaster and will require prioritised support;
The Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan provides for emergency
procedures that are to be implemented in the event of a disaster
occurrence, including:
i. the allocation of responsibilities to role players and the processes of co-
ordination in the carrying out of those responsibilities
ii. prompt disaster response and relief that will:
save lives
reduce further risk exposure
reduce suffering
protect property
reduce economic and social losses
protect property
protect the environment, and
provide for the safety and health of all responders
iii. disaster recovery and rehabilitation focused on risk elimination and mitigation
iv. the emergency procurement of essential goods and services
v. the establishment of strategic communication links; and
vi. the dissemination of information
Phased approach to disaster response
The Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan is structured into three phases, which
represent progressive levels of severity and disruption, which require three distinct
operational responses. The phased approach represents options to ration water use,
with each progressive phase responding to an increasingly severe shortage of water
supply.
Phase 1: Preservation Restrictions – rationing
The City is currently implementing Phase 1 which includes operational actions which
6. CRITICAL WATER SHORTAGES DISASTER PLAN – PUBLIC SUMMARY
Page 3 of 6
are activated to prevent the City from having to enter into Phase 2: Disaster
Restrictions.
As at the end of September 2017, the National Department of Water and Sanitation
(DWS) requires that the City institute a 40% saving across urbanised areas. This
necessitates consumption to be driven down to approximately 500 million litres of
collective usage per day. It is anticipated that this restriction level may be increased
by the DWS.
The City cannot afford to exceed predefined water consumption limits as set by the
water restriction levels.
Implementation of this phase includes instituting water rationing through limiting
supply and advanced pressure management. Limiting supply entails the controlled
manual closing of valves to reticulation sub-districts in the city to further drive down
demand. Advanced pressure management entails the limitation of water into the
water reticulation system through automatic controllers at specific choke points.
This process does not result in a complete shutdown of the water reticulation system,
but it will severely limit available water supply in the system per day, some areas may
experience water supply outages. During such time, there may be short periods of
limited to no water available to some neighbourhoods. Water users will need to
make alternative arrangements for water or store water for usage. It is advised that
up to five litres of water is kept as emergency storage for essential usage in the
event of intermittent supply. Excessive storage of municipal drinking water is not
allowed and water usage must comply with the water restrictions.
The City cannot provide definitive timetables of the outages as the water systems
need to be managed flexibly to avoid damage to critical infrastructure. Any zoned
outages will likely occur during peak water usage times in the mornings and
evenings.
The City will continue to install water management devices to limit the consumption
of users who are exceeding the water restriction levels. Further restriction levels will
be announced as necessary to drive down consumption to a safe level.
Critical services such as clinics and hospitals will be largely unaffected and
mitigation measures will be put in place if they experience intermittent water supply.
Phase 2: Disaster Restrictions
Phase 2: Disaster Restrictions will be implemented if and when the total available
surface water storage in the City’s allocation from the Western Cape Water Supply
System reaches a point where intensive daily rationing is required to ensure the City
has enough water supply to safely reach the next rainfall season or the activation of
7. CRITICAL WATER SHORTAGES DISASTER PLAN – PUBLIC SUMMARY
Page 4 of 6
non-surface water augmentation. Water rationing in this phase will be aimed at
maintaining human life and critical services.
Implementation of Phase 2 will be considered when there is a high likelihood the
dam storage will drop below 10% before the onset of the winter rains.
This is significantly different from Preservation Restrictions in that the City will more
actively assume control over the daily water supply available to households and
businesses.
Strategic commercial areas, high-density areas with significant risk of increased
burden of disease, such as informal settlements, and critical services, such as
hospitals, where possible, will continue to receive drinking water through normal
channels. Significant monitoring and enforcement will be put in place to ensure that
water usage at these points is significantly reduced.
To supply water to residents, water collection sites will be established across the city.
The location of water collection is determined by various factors, such as proximity
to appropriate water reticulation infrastructure, accessibility, population density and
the safety of premises.
Large numbers of households and businesses will be unable to access drinking water
in their homes and places of work. Residents will be able to collect a predefined
quantity of drinking water per person per day from these collection sites.
The City’s law enforcement and policing resources, as well as the various resources
of our intergovernmental partners, such as the South African Police Service and the
South African National Defence Force, will be deployed to ensure that general
safety is maintained throughout the city in this phase.
In order to preserve the integrity of the sewerage system, the water system will not
be shut down completely, as this will cause the sewerage system to fail. In order to
keep the sewerage systems in flow and running, the City will inject supplementary
sources of water at strategic points.
The available options for injection include:
treated effluent water
groundwater
sea water
non-drinking water
For each of the aforementioned options, consideration for maintaining public health
standards will occur in order to prevent the spread of water-borne diseases.
It should be noted that the City will do everything in its power to prevent the need
for Phase 2: Disaster Restrictions to be implemented. However, the City is prepared
8. CRITICAL WATER SHORTAGES DISASTER PLAN – PUBLIC SUMMARY
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to implement disaster restrictions if it is necessary to reduce the daily consumption
from the dams to ensure the continuity of basic water supply until no longer
required.
Phase 3: Full-scale disaster implementation
Phase 3: Full-scale disaster implementation is the extreme disaster scenario which
would occur if the Western Cape Water Supply System no longer has surface water
supply which the City can access.
Non-surface drinking water supplies, sourced from groundwater abstraction from
various aquifers and spring water, will be available for drinking purposes only. The
City will distribute this water, supplemented by bottled water, to residents through
water distribution points. Critical services will be significantly reduced.
This scenario can be avoided with progressive rationing in Phase 1 and 2.
As a responsible City, the likelihood of such a risk materialising must be balanced
against the potential impact of that risk. It is therefore necessary that the City and its
residents and stakeholders plan for such a situation if it were to occur.
Constant monitoring, updating and revision are key to this dynamic situation. The
City will continue to use absolutely all drought interventions at its disposal.
In order to get through as much of the expected harsh summer ahead,
consumption must be reduced to at least 500 million litres per day.
Addressing the lack of water in our system can only be done if all water users
collectively contribute to help us to mitigate this crisis. As a City, we will do whatever
it takes to get through this great challenge. We will act within the confines of the law
and not erratically and we will use all of our powers and responsibilities in
accordance with our disaster status.
Getting through this unprecedented drought remains our priority.
For information on how to meet the 87-litre per day usage requirement, residents
should please visit the water restrictions page on the City’s website:
www.capetown.gov.za/thinkwater and utilise our water calculator:
http://bit.ly/ThinkWaterCalculatorCT
Residents can contact the City via email to water@capetown.gov.za for queries
about the water pressure reduction, or to report contraventions of the water
restrictions (evidence should be provided to assist the City’s enforcement efforts), or
they can send an SMS to 31373.
9. CRITICAL WATER SHORTAGES DISASTER PLAN – PUBLIC SUMMARY
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Water supplied by the City remains safe to drink and is tested in accordance with
safety standards.
Please check your water usage by registering on e-services http://cct.gov.za/sh5O5.
For more information on water management devices, please visit
http://cct.gov.za/mXos4.
City of Cape Town