Presentation at Korea-Indonesia Forum on Disaster Management in Coastal Areas

1. Climate Change and Urban Disaster Prevention
Strategy in Coastal Area
Byoung Jae Lee
Director, Urban Disaster Prevention & Water Resource Research Center

2. Contents
I. Climate Change and Natural Disasters in Korea
II. Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy
III. Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning in Coastal Area
IV. Urban Disaster Prevention Policy in Korea

3. 1. Climate Change and Trend
2. Korea’s Natural Disasters in Recent Years
Ⅰ. Climate Change and Natural Disasters in Korea

4. 4
 The scenario of new climate change scenario will have more impact on climate change
than the existing scenario
 In the case of RCP scenario, climate will change more markedly upward than SRES scenario as
predicted in the 4th IPCC Evaluation Report
 In the case of Korea, it is expected that by 2050 the average temperate will rise from current 2.0℃ to 3.2℃,
while precipitation will increase from current 11.5% to 15.6%
< Expected Average Annual Temperature Changes(RCP8.5)
> Second Half of
21st Century
(2070-2099)
Current
< Expected Average Annual Precipitation Changes(RCP8.5) >
Current Second Half of
21st Century
(2070-2099)
Climate Change and Trend

5. 5
 Precipitation intensity increased as the amount of precipitation increased while the
number of days with precipitation decreased; draught to become more serious as
evapotranspiration increases due to temperature rise
 By the end of 21st century, it is expected that Korea’s average temperature will rise by
4℃, precipitation by 17%, and sea level by 20.9 ㎝ respectively
 The number of heavy rain days is expected to increase and the incidence of powerful
typhoon is also expected to increase (19%→26%)
< Expected Precipitation Change >< Expected Temperature Change >
Climate Change and Trend

6. 6
 State of Damage Caused by Natural Disaster by Year (1971~2014)
 In comparison to 1970s, the amount of property damage increased by approximately 7.4 times
 The number of humancasualties decreasedfor the same period by approximately 78% (330 → 72 persons),but
largescaledamages werealwaysaccompaniedby considerablenumberof casualties
Source: 2014 Disaster Yearbook (National Emergency Management Agency, 2015).
Note: Amount of damage is the converted amount to 2014 value.
2.75-fold increase
1.23-fold increase
2.17-fold increase
Approximately 7.36-fold increase
compared to the 1970s
Human Casualties
Property Damage One hundred
million Won
Person
Year
Korea’s Natural Disasters in Recent Years

7. 7
 Flood Damage and Flooding Area (1983~2014)
(백만원) (ha)
Flooding
Area
Damage
(년도)
Korea’s Natural Disasters in Recent Years
Damage
Flooding Area

8. Ⅱ. Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy
1.VulnerableUrbanEnvironment
2.UrbanDisasterPreventionStrategyinKorea

9. 9
 Land Use without considering Vulnerability
Vulnerable Urban Environment

10. 10
 Infrastructure without considering Vulnerability
Vulnerable Urban Environment

11. 11
 Increase of Impermeable Area
Vulnerable Urban Environment

12. 12
 For cities to better adapt and respond to heavy rain disaster caused by
climate change (bigger size, routinization), a Comprehensive Disaster
Prevention System needs to be constructed in which all the constituents
of a city respond in harmony to an impending disaster
 Comprehensive Disaster Prevention System denotes a system that shares disaster risks in
linkage with and in response to urban land use, urban infrastructure (park, green belt),
complexes (i.e., housing complex), buildings, and citizens in addition to traditional
disaster prevention system (river, sewer, pump station)
 Comprehensive Disaster Prevention System can be constructed more effectively, utilizing
spatial planning such as urban planning and design
- Runoff reduction through enhancement of storage and infiltration capacity of ground surfaces in
addition to risk sharing of enlarged disasters
- Alleviation of loads on traditional disaster prevention system (Secondary effect)
1) Basic Direction of Disaster Prevention in Response to Climate Change
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

13. 13
< Measures for Disaster Prevention in Cities based on Disaster Size >
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

14. 14
 What is PSR Strategy?
 PSR, a modern version of our ancestor’s spatial drainage system (valley - small pond - village(natural & man-made water
ways) – large pond – river), denotes a multilayered urban disaster prevention strategy that delays runoff of rainwater or
stores it ‘’layer after layer” taking characteristics of the scope of direct and indirect disaster influences into consideration
- Disaster vulnerable site (S), a scope of direct disaster influence, human lives and property should be protected
through land use measures, restriction on installation of urban infrastructure, and LID application taking disaster risks
such as inundation depth into consideration
- In urban responding region (R), which is a scope of indirect disaster influence, impacts within disaster vulnerable sites
(S) should be mitigated by instituting disaster reduction measures such as reduction of rainwater runoff or surface
water delay utilizing urban planning facilities taking slope of the region and catchment area into consideration
< PSR Strategy Concept >
P ★
S
RS
R
★
P
R
P
S
Grade1 Grade2 Grade3 R
S
P
2) Total Disaster Prevention System Implementation Considering Regional Disaster Pattern and
Characteristic : PSR Strategy
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

15. 15
 Illustration of PSR-based disaster reducing urban design techniques
1. Flood damage influencing area division 2. Land use arrangement
3. Disaster vulnerable area(S) measures 4. Urban responding area(R) measures
Low risk areas(R)
Medium risk
areas(S2)
High risk areas(S1)
Low Lands
High Lands
Medium risk
areas(S2)
Low risk areas(R)
Medium risk
areas(S2)
High risk areas(S1)
Construction of
Retention Facility
Elevation of Ground
Level / Buildings Resistant
to Flooding
Low risk areas(R)
Medium risk
areas(S2)
High risk areas(S1)
Residential Districts
Commercial Districts
Sports, Leisure Districts
Open Space
Road Drainage
Permeable Pavement
Wetlands
Green Roof
Rain Barrel
Temporary Retention Pond
Constant Retention Pond
Floodplain
Manmade Wetland
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

16. 16
< Trinity River Project (Dallas, USA) > < Example of Erosion Control Facility >
 Measures for Disaster Occurring Point (Point)
 Take structural measures mainly with disaster prevention facilities
- Reinforce dykes, enlarge sewer or storage capacity, expand pump stations, install
erosion control facilities, etc.
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

17. 17
 Measures for Disaster Vulnerable Site (Site)
 To minimize human casualties, improve land use, restrict installation of important urban
infrastructure, reinforce rainwater drainage, introduce low impact development
techniques, employ adaptive measures for building, etc.
< River basin low land : Green corridor
constructed for disaster prevention >
< Concept Drawing of Super Dyke >
Present After Improvement
< Ecological Waterways> < Ecological retention area > < Piloti Structure >
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

18. 18
 Measures for Urban Responding Region (Region)
 Customized measures to fit topographical characteristics
- Employ appropriate measures taking inclination and catchment area of the locality
into consideration: Steep-slope lowland type is an area with steep slope and small
catchment area, Gentle-slope lowland type is an area with gentle slope and large
catchment area, whereas Mixed topography is an area that has characteristics of
both the steep-slope lowland type and the gentle-slope lowland type
< Steep-slope Lowland Type >
< Gentle-slope Lowland Type >
< Mixed Topography >
R
S
PP
R
S
P
R
S
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

19. 19
① Steep-slope Lowland Type
 For steep-slope lowland type, surface water control (improvement of road network,
installation of road water blocking board ) and reinforcement of rainwater drainage facility
are required as rain water can pour in short notice as rate of flow is very high
Small
catchment
area
Changing
runoff paths
Changing
runoff paths
Drainage
facilities
strengthen
Changing runoff
paths
Increasing rainwater
draining capacity
(ssokssok rain
gutter, etc.)
Linear drainage
along the road ,
discharged
directly into
coastal
< Measures for Steep-slope Lowland Type: An Example >
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

20. 20
② Gentle-slope Lowland Type
 For gentle-slope lowland type, rainwater storage and low impact development techniques should be
introduced utilizing urban infrastructures (park, greet belt, school, official building) rather than
improving drainage facility such as drainage pipe as rainwater flows in from a wide area even
though flow rate is low
Large catchment area
Sports complex retention
School retention
Retention limit: 30cm
Retention limit: 30cm
Granting rainwater retention
capabilities to Urban Infrastructure
Runoff reduction
through LID, pervious
area increase
< Measures for Gentle-slope Lowland Type: An Example >
Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea

21. Ⅲ. Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning in Coastal Area
1. Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
2. Urban Planning for Preventing Heavy Rainfall

22. 22
 Current status
 To create a safe city in response to climate changes, a planning system for land use,
infrastructures, parks, green spaces, etc. needs to be provided considering disaster
vulnerable areas, etc. from the planning phase
 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport revised a urban planning guideline on
December 15, 2011 and introduced the disaster vulnerability analysis while establishing
urban disaster policies because of the Woomyunsan landslides and the Gangnam Station area
flooding
 It was applied to all the urban plans which are established and changed from July 2012
< Occurrence of a variety of disasters due to the impact of climate changes >
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

23. 23
 Multi-Scale Disaster Vulnerability Analysis, Disaster Preventive Urban Planning
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

24. 24
 Concept of disaster vulnerability analysis
 Disasters to be analyzed for disaster vulnerability according to urban climate changes are
divided into 6 disasters: heavy rains (floods, landslides), heat waves, heavy snow, high winds,
droughts, sea level rise
 In urban climate change disaster vulnerability analysis , the frame of IPCC(2007) climate
change vulnerability analysis is maintained and exposure and sensibility are considered. In
addition, disaster vulnerable areas will be derived through the relative analysis on a range of
minimum space (aggregate of a population census survey, usually 1/23 of Eup, Myeon, Dong)
within a municipality
- The exposure indicates the influence by climate factors such as temperatures, precipitation, etc., which
cause climate disasters
- The sensitivity means a negative impact on urban physical characteristics and urban components
(citizen, infrastructures, buildings) according to disasters resulting from climate change
- The results of disaster vulnerability analysis are graded into Ⅰ~Ⅳ grades through the relative evaluation
by an aggregate group
< Concept of urban climate change disaster vulnerability analysis >
Exposure Sensitivity
Urban Potential Vulnerability Adaptation Capacity
Urban Climate Change Disaster Vulnerability
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

25. 25
Analytical Structure of Disaster Vulnerability according to Urban Climate Change
Procedures of analysis of urban climate change
disaster vulnerability
Analysis and forecast of municipal disaster
damages
Construction of DB by target disaster and
indicator
Proposed direction of urban planning
Selection of disaster type to be analyzed for
vulnerability evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Comment of local
stakeholders (officials,
professionals, residents,
etc.)
Urban comprehensive disaster vulnerability
Analysis of urban climate changes
disaster vulnerability
Current
vulnerability
Current exposure
Current sensitivity
Future vulnerability
Future exposure
Future sensitivity
Comprehensive disaster vulnerability(Plan)
Local stakeholder
consultation
Survey and analysis of
vulnerability
(Citizens)
(Urban Infrastructure)
(Buildings)
 Structure of disaster vulnerability analysis
 Urban climate change disaster vulnerability are
divided into current vulnerability, future
vulnerability, and comprehensive urban disaster
vulnerability
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

26. 26
Current disaster vulnerability Future disaster vulnerability Future-new disaster vulnerable area
Comprehensive disaster vulnerability (draft) Comprehensive urban disaster vulnerability
1 2 3
4 5
 How to analyze urban comprehensive disaster vulnerability
 Comprehensive disaster vulnerability (draft) is created by nesting new disaster vulnerable areas (Grades I, II) focusing on the
current disaster vulnerability
 Comprehensive urban disaster vulnerability is fixed by reviewing the rating change, if necessary, through site investigation for
comprehensive disaster vulnerability (draft) and consultation of experts, government officials, residents, etc
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

27. 27
 Disaster Vulnerability Analysis Results (National Level)
<Heavy Rainfall: Present> <Heat Wave: Present> <Heavy Snow: Present> < Sea Level Rise: Present> <High Winds: Present>
< Heavy Rainfall: Future> <Heat Wave: Future> <Heavy Snow: Future> < Sea Level Rise: Future> <High Winds: Future>
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

28. 28
 Disaster Vulnerability Analysis Example (Local Level)
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

29. 29
 Land Use
Urban Planning for Preventing Heavy Rainfall

30. 30
 Infrastructure
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

31. 31
단독주택 저층 공동주택
 Buildings
Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning

32. 32
▲Debris Barrier
Infiltration▼
◀Set Back
Set Back▶
▲Park
Ecological Pond
▼
▲
Open Space
▲Retention
◀ Retention
▼ Building Arrangement
▲
Buffer Green Belt
예상침수위
◀ Building Arrangement

33. Ⅳ. Urban Disaster Prevention Policy in Korea
1.DisasterPreventingZone
2.Disasterpreventionfunctionsinurbaninfrastructures
3.Comprehensivefloodcontrolplanningforurbansheds
4.Urbandisasterpreventioncomprehensivemanagementsystem
5.UrbanDisasterPrevention&WaterResourceResearchCenter

34. 34
 Related disaster risk zone
1. Natural disaster risk zone of the Article 12 of the “Natural Disaster Measure Act”
2. Collapse risk area of the Article 6 of “Act on the steep slope disaster prevention”
3. Landslide susceptible areas of the Article 45.8 of the “Forest Act’
4. Disaster management district of the Article 19 of the “Coastal Management Act”
 Basis of being designated as a disaster preventing zone
 Zones designated for areas needed to prevent storm and flood damages, landslides, collapse of the ground, and other
disasters (Article 37 of National Land Planning Act)
 Act limits for a disaster preventing zone
 Prohibition of building the structures prescribed by urban planning regulations as it is acknowledged to be deterrent to
cataclysm, landslides, collapse, earthquakes, and others (Article 75 of National Land Planning Act Enforcement
Ordinance)
 Status of disaster prevention zone
 As of 2013, 15 zones and 3.443㎢ are designated across the country
- Seoul(5 zones, 0.203㎢), Incheon(2 zones, 0.414㎢), Jeonam(4 zones, 2.284㎢), Gyeongnam(4 zones, 0.542㎢)
Disaster Preventing Zone

35. 35
DisasterOccurringArea
DisasterPreventingZone
DisasterManagingDistrict
Disaster Preventing Zone

36. 36
Urban Disaster Preventing Zone Sample
Disaster Preventing Zone

37. 37
Disaster Preventing Zone

38. 38
 Enhancement of disaster prevention standards (2012) of urban planning
facilities (7 counties, 53 facilities): Regulations on decisions, structures, and
installation of urban, provincial planning facilities
 Major facilities installation is restricted in disaster vulnerable areas
- School, public building, comprehensive medical facilities, roads, under-passes, etc.
 Disaster prevention functions are granted to main infrastructure facilities ,such as permeable pavement,
detention facilities, ecological channels, shelters, etc.
- Permeable pavement: Roads, parking lots, plazas, amusement parks, and public lands
- Detention facilities installation: Public buildings, parking lots, public sites
- Eco-channel installation: Roads, parking lots, squares, amusement parks
- Evacuation facilities installed : Schools, grounds, public buildings
 Detention facilities are installed in city parks
- Pilot projects from April 2013 : 2 places - currently, Yangjae Neighborhood Park in Seoul, Iro Park in Mokpo
Disaster Preventing Functions in Urban Infrastructures

39. 39
 Problems of urban watersheds
 Limits in traditional river measures ( river-wide
expansion, bank increasing, etc. )
 Lack of cooperation between upper and downstream
municipalities and in various
disaster plans
 Current Status
 Comprehensive watershed plan for connecting rivers-
sewers-city infrastructures in cities watersheds where
habitual flooding occurs
(rivers flowing more than 2 municipalities)
 Demonstration projects for Gyeyang River - Urban
Watersheds (Incheon, Gimpo) where flooding damages
frequently occurred (pilot project location )
 Expanded to the whole country from 2014
< Pilot project location>
김포시청
경 기 도
고양시
경 기 도
김포시
천 광 역
서 구
인 시
천광역
계양구
인 시
경 기 도
김포시
운양펌프장유역
A=33.8km2
인천국제공항고속도로
운양펌프장(증설)
32m3/S⇒127m3/S
향산2펌프장(증설)
28m3/S⇒103m3/S
향산1펌프장
5.1m3/S(유역외)
유수지 조성
(A=48,000m2)
향산2펌프장유역
A=22.1km2
사우동
가동보
향산가
동보
방
수
로
천변저류지조성
A=303천km2
Comprehensive Flood Control Planning for Urban Sheds

40. 40
 Integrated management of new urban disaster DBs by connecting distributed urban disaster prevention
and analyzing disaster vulnerability through establishment of urban disaster prevention comprehensive
management system
 UPIS connected to an urban disaster prevention DB management system
 An urban disaster prevention comprehensive management system links and uses the urban relevant
information of the Urban Planning Information System(UPIS)
 The Urban Planning Information System (UPIS) provides public service for local governments, etc. by
adding urban disaster –related layers on a standard DB and related institutions’ DBs and new urban
disaster prevention DBs
DB
Integrated
Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and
Transport
(National Urban Disaster
Prevention Research
Center)
N Division Z Division X Division L DivisionADivision … F Division Y Division TDivision … J Division Z Division H Division …R Division S Division Q Division … O Division C Division B Division …
관련 국가기관
QDivision K Division I Division …
Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and
Transport
Korea Forest
Service Ministry
National Emergency
Management Agency
Korea
Meteorological
Office
Rural Development
Administration (RDA)
Related National
Agencies
Urban Planning
Information System
Urban Disaster Prevention Comprehensive Management System

41. 41
 Basis of Center Establishment
 Urban disasters are becoming larger and routinized due to the impact of climate changes
 A dedicated organization needs to be established to systematically perform policy and technology
researches
 On April 6, 2012 the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport established “National Urban
Disaster Prevention Research Center” under Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements
 Major Role
 This center supports the central government to promote urban disaster prevention policies and provides
technical support and consulting to local governments to create disaster reduction cities
Urban Disaster Prevention & Water
Resource Research Center
Urban disaster prevention policy and system improvement
support by the central government
Performs urban disaster prevention researches
Supports local government for urban disaster prevention
and performs entrusted projects
Establishes and operates an urban disaster analysis system
Establishes the cooperation networks
Urban Disaster Prevention & Water Resource Research Center

42. THANK YOU!
Byoung Jae Lee
leebj@krihs.re.kr