Traffic Congestion & its effects, Congestion in Indian Cities, Location of Bottlenecks/ Jamming, Driver Education and Road Safety, Ribbon Development, Bad Road Conditions, Parking Amenities & Policies, Study of typical intersections, Location of Accidents, Spot Speed Study, PCU Count, Safety On Indian Roads
RESEARCH PROJECT ON TRAFFIC FLOW PROBLEMS & SOLUTION RASHID MINHAS ROAD (MELL...Sohail Abbas
In this study exploratory approach has been used and data was collected. This study helps to determine the main factors of traffic jam through which corrective measure should be taken for the removal of difficulties faced on road from Millennium mall to UBL complex (Rashid Minhas Road) which is 4.8 Km.
The Cause, Effect and Possible Solution to Traffic Congestion on Nigeria Road...inventionjournals
Due to increase in population and the attraction of human activities into urban region which in
turn leads to the growth of vehicle ownership and use, there is demand for road space which has led to increase
in the number of public transport operation. Consequently, the demand for road space is greater than the
supply because the rate of provision of transport facilities is less than the rate of growth of vehicle ownership
and use which result into traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is the impedance of vehicles imposed on each
other due to speed-flow relationship in conditions where the use of transport system approaches capacity.
Traffic congestion in Nigeria, taking Basorun-Akobo Road in Ibadan Oyo State as a case study has been
analysed using experimental and theoretical approaches. These involve traffic counting and delay survey. In
order to carry out effective research work on the case study road, the method adopted were traffic counting and
traffic delay survey. The effect of traffic congestion on the study area are Waste of time, Delay movement,
Accident, Inability to forecast travel time, Fuel consumption, Road rage and environmental pollution. Possible
solutions to traffic congestion on the case study area is to: Dualize the Road, Provide Adequate Parking Space,
Construct proper Drainage and Install Traffic Control Devices.
Abstract
Most of the urban metropolitan cities are facing traffic problems due delay and overcrowding. Recently the growth of population
increased unusually because of the development and employment in metropolitan cities. Generally, road transportation is the
major approach of convey which connects the villages, towns, cities, metropolitan regions, states and whole country in to the
system establishing an innovative communiqué. It improves the entire nation development, environment surroundings and socio
economic customs developments. Additionally the special advantages of the highway transport individual have been facing
unusual troubles owing to the need of its suitable organization, refurbish & preservation. With the unusual predicament of road
transport, traffic delay and overcrowding are the rising troubles in the urban region. Various authentic problems and solutions of
traffic delay and overcrowding have been discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Cities, Approach, Highway, Population, Nation
RESEARCH PROJECT ON TRAFFIC FLOW PROBLEMS & SOLUTION RASHID MINHAS ROAD (MELL...Sohail Abbas
In this study exploratory approach has been used and data was collected. This study helps to determine the main factors of traffic jam through which corrective measure should be taken for the removal of difficulties faced on road from Millennium mall to UBL complex (Rashid Minhas Road) which is 4.8 Km.
The Cause, Effect and Possible Solution to Traffic Congestion on Nigeria Road...inventionjournals
Due to increase in population and the attraction of human activities into urban region which in
turn leads to the growth of vehicle ownership and use, there is demand for road space which has led to increase
in the number of public transport operation. Consequently, the demand for road space is greater than the
supply because the rate of provision of transport facilities is less than the rate of growth of vehicle ownership
and use which result into traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is the impedance of vehicles imposed on each
other due to speed-flow relationship in conditions where the use of transport system approaches capacity.
Traffic congestion in Nigeria, taking Basorun-Akobo Road in Ibadan Oyo State as a case study has been
analysed using experimental and theoretical approaches. These involve traffic counting and delay survey. In
order to carry out effective research work on the case study road, the method adopted were traffic counting and
traffic delay survey. The effect of traffic congestion on the study area are Waste of time, Delay movement,
Accident, Inability to forecast travel time, Fuel consumption, Road rage and environmental pollution. Possible
solutions to traffic congestion on the case study area is to: Dualize the Road, Provide Adequate Parking Space,
Construct proper Drainage and Install Traffic Control Devices.
Abstract
Most of the urban metropolitan cities are facing traffic problems due delay and overcrowding. Recently the growth of population
increased unusually because of the development and employment in metropolitan cities. Generally, road transportation is the
major approach of convey which connects the villages, towns, cities, metropolitan regions, states and whole country in to the
system establishing an innovative communiqué. It improves the entire nation development, environment surroundings and socio
economic customs developments. Additionally the special advantages of the highway transport individual have been facing
unusual troubles owing to the need of its suitable organization, refurbish & preservation. With the unusual predicament of road
transport, traffic delay and overcrowding are the rising troubles in the urban region. Various authentic problems and solutions of
traffic delay and overcrowding have been discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Cities, Approach, Highway, Population, Nation
Traffic Congestion PowerPoint Presentation with ImagesRoad Safety
Traffic Congestion PowerPoint Presentation with photos, how to reduce traffic congestion, costs of traffic congestion, road accidents and traffic congestion, loss of time due to congestion, pollution, health , diseases, photos, images
Road accidents have become a common feature of our everyday lives. We find them in the news every day, including the recent deaths of filmmaker Tareque Masud and journalist Mishuk Munier and politician Saifur Rahman some time ago. Statistics reveal that it is high in the northern region compared to other parts of the country and road safety in general has been deteriorating with an increasing number of road accidents and deaths resulting from them, largely as a direct consequence of rapid population growth, modernisation, urbanisation and lack of investment in road safety and lack of initiatives to prevent traffic accidents.
By Zeenab Aneez
All of India’s cities face an urban transport crisis. While issues such as poor connectivity, bad road quality, traffic congestion, air and noise pollution are constantly talked about, parking is seen as one having negligible effect on the quality of urban transport. The MV Asia study on parking in Mumbai shows that a car spends only 4 per cent of its life in motion and the remaining 96 per cent of the time it is parked (Mumbai Transformation Support Unit 2008). With the increasing trend in the growth of private vehicles, it is imperative that parking be seen as an important factor for making an efficient transportation system within our cities.
Traffic Congestion PowerPoint Presentation with ImagesRoad Safety
Traffic Congestion PowerPoint Presentation with photos, how to reduce traffic congestion, costs of traffic congestion, road accidents and traffic congestion, loss of time due to congestion, pollution, health , diseases, photos, images
Road accidents have become a common feature of our everyday lives. We find them in the news every day, including the recent deaths of filmmaker Tareque Masud and journalist Mishuk Munier and politician Saifur Rahman some time ago. Statistics reveal that it is high in the northern region compared to other parts of the country and road safety in general has been deteriorating with an increasing number of road accidents and deaths resulting from them, largely as a direct consequence of rapid population growth, modernisation, urbanisation and lack of investment in road safety and lack of initiatives to prevent traffic accidents.
By Zeenab Aneez
All of India’s cities face an urban transport crisis. While issues such as poor connectivity, bad road quality, traffic congestion, air and noise pollution are constantly talked about, parking is seen as one having negligible effect on the quality of urban transport. The MV Asia study on parking in Mumbai shows that a car spends only 4 per cent of its life in motion and the remaining 96 per cent of the time it is parked (Mumbai Transformation Support Unit 2008). With the increasing trend in the growth of private vehicles, it is imperative that parking be seen as an important factor for making an efficient transportation system within our cities.
Based on the mandate given in SDG 11, calling for promoting an affordable and sustainable transport, globally all nations are trying to come out with an agenda and a vision for achieving carbon neutrality. Nations must make commitment to promote emissions-free mobility as a fundamental human right; doing the best things for humanity and society to lead towards a better and sustainable future and proactively promoting a paradigm shift towards electrification and creating a hydrogen based society for bringing sustainability. Sustainable transport is known for its distinct and numerous social and economic benefits for the communities, cities, environment and ecology. Studies made and analysis carried out has concluded that; Sustainable transport can help create large number of jobs; improve commuter safety through investment in bicycle lanes; reduce use of fossil fuel ; minimize pollution and congestion, making cities walkable; and making access to employment and social opportunities more affordable and efficient besides decarbonizing cities and making urban settlements more livable and sustainable. Sustainable transportation offers a practical opportunity and simple method of saving people's time, improving people’s health increasing household income and making cities great places for happy, healthy and more productive living besides making investment in sustainable transport, a 'win-win' option and opportunity for all stake holders.’ Decarbonizing, Carbon Neutrality and Zero-Carbon must remain the prime agenda to redefine, promote and achieve the sustainable transportation in urban areas and to achieve the mandate/goals given in SDG11. Planet earth looks at how nations can minimize travel and make it sustainable for making human settlements more peaceful and livable.
Growing Transportation Problem in Some Urban Cities of IndiaVinay Ghosh
Transportation is the lifeline of any urban city. Without proper transportation, a city would not be able to thrive in today’s conditions of growing population and vehicle density. Some Indian urban cities have proper transportation resources, which can cope with the increasing vehicle density like Delhi. Delhi has a proper metro rail transit, municipal buses, autorikshas, and many other options to cope with the growing density of vehicles. Delhi people have got a relief in the growing traffic jam conditions on the roads of Delhi after the launching of metro rail transit. But there are many other urban cities like Chennai and Bangalore that are struggling to cope with the growing numbers of vehicles on their roads.
If you want more such kind of free research papers, then you can visit our website below: --
https://academicwritingforstudents.com/visit-our-blog
Sweet found in his research that a little more congestion might actually be good for the economy of any uncongested city. A higher level of congestion is initially associated with faster economic growth. But, above a certain threshold, congestion starts to become a drag on growth. Specifically, congestion seems to slow down job growth when it gets to be worse than about 35 to 37 hours of delay per commuter per year or about four-and-a-half minutes per one-way trip, relative to free-flowing traffic.
Business skills are the abilities and knowledge required to successfully run, manage, and operate a business. These skills include a wide range of areas such as:
1. Financial management
2. Marketing and Sales
3. Leadership and Management
4. Planning Strategically
5. Communication
6. Solution Oriented
7. Time Management
8. Negotiation Skills
9. Project Handling & Management
10. Creativity
Introduction to Disasters, Hazards, Key factors, Types of Disasters, Characteristics of Hazards, Vulnerability, Capacity and Risk.
It also contains Disaster management techniques, Risk mapping, Vulnerability Analysis, Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitigation and Management.
Earthquake and its impacts, Protection against Earthquakes, Earthquake Risk in India and Mitigation Strategy,
Brief Case study of Bhuj Earthquake, 2001
Floods, impact of Flooding, Problem of Floods in India, Flood control and Government policies and Mitigation practices.
Brief Case Study of Uttarakhand Flash Floods, 2013
5 steps to get customer to yes faster.pptxEmaan Sharma
Customer acquisition is how a company turns a potential customer into a new customer. Learn 5 steps for minimizing COCA in your business.
Find out who your target audience is and Identify the different acquisition channels. Create a Plan and action accordingly.
This means meeting your customer needs with the right solution, product, or service, at the right time.
When the conditions are so created that the crop root-zone gets deprived of proper aeration due to the presence of excessive moisture or water content, the tract is said to be Waterlogged.
To create such conditions it is not always necessary that under ground water table should enter the crop root-zone. Sometimes even if water table is below the root-zone depth the capillary water zone may extent in the root-zone depth and makes the air circulation impossible by filling the pores in the soil.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution. The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub-grade. Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
Get an overview of pavement types, layers, and their functions, and pavement failures as Improper design of pavements leads to early failure of pavements affecting the riding quality.
Pavements form the basic supporting structure in highway transportation. Each layer of pavement has a multitude of functions to perform which has to be duly considered during the design process. Different types of pavements can be adopted depending upon the traffic requirements.
Safety on Indian Roads a Big Challenge.pptEmaan Sharma
In today's world road and transport has become an integral part of every human being. Every body is a road user in one shape or the other. The present transport system has minimized the distances but it has on the other hand increased the life risk. Every year road crashes result in loss of lakhs of lives and serious injuries to crores of people.
In India itself about eighty thousand people are killed in road crashes every year which is 13% of the total fatality all over the world. In most of the cases crashes occurs either due to carelessness or due to lack of road safety awareness of the road user. Hence, road safety education is as essential as any other basic skills of survival.
Roads are an important mode of transport in India. India has a network of over 6,215,797 kms of roads as of 1 December 2021, the 2nd largest road network in the world, after the US. But Driving on Indian roads is like walking on a tight rope. You've got to be really careful with the wheels because of pathetic road conditions that could test the patience of even the most seasoned drivers.
Slide 4 - It comes right after the rainy season when the roads are filled with a unique death trap called potholes. They come in all sizes and forms, from really small ones to ones that can pose a challenge to coal mines when it comes to depth. An interesting fact about potholes is that they’re like icebergs. You only see the surface, it’s almost impossible to gauge their depth until it’s too late. Before you know it, the car is overturned and you’re severely injured or even crushed to death.
One of the reasons for the formation of potholes is continuous, never-ending use of the road by heavy vehicles and lack of maintenance.
Slide 8 - Zoji La Pass - a major link between Ladakh and Kashmir
The blink of an eye could land a vehicle straight down from an altitude of 3,538 meters from the country’s most dreaded roads as it is frightfully narrow and covered in snow sludge round the season.
For instance, there are light, medium and high traffic roads, based on the volume of traffic a road receives. Similarly, you have pedestrian paths, cycle tracks, and motor vehicle roads, classifying roads in terms of the type of traffic a road receives.
In 2018, The national highways comprised 1.94% of the total road network in India. Various state highways constituted 2.97% of the total length of roads. But 30.2 % of total road accidents and 35.7% of all deaths happened in our national highways. State highways were not exactly lagging behind with 25.2% and 26.8% of total accidents and deaths respectively. According to experts, the main causes of road accidents in India are rapid urbanization, poor safety, lack of enforcement, distracted drivers, influence of drugs or alcohol, speeding and a failure to wear seat-belts or helmets.
Overspeeding is the reason for the highest percentage of deaths relating to road accidents. Yet, nobody cares driving a fast car or a bike at fatal speeds.
ROAD ACCIDENTS - NUMBERS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES.pptEmaan Sharma
A basic overview of numbers defining road accidents, persons killed or injured on National and State Highways in India.
Talking about the steps taken by the Government to improve Road Safety. Discussing on various safety recommendations.
Measures to Reduce Accidents and focusing on Safety principles.
Road Conditions of India, Traffic in India, Driver Characteristics, Overloading, Cattle Menace, Triple Driving, Drunken Driving, Text and Drive, Road Fatalities, Primary Causes, Severity, International Comparison of Accident rates, Necessary use of Helmet for 2-wheeler and seat belts for cab drivers, Rash Driving, Prevention of Accidents - Measures, Highway communication and Amenities, Emergency Dial Care, Safety Measures, Slogans
Railway Engineering:
Permanent Way, Rail Gauge, Broad Gauge, Meter Gauge, Narrow Gauge, Choice of Gauge, Uniformity of Gauge, Rails - Double headed, Bull Headed, Flat footed Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Formation, Types of sleepers, Merits and Demerits, Functions of sleepers, Requirements of good sleepers,Spacing of sleepers, Sleeper Density, Characteristics of good ballast, Capacity of a railway track, Track Fixtures and Fastening, Types of fixtures and fastening, Fish Plates, Dog Spikes, Rail Joints, Creep of Rails, Indication of Creep, Disadvantages of creep in rails, Remedies for prevention of creep, Theory of creep, Coning of Wheels, Theory of coning, Adzing of sleepers, Gradients, Grade compensation on curves, Radius and degree of curves, Super-elevation, Negative cant, Cant Deficiency, Equilibrium speed, Maximum permissible speed, Necessity of geometric design, Track defects, Transition curves, Vertical curves, Points and crossings, Types of crossings, Turnouts, Switches, Interlocking, Signalling, Classification and types of Signals, Semaphore type signal, Detonating signals, Dock signals, Shunting Signals, Warner Signals, Reception & Departure Signals, Railway Station, Purpose of a Railway Station, Site selection for Railway Stations, Track Drainage, Why Need of Proper Drainage.
Airport Engineering:
Basic Terms (AAI, ICAO, IATA), Airport System plan, Master plan, Airport Classification, Site Selection, Imaginary Surfaces, Aircraft Characteristics, Important components of Airport Layout, Runway, Runway Configuration, Runway Orientation, Factors affecting Runway Orientation, Wind Direction Indicator, Wind Rose Diagram - Type I & Type II, Basic Runway Length, Corrections for Elevation, Temperature & Gradient, Actual Runway Length, Runway Geometric (ICAO), Taxiways, Exit Taxiways, Location of Exit Taxiways, Holding Aprons, Hanger, Terminal Building, Aircraft Parking, Airport Marking & Lightning.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Critical Study Aspect of Urban Roads - A Push for an Intelligent Traffic System
1. Critical study of safety
aspect of Urban Roads
By:
Emaan Sharma
A Push For An Intelligent Traffic
System
2. Introduction
The situation of road accidents in India is alarming. Basically
driver, vehicle, road and environment contribute to accidents. This
results in loss of several thousand human lives and injury to more
than lakhs of people. Besides this, the wrong practices of
placement of vehicles in unplanned manner are contributing to the
accidents. It is therefore purposed to study the following at different
locations (Patiala):
Parking
Location of bottle necks/ jamming
Study of typical intersections
Location of accidents
3. TRANSPORT DEMAND
Transport demand in most of
the Indian cities has increased
substantially due to increase in
population as a result of both
natural increase and migration
from rural areas and smaller
towns.
4. PUBLIC TRANSPORTS - OVERCROWDED
Unfortunately, Public
transport systems in Indian
cities have not been able to
keep pace with the rapid and
substantial increase in travel
demand. Qualitatively , the
available public transport
services are overcrowded
particularly during peak hours
and involve long waiting
periods.
5. MASSIVE SHIFT TOWARDS
PERSONALIZED TRANSPORT
As a result, there is a massive shift
towards personalized transport,
specially cars and two-wheelers,
and also proliferation of various
types of intermediate public
transport modes, such as auto-
rickshaws and taxis. The increasing
use of private motor vehicles in
cities has been rapidly changing
their modal-split structure.
6. Motorization may have brought a higher level of mobility to the
high-income segments of urban population, but its adverse
impact in the form of congestion, air pollution, and traffic
accidents is also substantial.
10. The problem of acute road congestion, rising air pollution, and a high
level of accident risk faced by metropolitan cities of India is taking
serious dimensions and worsening the people’s quality of life. Reducing
traffic congestion, vehicular emission, and accident risk requires a
comprehensive strategy. The main objective of such strategy should be
to provide and promote sustainable high quality links for people, goods,
and services to, from and within the city. Strategy should be designed in
such a way that it reduces the need to travel by personalized modes
and boosts public transport system.
11. SERIOUS ROAD ACCIDENTS
India is facing serious road
accident problems. In 2015,
about 148,707 people died
and 482,389 people got
injured due to road accidents.
In a dubious distinction, India
is the only country in the
world which faces more than
14 fatalities and 53 injuries
every hour as a consequence
of road crashes. While in
many developed and
developing countries,
including China, the situation
is generally improving, India
faces a worsening situation.
12. NATURE OF ROAD ACCIDENT
PROBLEM IN INDIAN CITIES
The nature of road accident problem in Indian cities is different
in many ways from that in their counterparts in the developed
countries.
Pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, and non-motorized
vehicle occupants are often the most vulnerable, unlike cities
from developed world where car and public transport users are
the most vulnerable. Since pedestrians, cyclists, and non-
motorized users are often from the lower socio-economic
groups, road accidents in Indian cities have a disproportionate
impact on the poor and vulnerable in the society.
14. RIBBON DEVELOPMENT
The growing urbanization and the population explosion have
caused the cities and towns to grow at a fast rate. Most of the
growth has taken place along the highways radiating from them.
Shops, hotels, tea stalls. Repair shops for motor vehicles. Petrol
stations, residences and commercial establishments have sprung
up linearly along the road, with direct access on the highway.
Encroachment of Govt. land goes on without the knowledge of
the highway authorities.
16. Ribbon development has reached alarming proportions near
towns and cities and even on newly constructed byepasses.
Such an unregulated growth has adversely affected the level of
service of the highway, leading to loss of comfort, increased
congestion, reduced speed and a high accident rate.
22. PRESENT SITUATION OF URBAN ROADS AND ROAD TRAFFIC
• EXTREME CONGESTION AND LOW SPEEDS IN THE STREETS DUE TO
INADEQUATE STREET SPACING, CAUSING SERIOUS DELAYS
• MIXED TRAFFIC CONDITIONS CONSISTING OF FAST AND SLOW MOVING
VEHICLES WITHOUT ANY EFFORT AT SEGREGATION
• HEAVY PEDESTRIAN FLOWS
• OVERCROWDING IN BUSES AND TRAINS
• GROWTH OF INTERMEDIATE PUBLIC TRANSPORT VEHICLES
• ENCROACHMENTS ON EXISTING ROAD SPACE AND PEDESTRIAN FOOTPATHS
BY HAWKERS AND VENDORS
23. Traffic congestion
Most cities in Asian countries are experiencing multi-faceted problems as a result of
rapid urbanisation. Urban congestion is one such problem afflicting urban
agglomerations in Asia and has multiple effects on urban economies. Urban congestion
is broadly defined as excess demand for travel over its supply. The presence of
urban congestion prevents free movement of traffic.
With such a rapid increase in urban population, there has been an increase in demand
for mobility, and with it, an increase in motorised vehicle ownership. The vehicle
population in India has been increasing at around 10%.
26. TYPICAL INDIAN
ROAD RAGE
Drivers who become
impatient may be more
likely to drive aggressively
or dangerously. This
contributes to poor health
for those affected by the
stress and puts other
drivers in danger. Road
rage also increases the
danger posed to
emergency workers or
construction crew
members who are working
on the congested road
close to dangerous drivers.
27. Continue..
The causes of traffic congestion are categorised in terms of micro-level factors
and macro-level factors. Most observers argue that the phenomenal increase in
private car ownership and the resulting growth in the number of private vehicles are
responsible for high levels of congestion in cities. However, in comparison to
developed countries, car ownership remains low in most of the developing economies.
As the number of motor vehicles kept in increasing in most Asian cities, policies
initially focused on strengthening the relevant infrastructure to accommodate
increasing numbers of motor vehicles towards facilitating alternate infrastructure for
urban transport in combination with traditional approaches. These policies were
expected to be a way forward to accommodate more vehicles on roads, but led to
further congestion in cities.
However, traffic congestion does not occur only due to increasing level of motorized
vehicles. If that was the case, then cities with low levels of motor vehicles should not
be congested. For instance, in Varanasi in India, traffic flow is slow and causes heavy
congestion. Notably, Varanasi has only 7% of total motorized vehicles in Delhi. It
suggests that congestion also occurs due to mismanagement between demand for
and supply of transport services. These factors may include direct and indirect
elements such as increasing levels of vehicles and a constant level of road
infrastructure, low cost private transport services, psychological factors, lack of
policy interventions, and other factors.
28. Congestion in Indian cities
Traffic congestion in Indian cities is visibly on the rise. This has a detrimental
effect on productivity, air pollution, fuel wastage, health, and quality of life. In the
developed world, traffic congestion has long been recognized as an economic as
well as a social impediment, and detailed studies on the economic aspects of
congestion have been conducted.
The average journey speed in Indian cities is also low, particularly in cities which
have high car volumes. A study commissioned for the Ministry of Urban
Development, Govt. Of India, found that the average journey speed in Delhi was
around 16km/h. The study found the average journey to be below 20km/h in
Hyderabad, Chennai and Bangalore, as well as low in cities with slow moving
vehicles such as Varanasi and Bhubaneswar.
Similarly in Mumbai, congestion on roads is a regular phenomenon. During peak
hour, traffic in Mumbai flows at a speed of 5km/h.
29. The flyover under construction at Banur on the ZirakpurPatiala highway
The road connects Chandigarh to many districts of the Malwa region, including Patiala,
Sangrur, Mansa, Bathinda, Fazilka and some parts of Haryana such as Sirsa. The road is highly
accident-prone owing to heavy traffic flow.
30. Erratic flow of traffic at underpass Chandigarh- Patiala Highway
31. Auto-rickshaws parked on the road in Patiala
Auto-rickshaws continue to choke city roads.
Due to reckless driving and abrupt stoppages of these autos, several accidents takes place on
regular basis.
32. Traffic chaos near bus stand, Patiala
The auto-rickshaws waiting for passengers block the entrance of the bus stand, causing chaos and
making it difficult for buses to enter.
45. Sunday market- paralysing the vehicular movement in the entire Chotti Baradari area.
Vendors start putting up their stalls early in the morning. In no time, the area gets crowded
leaving no space for the locals to move.
46. A huge rush at the Sunday market in the Adalat Bazaar, Patiala
52. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION
• DELAYS
• FUEL WASTAGE
• AIR POLLUTION AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMMISIONS
• WEAR AND TEAR ON VEHICLES AS A RESULT OF IDLING IN TRAFFIC
AND FREQUENT ACCELERATION AND BRAKING, LEADING TO MORE
FREQUENT REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS.
• STRESSED AND FRUSTRATED MOTORISTS, ENCOURAGING ROAD
RAGE AND REDUCED HEALTH OF MOTORISTS.
• BLOCKED TRAFFIC MAY INTERFERE WITH THE PASSAGE OF
EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRAVELLING TO THEIR DESTINATIONS
WHERE THEY ARE URGENTLY NEEDED.
• HIGHER CHANCE OF COLLISIONS DUE TO TIGHT SPACING AND
CONSTANT STOPPING AND GOING.
53. In response to the above trends, a comprehensive national level
policy to manage congestion in urban areas is being solicited
through policy debates.
Some of the policies which may be expected to ease congestion
include the following:
o Better Integrated Urban Planning
There is a need for integrated transport policies to address problems of
urban transport land urban infrastructure development through an
integrated institutional mechanism.
o Promotion of Public Transport
o Promotion of Intelligent Transport Systems
The above initiatives, together with policies to disincentives private car
vehicles and promote non-motorised transport, will go some way
towards easing congestion in Indian cities.
54. Driver Education and Road Safety
Both large and small cities in India have poor safety standards due to poor
driving behaviour, inadequate driving education and poor standard of driving
tests. As a result, India has around 1% of the total vehicles in the world but
accounts for 18% of the world’s road deaths. As per a national daily, every
sixth accident in the world happens in India. In the year 2010, total death
by road accidents in India was estimated to be 0.23 million out of 1.24 million in
the world. Data released by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways said
that 146,000 people had died in the country in 2015. In other words,
approximately 12 per cent of the world’s road fatalities happen on India’s
roads.
According to a Delhi Traffic Police survey, majority of drunk drivers are
educated, young and familiar with traffic rules. However, their behaviour
while driving is irresponsible. The survey found that more than 85% of
drivers were car drivers. This is again a serious concern for urban safety, as
these drivers are well aware of driving norms but are negligent when it comes
to following such norms.
60. Continue..
The high dependence of migrants on non-motorised transport modes such as
walking and cycling causes traffic mix in common roads where fast-moving
motorised traffic shares the roads with slow-moving modes leading to an
increasing number of fatalities and road accidents. In most Indian cities, non-
motorised modes like cycling and walking presently share the same right of
way as cars and two-wheelers leading to unsafe conditions for all. The number
of fatalities is also increasing in relation to the increasing motorisation and
higher slow-moving vehicles in the traffic stream. Pedestrian fatalities
constitute a significant share of total fatalities. Elderly people and school
children carry a large share of the burden with 23 per cent fatalities and 25 per
cent injuries. The percentage of streets with pedestrian pathways is hardly
30 per cent in most Indian cities. The main reason behind this is inequitable
distribution of road space and the fact that streets in India are not designed
with the intention of accommodating all the functions of a street. Furthermore,
only a part of the right of way is developed leading to unorganised and
unregulated traffic, which is unsafe for pedestrians and cyclists
61. More Effective Parking Policies
The acute shortage of parking spaces both on and off the streets in Indian
cities increases the time spent searching for a parking spot and induces
traffic congestion. Available data shows that a high proportion of Indian
streets are faced with on-street parking issue. This problem is especially acute
in smaller, compact Indian cities. Delhi has 14 per cent of road lengths used
for on-street parking while Surat has almost 60 per cent of its road
lengths blocked by on-street parking. On-street parking is perversely
incentivized because it is either free or priced lower than off-street parking.
Even if cities invest in multilevel car parks in prime areas, the parking rates are
not expected to recover the costs.
In Delhi, the public parking charges are fixed as low as Rs10 for 8 hours during
the daytime when it should be at least Rs40 per hour.
Increasing parking charges is not the only remedy for congestion. The evolving
nature of parking policy has an impact on reducing travel demand, but it is one
of the least effective measures which is not able to control the rising demand
for private car travel.
62. Continue..
The main issue with parking policies in cities is the informal and rent-
seeking characteristics of parking areas. In most Indian cities,
parking is still unorganised and not systematic. A variance in rates
on parking lots can also be seen at different places. Another important
aspect related to parking is that Indian cities have the lowest parking
charges compared to other cities in the developing and developed
world. An estimate indicates that Indian cities have around 13 times
lower parking charges than Hong Kong, China, and more than 20 times
lower parking charges than Singapore.
Road accessibility is not smooth because it is given for car
parking, which increases the level of congestion.
66. Qila chowk, Patiala
Commuters are seen parking their vehicles in a ill mannered way. A cycle is seen parked
on the road outside the Qila Mubarak, Patiala
74. Shaheed Sukhdev Thapar Inter State Bus Terminal, Ludhiana
The ill-practice of parking autos at the flyover near the bus stand has become a norm. In their
quest to ferry more and more passengers, these auto-rickshaws are posing a threat for
commuters.
75.
76. Shaheed Sukhdev Thapar Inter State Bus Terminal, Ludhiana
The ill-practice of parking autos at the flyover near the bus stand has become a norm. In their
quest to ferry more and more passengers, these auto-rickshaws are posing a threat for
commuters.
83. A bus, which went out of control in Patiala
When the bus, which was returning from Nabha, arrived in the middle of the bus stand flyover,
its brakes failed and the driver lost control over it. The slide of the flyover added to its speed
and the bus first collided with a mini-truck from behind. The bus took the truck along with it and
the vehicle rammed into a bike and two scooters and a Dzire and a Scorpio. Both cars were
damaged in the accident. Passengers in the bus and drivers of cars escaped unhurt. The bikes
were however, completely damaged as the bus ran over them. However, bike drivers suffered
injuries as they fell off the vehicles. However, there was no casualty.
84.
85. Traffic Bottlenecks
A traffic bottleneck is a localized disruption of vehicular traffic on a
street, road, or highway. As opposed to a traffic jam, a bottleneck is a
result of a specific physical condition, often the design of the road,
badly timed traffic lights, or sharp curves. They can also be caused by
temporary situations, such as vehicular accidents.
Traffic bottlenecks are caused by a wide variety of things:
o Construction zones where one or more existing lanes become
unavailable
o Accident sites that temporarily close lanes
o Narrowing a low-capacity highway road
o Terrain (e.g., uphill sections, very sharp curves)
o Poorly timed traffic lights
o Slow vehicles that disrupt upstream traffic flow upstream
86. Unmanned barricades create traffic bottlenecks
A visit to YPS Chowk is enough to check the state of hapless commuters as unattended barricades
have been set up on both sides of the road. Due to the barricades, when students return from
schools, huge traffic jams are witnessed on the roads.
87. Chaos at the Urban Estate Chowk situated on the Rajpura road in Patiala
The situation worsens during the peak morning and evening hours when traffic from the Urban
Estate and the main road converges at the intersection.
89. Anardana Chowk, Patiala
Stray cattle are a common site on Patiala roads. The menace of stray cattle in the city had turned
into a nightmare for residents in view of the rising number of accidents caused by them.
90.
91. Bharat Nagar Chowk, Ferozepur Road
Bharat Nagar Chowk is located close to the Interstate Bus Terminal, Mini-Secretariat, Government
College for Girls and railway station. A large number of commuters daily visit bus stand, railway
station. Apart from this, all prominent government office are located near the chowk. Long
queues of vehicles can be seen at the chowk throughout the day.
96. Across the seven metros, the worst traffic bottlenecks are faced in Domulur and Silk
Board in Bengaluru, Park Street and Shyambazaar in Kolkata, Charminar in Hyderabad,
and Powai and Saki Naka in Mumbai. Between 9am and 12 noon, when most people
travel to their offices, the average speed remains at 19kmph. The lowest average speed
stands at just 18kmph, when commuters return home, between 6pm and 9pm.
100. TABULAR REPRESENTATION – SPOT SPEED
LOCATION: KALI DEVI TEMPLE, MALL ROAD, PATIALA
VEHICLE CLASS
SPOT SPEED
STRETCH 1 (1:00 PM) STRETCH 2 (7:30 PM)
MPS KMPH MPS KMPH
AUTO RICKSHAW 5.55 20 5.06 18.21
CAR 5.31 19.14 5.0 18.0
TWO WHEELER 6.79 24.45 6.21 22.36
PEDAL CYCLE 3.12 11.2 2.5 9.0
BUS 6.25 22.5 4.16 15.0
101. Spot Speed Study - Kali Devi Temple, Mall Road Patiala
The lowest average speed stands at just 18kmph, when commuters
return home, between 6pm and 9pm on Mall Road, Patiala. (cars)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
AUTO CAR TWO
WHEELER
PEDAL CYCLE BUS
1.00 PM
7.30 PM
102. TABULAR REPRESENTATION – SPOT SPEED
LOCATION: OUTSIDE BUS STAND, PATIALA
VEHICLE CLASS
SPOT SPEED
STRETCH 1 (10:30 AM) STRETCH 2 (6:30 PM)
MPS KMPH MPS KMPH
AUTO RICKSHAW 4.57 16.46 4.32 15.58
CAR 6.93 25.01 5.81 20.93
TWO WHEELER 7.44 26.78 6.60 23.77
TRUCK 5.24 18.88 4.54 16.36
BUS 6.95 25.03 6.25 22.50
103. Spot Speed Study – Outside Bus Stand, Patiala
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
CAR TWO
WHEELER
BUS AUTO
RICKSHAW
TRUCK
10.30 AM
6.30 PM
The highest average speed stands at just 25kmph for cars and buses in morning.
While the lowest average speed is 20 kmph between 6pm and 9pm outside Bus Stand,
Patiala for cars.
107. ROAD SAFETY – INDIA’S BIGGEST
EMERGING CHALLENGE
India with just 1% of the vehicular population accounts for 10% of
the Road Fatalities. With its size, population, diversity,
urbanization and motorization; Road Safety is the biggest
emerging challenge.
ROAD SAFETY - INDIA’S BIGGEST
EMERGING CHALLENGE
146. Request to all the parents to not to allow their children in school ride
bikes, scooters or drive cars.
Your child’s life is more precious than your child’s demands.
Lower Mall Road, Patiala