SourceLink Virginia: Putting the Pieces
Together for Entrepreneurial and
Community Development
Community-Based and
Entrepreneur-Focused Development
Virginia Community Economic Network
June 3, 2014
Roanoke, Virginia
June 3, 2014
Don Macke &
Deb Markley
Community-Based and
Entrepreneur-Focused
Development
Our Presentation
Virginia Community Economic Network
06.03.14
Part 1
Virginia Needs a Ground Game
Part 2
Lessons from Kansas
Part 3
Building Blocks for Success
Part 1
Why Virginia Needs a
Ground Game?
Virginia’s Need for Development?
1970-2011:
Population = +1.8%/Year
Employment = +2.9%/Year
Income = 6.5%/Year
2000-2012:
Domestic Migration = +17,000
International Migration = +23,000
Outperformed the U.S. on nearly
every indicator.
Virginia’s Need for Development?
Great Recession (2005-2009):
Added 124,116 Establishments
Added 134,222 Jobs
Stage 2-4 firms dropped by 1,187
and shed 108,000 jobs.
Self-employed and Stage 1 firms
added 242,000 jobs.
Virginia’s Need for Development!
• Military?
• Federal Government?
• Structural Changes?
• Manufacturing?
• Retirees?
• Uneven Growth!
Entrepreneur focus – Great!
Entrepreneurs are key to ensuring
economic success in a rapidly changing
world economy and society.
Virginia – A Very Diverse State
Why a Ground Game?
• Top Down & Bottom Up Strategy
• Community Responsibility – American Tradition
• Why Communities as Partners?
– It’s Their Community – Preferences
– Finding Growth-Oriented Entrepreneurs
– Reaching Under-Served and Distressed Communities
– Democratizes & Sustains
• Communities of Place and Interest
A Decade of Field Work
The areas with
“STARS” are locations
where the Center has
completed projects.
Sahuarita, Arizona
Situation:
South Tucson – Bedroom Community
Explosive Suburban Growth
Midland Crowd – IT & Aviation
Great Recession Slowdown
Desire for a Domestic Base Economy
Response:
Stay at Home Spouses
800 Educated Home-Based Workers
Cluster Spin-Off Opportunities
System Support & Coaching
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
Situation:
Industrial Midwest Small City
Janesville, WI GM Lesson
Mercury Marine Scare
Threat to Supply Chain Companies
Defense Contractors
Response:
Focus on Defense & Supply Chain
Customized Entrepreneur Coaching
Use of Market Research
Wrap Around Services
Finance – Facilities – Workforce, etc.
Missoula, Montana
Situation:
Western Montana
Mountains & Drop Dead Beautiful
40 Years of Economic Boom
New Residents, Housing & Commercial
Great Recession – Boom Stops
Forestry Industry Collapses
Response:
Micro Clusters of E Talent
Technology Focused
Pharma – IT – Green – Tourism
Comprehensive E Coaching Support
Red Wood Coast, California
Situation:
Coastal Northern California
Rural & Very Isolated
Declining Natural Resource Economy
Historically at the Bottom in California
Largest Industry – Pot Production
Response:
Humboldt Area Foundation
$100 Million Endowment
Long-Term View & Commitment
Entrepreneur Focus
Now in the Top of California Counties
Research Coast, Florida
Situation:
Area North of Miami
Economic Gardening Focus
Stage 2 Growth Entrepreneurs
No Community Game Plan
Outcomes:
Challenged Finding Entrepreneurs
Limited Development Impact
Initiative Did Not Sustain
Part 2
Lessons from Kansas
Entrepreneurial Kansas?
YES!
• More than a decade of
evolution of entrepreneurial
development in the state
• Collaborative effort – both in
terms of policy and practice
• Powerful public – private
partnerships
• Orchestrated and implemented
by social and civic
entrepreneurs
2001 •.
2004 •.
2005 •.
2006
2007
2011
2013
2001 •.
2003 •.
2003 •.
2008
2009
2010
2011
Kansas Sirolli Initiative Begins
2001-2003
Early Kansas Meetings with Wally
Kearns, Patty Clark, Leon Atwell
& John Cyr
KS Economic Growth Act Passed
NetWork Kansas Formed
Steve Radley & Erik Pedersen Hired
StartUp Kansas Begins
E-Community Partnership Rolls Out
2007-Present
Economic
Gardening
E-Community
Partnership
Refocused
E-Community Partnership
Moves to Metro
Center Sirolli Evaluation Conducted
2003-2005
HTC Institutes Held
2003-2005
KS Farm Bureau Hometown
Prosperity Initiative
2008-2009 Rawlins County
Chatauqua County
Onaga
KS Entrepreneurial Communities
2010-2011 Initiative
E-Accelerator Launched
2011-Present .
KS Entrepreneurship
Milestones
Center’s Kansas
Engagement
Entrepreneurial Milestones
in Kansas
• 2004 Economic Growth Act – public focus on
and support for entrepreneurship
• 2005 NetWork Kansas – hub of a resource
collaborative; powered by SourceLink
• 2007-2010 “Ground Game” – E-Community
Partnership and HomeTown Prosperity/E
Communities Initiative
• 2011 Accelerating Impact – E-Accelerator,
Economic Gardening...
Lessons from Kansas
• Importance of collaboration
and connections
• Positive role for government
action
• Community engagement and
ownership
• Documenting success
• Long-term strategy – long-
term commitment
• Power of social and civic
entrepreneurs
“Build strong, meaningful
partnerships with those that
share your mission and
empower them to help you
deliver your products and
services.”
Corey Mohn, Director of Statewide Programs,
NetWork Kansas
”We didn’t want to be a state
program; we wanted to get in
the dirt.”
Steve Radley
President and CEO, NetWork Kansas
”This takes time and you need to
keep working at it. You need to be
persistent and have faith in the
future.”
Jeff Hofaker, Phillips County Kansas
E-Community Partner
ACCESS
Resource Navigator – 74 →
179/month
Calls – 23 → 192/month
Active Contacts – 5 → 436/month
Partners – 9 → 500+
DEVELOPMENT
IMPACTS*
Nearly 400 Deals
$61 Million in Capital
1,060 Full-Time Jobs
865 Part-Time Jobs
* Through 1st Quarter 2014
REACH
44 E-Communities
39 Counties – 37% of Geography
Now Metro:
Kansas City & Wichita
CONTINUOUS
INNOVATION
Economic Gardening
Ice House
Start Up Weekends
Growing Your Business
E-Accelerator
SERVING THE
UNDER-SERVED
86% Under 25,000 Population
70% Under 10,000 Population
57% Under 5,000 Population
17% Under 1,000 Population
COMMUNITY
TURNAROUNDS
Rawlins County
Phillips County
Hillsboro
Sterling
Among Others
ACHIEVING IMPACT
2007 to 2013 → 6 Years
Part 3
Building Blocks
For Success
Regional or Statewide Initiative
• Infrastructure
– SourceLink Resource
– Capital Access
– Market Intelligence
– Business Counseling, etc.
• Community Engagement:
– Communities as Partners
– Entrepreneur Engagement
Community Ground Game
• Community Coaching
• Community Ecosystem
• Business Coaching
• Portfolios
• Hard Referrals & Tracking
• Impact Documentation
– Numbers
– Stories
Becoming an E-Community
• Readiness
• Commitment
• Assessment
• Strategy
• Execution
• Impact
• Learning & Improving
• Sustaining Effort
Assessment is Key
1. Opportunity
2. Entrepreneurial Talent
3. Relevant Resources
4. Development Preferences
5. Stakeholders
Smart assessment can empower a
community to craft a sound game
plan and accelerate impact.
An E-Community’s Job
• Identification
• Targeting
• Outreach
• Intake & Screening
• Referral & Tracking
• Assistance
• Impact
• Ecosystem Development
Imperial - Chase County
Chase County, Nebraska
70
4,807
2,559
3,613
4,939
5,484
5,310
5,176
4,317
4,129
4,758
4,381
4,068
3,965 3,975 3,984
3,883 3,816 3,768
3,687 3,616 3,625
3,966 4,006 4,064
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Historical Population of Chase County, Nebraska
Like so many rural counties, Chase County experienced chronic and
severe depopulation beginning with the Great Depression. This period
preceded by the classic boom, bust and boom cycles.
Economic Rebound
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
$16,000 1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Employment
Income(thousanddollars)
Nonfarm Proprietors, Chase County, Nebraska
Nonfarm proprietors' income: real 2010 dollars Number of nonfarm proprietors
Community Renewal
4,068
3,965 3,975 3,984
3,883
3,816
3,768
3,687
3,616 3,625
3,966
4,006
4,064
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Contemporary Population of Chase County, Nebraska
There are relatively few rural
counties in the entire Great Plains
Region posting sustained positive
population growth.
Russ & Allo Communications
Russ and his wife own the local twice weekly
newspaper in Imperial. He a former high
school class mate created Allo
Communications. Today they are one of the
breakout companies fueling Chase County’s
revitalization. Allo Communications is
competing head up with the likes of SPRINT
and Century Link.
Russ and Allo are charitable and
through gifts to the Chase County
Community Foundation they are
supporting workforce development
and educational opportunities for
youth.
Center Resources
Keys to Economic Success
Local Responsibility
Smart Game Plan
Robust Investment
Entrepreneurial Development Systems
Sustained Effort
Growth Entrepreneurs
Attributes of an Entrepreneurial Community
Immigrants & New Residents
Real Regional Collaboration
Civic and Social Entrepreneurs
New Book
January 2014 Release
Contents…
Case for Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurial Community
Action Framework
Working with Entrepreneurs
Guiding & Tracking Progress
Paper & E Book
E2 University Online
Rollout in 2014…
Resources:
• Guides
• Tools
• Protocols
• Training Webinars
• Exercises & Illustrations
• Videos, Stories & More
University
Web site
We have produced a new and improved web
site with more free resources and better
guidance to compensated resources. Give it a
spin. Also… we have four electronic
newsletters that are free. Sign up today and
benefit from all the resources covered in our
newsletters.
www.energizingentrepreneurs.org
Working with Es Website
Beginning next
summer and fall we
will be offering
community and
professional webinars
on working with
entrepreneurs and
community-based
entrepreneur-focused
development.
Questions…
Questions & Discussion
Don Macke
don@e2mail.org
www.energizingentrepreneurs.org
Great Recession
The most significant
economic event in our
lifetime!
A new economic and
social world will
emerge from this
recession.
Great Reset
Space exists in our economy and
society for creativity and
innovation that can lead to a
new round of economic and
social progress and prosperity.
The Long Depression of the
1870s and the Great Depression
of the 1930s is evidence that
this can be the case with the
Great Recession.
This is called the
Great Reset!
The Reset Process
Crisis
Unraveling
Opportunity
Space
New
Innovation
New Ventures
Prosperity
Supply Chain Companies
Defense Contractors
Government Contractors
Immigrant Talent
Safe Harbor Immigrants
Graduate Students
Displaced Talent
Under-Employed Talent
Un-hired Graduates
Women
Business Failures
Retirees
Entrepreneur
Opportunities
Illustration – 1995-2001
The Great Expansion
The 1990s were a remarkable
period in American economic
development history. During
the 1990s household net worth
grew by a remarkable $22
trillion. No other decade since
World War II posted such
wealth creation in United
States including the 1950s,
1960s and the 1970s.
By the Numbers
Businesses: +3.7 million (30%)
Jobs: +28 million (19%)
Nearly 390,000 net new jobs
per month over six years!
Sales: $5 trillion (35%)
www.youreconomy.org
Edward Lowe Foundation
Illustration – 2001-2009
By the Numbers
Businesses: +5.9 million (37%)
Net gains in new businesses actually
rose!
Jobs: -11 million (-6.4%)
For the 96 months during this period
net job destruction averaged nearly -
-115,000/month
Sales: -$973 billion (-5.0%)
www.youreconomy.org
Edward Lowe Foundation
Digging Deeper…
Job Changes…
Non-Resident: -7.1 million
Largest Employers: -9 million
Smallest: +8.0 million
Self-Employment: +3.2 million
91% Increase
What are You Doing?
Employment Shifts – 3 Waves
Pre-World War II
Self-Employment – Smaller Local Employers
World War II into the 1990s
Large Corporations, Government & Non-Profits
1990s through to Today
Swelling Self-Employment & Smaller Ventures
Navigating Change

Critical elements of entrepreneurial development system macke

  • 1.
    SourceLink Virginia: Puttingthe Pieces Together for Entrepreneurial and Community Development Community-Based and Entrepreneur-Focused Development Virginia Community Economic Network June 3, 2014 Roanoke, Virginia
  • 2.
    June 3, 2014 DonMacke & Deb Markley Community-Based and Entrepreneur-Focused Development
  • 3.
    Our Presentation Virginia CommunityEconomic Network 06.03.14 Part 1 Virginia Needs a Ground Game Part 2 Lessons from Kansas Part 3 Building Blocks for Success
  • 4.
    Part 1 Why VirginiaNeeds a Ground Game?
  • 5.
    Virginia’s Need forDevelopment? 1970-2011: Population = +1.8%/Year Employment = +2.9%/Year Income = 6.5%/Year 2000-2012: Domestic Migration = +17,000 International Migration = +23,000 Outperformed the U.S. on nearly every indicator.
  • 6.
    Virginia’s Need forDevelopment? Great Recession (2005-2009): Added 124,116 Establishments Added 134,222 Jobs Stage 2-4 firms dropped by 1,187 and shed 108,000 jobs. Self-employed and Stage 1 firms added 242,000 jobs.
  • 7.
    Virginia’s Need forDevelopment! • Military? • Federal Government? • Structural Changes? • Manufacturing? • Retirees? • Uneven Growth! Entrepreneur focus – Great! Entrepreneurs are key to ensuring economic success in a rapidly changing world economy and society.
  • 8.
    Virginia – AVery Diverse State
  • 9.
    Why a GroundGame? • Top Down & Bottom Up Strategy • Community Responsibility – American Tradition • Why Communities as Partners? – It’s Their Community – Preferences – Finding Growth-Oriented Entrepreneurs – Reaching Under-Served and Distressed Communities – Democratizes & Sustains • Communities of Place and Interest
  • 10.
    A Decade ofField Work The areas with “STARS” are locations where the Center has completed projects.
  • 11.
    Sahuarita, Arizona Situation: South Tucson– Bedroom Community Explosive Suburban Growth Midland Crowd – IT & Aviation Great Recession Slowdown Desire for a Domestic Base Economy Response: Stay at Home Spouses 800 Educated Home-Based Workers Cluster Spin-Off Opportunities System Support & Coaching
  • 12.
    Fond du Lac,Wisconsin Situation: Industrial Midwest Small City Janesville, WI GM Lesson Mercury Marine Scare Threat to Supply Chain Companies Defense Contractors Response: Focus on Defense & Supply Chain Customized Entrepreneur Coaching Use of Market Research Wrap Around Services Finance – Facilities – Workforce, etc.
  • 13.
    Missoula, Montana Situation: Western Montana Mountains& Drop Dead Beautiful 40 Years of Economic Boom New Residents, Housing & Commercial Great Recession – Boom Stops Forestry Industry Collapses Response: Micro Clusters of E Talent Technology Focused Pharma – IT – Green – Tourism Comprehensive E Coaching Support
  • 14.
    Red Wood Coast,California Situation: Coastal Northern California Rural & Very Isolated Declining Natural Resource Economy Historically at the Bottom in California Largest Industry – Pot Production Response: Humboldt Area Foundation $100 Million Endowment Long-Term View & Commitment Entrepreneur Focus Now in the Top of California Counties
  • 15.
    Research Coast, Florida Situation: AreaNorth of Miami Economic Gardening Focus Stage 2 Growth Entrepreneurs No Community Game Plan Outcomes: Challenged Finding Entrepreneurs Limited Development Impact Initiative Did Not Sustain
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
    YES! • More thana decade of evolution of entrepreneurial development in the state • Collaborative effort – both in terms of policy and practice • Powerful public – private partnerships • Orchestrated and implemented by social and civic entrepreneurs
  • 19.
    2001 •. 2004 •. 2005•. 2006 2007 2011 2013 2001 •. 2003 •. 2003 •. 2008 2009 2010 2011 Kansas Sirolli Initiative Begins 2001-2003 Early Kansas Meetings with Wally Kearns, Patty Clark, Leon Atwell & John Cyr KS Economic Growth Act Passed NetWork Kansas Formed Steve Radley & Erik Pedersen Hired StartUp Kansas Begins E-Community Partnership Rolls Out 2007-Present Economic Gardening E-Community Partnership Refocused E-Community Partnership Moves to Metro Center Sirolli Evaluation Conducted 2003-2005 HTC Institutes Held 2003-2005 KS Farm Bureau Hometown Prosperity Initiative 2008-2009 Rawlins County Chatauqua County Onaga KS Entrepreneurial Communities 2010-2011 Initiative E-Accelerator Launched 2011-Present . KS Entrepreneurship Milestones Center’s Kansas Engagement
  • 20.
    Entrepreneurial Milestones in Kansas •2004 Economic Growth Act – public focus on and support for entrepreneurship • 2005 NetWork Kansas – hub of a resource collaborative; powered by SourceLink • 2007-2010 “Ground Game” – E-Community Partnership and HomeTown Prosperity/E Communities Initiative • 2011 Accelerating Impact – E-Accelerator, Economic Gardening...
  • 21.
    Lessons from Kansas •Importance of collaboration and connections • Positive role for government action • Community engagement and ownership • Documenting success • Long-term strategy – long- term commitment • Power of social and civic entrepreneurs “Build strong, meaningful partnerships with those that share your mission and empower them to help you deliver your products and services.” Corey Mohn, Director of Statewide Programs, NetWork Kansas ”We didn’t want to be a state program; we wanted to get in the dirt.” Steve Radley President and CEO, NetWork Kansas ”This takes time and you need to keep working at it. You need to be persistent and have faith in the future.” Jeff Hofaker, Phillips County Kansas E-Community Partner
  • 22.
    ACCESS Resource Navigator –74 → 179/month Calls – 23 → 192/month Active Contacts – 5 → 436/month Partners – 9 → 500+ DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS* Nearly 400 Deals $61 Million in Capital 1,060 Full-Time Jobs 865 Part-Time Jobs * Through 1st Quarter 2014 REACH 44 E-Communities 39 Counties – 37% of Geography Now Metro: Kansas City & Wichita CONTINUOUS INNOVATION Economic Gardening Ice House Start Up Weekends Growing Your Business E-Accelerator SERVING THE UNDER-SERVED 86% Under 25,000 Population 70% Under 10,000 Population 57% Under 5,000 Population 17% Under 1,000 Population COMMUNITY TURNAROUNDS Rawlins County Phillips County Hillsboro Sterling Among Others ACHIEVING IMPACT 2007 to 2013 → 6 Years
  • 23.
  • 24.
    Regional or StatewideInitiative • Infrastructure – SourceLink Resource – Capital Access – Market Intelligence – Business Counseling, etc. • Community Engagement: – Communities as Partners – Entrepreneur Engagement
  • 25.
    Community Ground Game •Community Coaching • Community Ecosystem • Business Coaching • Portfolios • Hard Referrals & Tracking • Impact Documentation – Numbers – Stories
  • 26.
    Becoming an E-Community •Readiness • Commitment • Assessment • Strategy • Execution • Impact • Learning & Improving • Sustaining Effort
  • 27.
    Assessment is Key 1.Opportunity 2. Entrepreneurial Talent 3. Relevant Resources 4. Development Preferences 5. Stakeholders Smart assessment can empower a community to craft a sound game plan and accelerate impact.
  • 28.
    An E-Community’s Job •Identification • Targeting • Outreach • Intake & Screening • Referral & Tracking • Assistance • Impact • Ecosystem Development
  • 29.
  • 30.
    Chase County, Nebraska 70 4,807 2,559 3,613 4,939 5,484 5,310 5,176 4,317 4,129 4,758 4,381 4,068 3,9653,975 3,984 3,883 3,816 3,768 3,687 3,616 3,625 3,966 4,006 4,064 - 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Historical Population of Chase County, Nebraska Like so many rural counties, Chase County experienced chronic and severe depopulation beginning with the Great Depression. This period preceded by the classic boom, bust and boom cycles.
  • 31.
  • 32.
    Community Renewal 4,068 3,965 3,9753,984 3,883 3,816 3,768 3,687 3,616 3,625 3,966 4,006 4,064 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Contemporary Population of Chase County, Nebraska There are relatively few rural counties in the entire Great Plains Region posting sustained positive population growth.
  • 33.
    Russ & AlloCommunications Russ and his wife own the local twice weekly newspaper in Imperial. He a former high school class mate created Allo Communications. Today they are one of the breakout companies fueling Chase County’s revitalization. Allo Communications is competing head up with the likes of SPRINT and Century Link. Russ and Allo are charitable and through gifts to the Chase County Community Foundation they are supporting workforce development and educational opportunities for youth.
  • 34.
  • 35.
    Keys to EconomicSuccess Local Responsibility Smart Game Plan Robust Investment Entrepreneurial Development Systems Sustained Effort Growth Entrepreneurs Attributes of an Entrepreneurial Community Immigrants & New Residents Real Regional Collaboration Civic and Social Entrepreneurs
  • 36.
    New Book January 2014Release Contents… Case for Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurial Community Action Framework Working with Entrepreneurs Guiding & Tracking Progress Paper & E Book
  • 37.
    E2 University Online Rolloutin 2014… Resources: • Guides • Tools • Protocols • Training Webinars • Exercises & Illustrations • Videos, Stories & More University
  • 38.
    Web site We haveproduced a new and improved web site with more free resources and better guidance to compensated resources. Give it a spin. Also… we have four electronic newsletters that are free. Sign up today and benefit from all the resources covered in our newsletters. www.energizingentrepreneurs.org
  • 39.
    Working with EsWebsite Beginning next summer and fall we will be offering community and professional webinars on working with entrepreneurs and community-based entrepreneur-focused development.
  • 40.
  • 41.
    Questions & Discussion DonMacke don@e2mail.org www.energizingentrepreneurs.org
  • 42.
    Great Recession The mostsignificant economic event in our lifetime! A new economic and social world will emerge from this recession.
  • 43.
    Great Reset Space existsin our economy and society for creativity and innovation that can lead to a new round of economic and social progress and prosperity. The Long Depression of the 1870s and the Great Depression of the 1930s is evidence that this can be the case with the Great Recession. This is called the Great Reset!
  • 44.
  • 45.
    Supply Chain Companies DefenseContractors Government Contractors Immigrant Talent Safe Harbor Immigrants Graduate Students Displaced Talent Under-Employed Talent Un-hired Graduates Women Business Failures Retirees Entrepreneur Opportunities
  • 46.
    Illustration – 1995-2001 TheGreat Expansion The 1990s were a remarkable period in American economic development history. During the 1990s household net worth grew by a remarkable $22 trillion. No other decade since World War II posted such wealth creation in United States including the 1950s, 1960s and the 1970s. By the Numbers Businesses: +3.7 million (30%) Jobs: +28 million (19%) Nearly 390,000 net new jobs per month over six years! Sales: $5 trillion (35%) www.youreconomy.org Edward Lowe Foundation
  • 47.
    Illustration – 2001-2009 Bythe Numbers Businesses: +5.9 million (37%) Net gains in new businesses actually rose! Jobs: -11 million (-6.4%) For the 96 months during this period net job destruction averaged nearly - -115,000/month Sales: -$973 billion (-5.0%) www.youreconomy.org Edward Lowe Foundation Digging Deeper… Job Changes… Non-Resident: -7.1 million Largest Employers: -9 million Smallest: +8.0 million Self-Employment: +3.2 million 91% Increase What are You Doing?
  • 48.
    Employment Shifts –3 Waves Pre-World War II Self-Employment – Smaller Local Employers World War II into the 1990s Large Corporations, Government & Non-Profits 1990s through to Today Swelling Self-Employment & Smaller Ventures Navigating Change

Editor's Notes