The document summarizes key aspects of educational policy planning. It discusses the three main sources of educational policy - internal sources like laws and regulations, external sources like international agreements, and other sources like philosophies. It then explains the two processes of policy formation in Nepal - a top-down integrated process led by the education ministry and a bottom-up micro process. Finally, it outlines the three main criteria for evaluating policy options: desirability which ensures policies address stakeholder needs, affordability in terms of available resources and cost-effectiveness, and feasibility involving assessing practical implementation considering social, economic and other factors.

1. A Presentation on
As a Partial Fulfillment to :
Planning Education for Change (EDPM 515)
M. Ed. First Semester 2020
Presented to:
Dr. Ram Hari Dhakal
Rainbow International College,
Dallu, Kathmandu
4.3. Criteria of Policy Options
Presented By:
Birendra Prasad Shrestha
Roll No: 12
1/26/2021 1

2. Content
4.3.4. Criteria of Policy Options
4.3.4.1. Desirability
4.3.4.2. Affordability
4.3.4.3. Feasibility
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
2
1/26/2021
a. 4.3.1. Introduction to Education Policy
4.3.2. Sources of Education Policy
4.3.2.1. Internal Sources
4.3.2.2. External Sources
4.3.2.3. Other Sources
4.3.3. Process of Policy Formation in Nepal
b. Conclusion
c. References
d. Questions TU)

3. • Education in broader sense, means
everything that is learned by an individual in
a society.
1/26/2021 3
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
• “Education” is connected with the verb
educere = to bring forth
• “Education” is derived from Latin word educare = to
bring up
Introduction to Education Policy

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Policy
A policy is a verbal, written or implied basic
guide to action that is adopted and
followed by a manager. – G. R. Terry
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Policy is consciously acknowledged rules of
conduct that guide administrative decisions. -
Dimock & Dimock

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• Principles and Government Policies in the
educational sphere
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Contd … Intro to Edu Policy
• Collection of LAWS and RULES that govern the
operation of education systems

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Sources of Educational Policies
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
1. Internal Sources
2. External Sources
3. Other Sources
The Three Sources of
Educational Policies:-

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Internal Sources of
Educational Policies
• Constitution, Laws, Rules and Regulations, Parliamentary
Decisions, Court Decisions,
• Recommendations of education commissions, plans, projects,
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
• Agendas of Political Parties and Civil Society,
• Outcomes of Various Political, Social, Economic and
Cultural Movements
• Prescriptions / attitudes of Pressure Groups, INGOs & NGOs
• Issues raised by Education Related Professional Organizations

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Examples of Internal Source
of Educational Policies
• Constitution of Nepal, Education Act and Rules and
Regulation, Distance Learning Policy
• Special Need Education Policy
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
• National Education Policy 2076
• School Sector Reform Project
• Food For Education Programme
• Second Higher Education Project

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External Sources of
Educational Policies
• International Laws
• Charter and Declarations of the United Nations
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
• Declarations made by the Nation in the International
Forums
• Agreements, Treaties, Contracts and MOUs signed with
the International Agencies including INGOS

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Other Sources of
Educational Policies
• Thoughts, Philosophies, and Educational
Contributions of Various Philosophers
• Issues raised by the Media
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)

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Process of Policy
Formation in Nepal
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
TWO processes :-
2. Buttom Up/ Micro
Process
1. Integrated / Macro
Process

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Contd … Process … Formation
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Integrated / Macro Process
• Planning section of Education Ministry leads

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Contd … Process … Formation
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Bottom up/ Micro Process

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Criteria of Educational Policy
Options
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
1. Desirability
2. Affordability
3. Feasibility
The Three Criteria :-

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Desirability
Determinants of Success or Effectiveness of Policies:-
• Address the want, necessity, desire of the stakeholders
• Ensure the Inclusiveness & Participation of the locals
• Develop Ownership in the Stakeholders/ Locals
• Fulfill the Needs of the Stakeholders
Desirability is a key criteria of Educational Policy Options.

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Desirability Contd …
Why Desirability a key Criterion?
• Be based on public necessity
• Affect the Stakeholders
• Have Output useful to Stakeholders
• Cultivate a sense of Ownership in Stakeholders
• Produce Human Resource needed for the nation
• Address Socio, economic and political change of a nation
Because Policies & Plans must:-

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Affordability
• Affordable by the
stakeholders.
• Estimate Resource
Management and
Cost Effectiveness
• Have budget
Policies must /be:-

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Affordability Contd …
Example:- COVID-19 &
School Education Policy,
Online, Effective?

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Affordability Contd …
Why Affordability another key Criterion?
• Available Resources
• Stakeholders’ Affordability
• Funding for the Plan
• Financially feasible or not?
Because Policies & Plans must Analyze :-

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Feasibility
• Feasibility study conducted prior to
Planning
• Practicable?
• Social, Cultural, Economic,
Geographical Effects and Benefits of
the plan
• Viability
Initial assessment of a proposed plan

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Feasibility Contd …
Example:- Before Establishing
a School Feasibility Study -
Where? Why? How? Cost?
Human Resource? Students
get benefited?

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Feasibility Contd …
Why Feasibility another key Criterion?
• Geography
• Available Resources
• Stakeholders’ Affordability,
Benefit, Wants to be fulfilled
• Socio, Economic, Cultural Impact
• Financially feasible or not?
Because Policies & Plans must Analyze :-

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Conclusion
Making Educational Plans and
Planning Educational Policy
involves the study of Source of
Educational Policies, Process of
Policy Formulation and Criteria of
Policy Options that include
Desirability, Affordability and
Feasibility

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
References
Shrestha, Chandrabahadur et al(2077), Planning Education
for Change, Bhundipuran Publication, Bagbazar,
Kathmandu
(www.google.com and many other sites for the images)

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)
Questions Asked in the TU Board Exam
1. State the criteria of policy options of educational
planning. (5 marks 2075)
2. State the criteria of policy options with reference to
planning education for change. (10 marks 2076)

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Any Queries
(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)

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(A Presentation to Rainbow International College, Dallu, Kathmandu)