The ending of capitalism have been subject to predictions that anticipated an end, but it has prevailed and has strengthened; apparently has more strength and staying power now than before
This document provides an outline of the history of economic thought from Adam Smith and the classical political economists in the 18th century to contemporary thinkers. It summarizes the key ideas and works of influential economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman, Amartya Sen, and Thomas Piketty and the schools of thought they represented, including classical economics, marginalism, Keynesian economics, monetarism, and debates around inequality. The document traces the evolution of economic ideas and chronicles how economic theory has developed in response to historical conditions and events.
This document provides an overview of command economies, including a definition, key characteristics, examples, advantages, and disadvantages. A command economy is a centralized system where the government makes all economic decisions rather than market forces. Key characteristics include the government creating central economic plans, allocating all resources, setting production quotas and prices, owning monopoly businesses, and enforcing the plan through laws and regulations. Examples given are Belarus, China, Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, and the former Soviet Union. Advantages include rapid mobilization for large projects but disadvantages are an inability to respond to consumer demand, overproducing some goods and underproducing others, and discouraging innovation.
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
This document presents a summary of capitalism that was presented to Sir Rao Naeem Ullah. It begins by listing the 12 presenters and their student IDs and programs of study. It then provides definitions of capitalism, discusses the history and origins of capitalism. It outlines key features of capitalism including private property, profit motive, and perfect competition. It also discusses types of capitalism, impacts on market economy, laws of supply and demand, criticisms of capitalism, advantages and disadvantages, examples of capitalist countries, and argues that capitalism can be realistic if citizens make right choices.
The document compares the monetary and Keynesian approaches to economic stability. The monetary (or monetarist) approach is based on the role of money in stabilizing aggregate demand, and believes that limiting government intervention and controlling the money supply are key. The Keynesian approach focuses on the role of government spending in stabilizing aggregate demand, and does not restrict government intervention. It believes fiscal policy tools like tax rates and government spending are most important for achieving economic stability, especially during downturns when suggested solutions include increasing various types of spending.
This document provides an outline of the history of economic thought from Adam Smith and the classical political economists in the 18th century to contemporary thinkers. It summarizes the key ideas and works of influential economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman, Amartya Sen, and Thomas Piketty and the schools of thought they represented, including classical economics, marginalism, Keynesian economics, monetarism, and debates around inequality. The document traces the evolution of economic ideas and chronicles how economic theory has developed in response to historical conditions and events.
This document provides an overview of command economies, including a definition, key characteristics, examples, advantages, and disadvantages. A command economy is a centralized system where the government makes all economic decisions rather than market forces. Key characteristics include the government creating central economic plans, allocating all resources, setting production quotas and prices, owning monopoly businesses, and enforcing the plan through laws and regulations. Examples given are Belarus, China, Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, and the former Soviet Union. Advantages include rapid mobilization for large projects but disadvantages are an inability to respond to consumer demand, overproducing some goods and underproducing others, and discouraging innovation.
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
This document presents a summary of capitalism that was presented to Sir Rao Naeem Ullah. It begins by listing the 12 presenters and their student IDs and programs of study. It then provides definitions of capitalism, discusses the history and origins of capitalism. It outlines key features of capitalism including private property, profit motive, and perfect competition. It also discusses types of capitalism, impacts on market economy, laws of supply and demand, criticisms of capitalism, advantages and disadvantages, examples of capitalist countries, and argues that capitalism can be realistic if citizens make right choices.
The document compares the monetary and Keynesian approaches to economic stability. The monetary (or monetarist) approach is based on the role of money in stabilizing aggregate demand, and believes that limiting government intervention and controlling the money supply are key. The Keynesian approach focuses on the role of government spending in stabilizing aggregate demand, and does not restrict government intervention. It believes fiscal policy tools like tax rates and government spending are most important for achieving economic stability, especially during downturns when suggested solutions include increasing various types of spending.
The document provides an overview of neoliberalism and its rise as the dominant ideology since the 1970s. It discusses key figures who promoted neoliberal policies like Thatcher, Reagan, Deng and Pinochet. It also summarizes critiques of neoliberalism from scholars like Harvey, Kelsey and analyses of the crisis of the welfare state and neoliberal critiques of state intervention in the economy.
Mercantilism was an economic theory that dominated Britain in the 16th-17th centuries. It held that a positive balance of trade and accumulation of gold were crucial. Thomas Mun was a key early proponent of mercantilism who argued that England should regulate trade to export more than it imports to gain gold. He defended practices of the East India Company that were importing more than exporting and sending gold to India to pay for imports. Mun's writings laid out mercantilist ideas including banning competing imports, reducing luxury imports, and cultivating wastelands to boost domestic production and reduce imports.
Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, which advocated for free markets and limited government intervention in business. Thomas Malthus argued that population growth would always outpace food production, leading to poverty. Utopian socialists like Charles Fourier and Robert Owen proposed ideal socialist communities with fair working conditions. Karl Marx analyzed capitalism and proposed communism, believing capitalism would be overthrown through revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie.
Linear stages of growth and the harrod domar growth201025600
The document discusses linear stages of economic growth and the Harrod-Domar growth model. It describes the five stages of economic growth: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of mass consumption. Countries move through these stages through capital accumulation. It then explains the Harrod-Domar growth model, which models economic growth as a function of the savings rate and the capital-output ratio. The model assumes savings equals investment and does not explicitly model technological change or labor. It indicates economic growth depends on accumulating capital through savings.
This document discusses the relationship between political and economic factors. It defines political economy as the grafting of politics and economics, and notes they are mutually dependent. It explores how governments can use political power to influence economic resources at domestic and international levels. It also outlines three major ideologies in political economy: liberalism, nationalism, and Marxism. The document examines different structures that comprise the global political economy, such as production, security, financial, and knowledge structures. It analyzes how political events like the OPEC oil crisis influenced economics. Multinational corporations and regional economic organizations are also discussed in relation to world political economy.
Liberalism has profoundly shaped modern societies through its core beliefs of political freedom, democracy, individual liberty and equality before the law. After the Cold War, some believed liberal democracy and capitalism had triumphed globally as the final form of human government. However, realists argue that nation-states remain the most powerful actors in international relations and prioritize their own security over other concerns like free trade or human rights. While liberals see globalization and institutions as increasing cooperation, realists are skeptical that anarchy and self-interest do not allow states to fully cooperate or limit their sovereignty.
New growth theory emphasizes that economic growth results from increasing returns associated with new knowledge, rather than diminishing returns to capital and labor. It views technological progress as endogenous and driven by economic forces like investment in research and development, rather than external factors. This challenged previous neoclassical growth models that treated technology as outside the economic system. New growth theory sparked renewed interest in explaining the sources of long-term economic growth.
The document provides information on mercantilism and physiocracy. It discusses the key factors that led to the development of mercantilism like the changing economic base from agriculture to manufacturing, increased use of money, and expansion of commerce. It outlines the main ideas of mercantilists regarding population, wages, interest, production, and taxation. The document then introduces physiocracy as the first school of economic thought originating in France in the 18th century. It discusses the central themes of physiocracy, including the natural order, the concept of net product, and their views on the circulation of wealth in the economy.
Raul Prebisch and Andre Gunder Frank developed dependency theory which argues that poorer countries' economies are negatively impacted by their relationships with richer countries. Dependency theory states that the wealth of rich nations increases at the expense of poor nations, as poor countries export raw materials to rich countries who manufacture goods and sell them back at higher prices. This creates underdevelopment in poor countries and enriches elites in both rich and poor countries who benefit from the unequal system. Dependency theory critics argue poor countries' internal markets cannot support industrialization and they lack political will and control over external forces to transform their economies. The document discusses dependency theory and provides context on its proponents and implications for development policies.
Keynesian economics is an economic theory developed by John Maynard Keynes that argues that government intervention is necessary to increase aggregate demand and pull the economy out of recession. It posits that private sector spending affects income and output, and that inadequate private spending during economic downturns can lead to increased unemployment and a slower economy unless the government injects money directly into the economy through spending on public projects, tax cuts, or by increasing the money supply. Keynesian economics advocates for government intervention in the economy through fiscal policy tools like spending and taxation to stabilize output and mitigate economic cycles.
This document discusses different economic systems and their key characteristics. It begins by outlining the three basic economic problems of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. It then defines four main economic systems - traditional, command, market, and mixed - and describes their essential features. The document also distinguishes between the economic philosophies of capitalism, communism, and socialism.
Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on developing countries. Positively, it leads to economic growth, more employment opportunities, and increased free trade. It also decreases illiteracy rates and increases living standards. However, it also widens disparities between rich and poor, threatens small industries, and risks loss of local culture and languages. While globalization has drawbacks, the presentation argues that overall it provides more benefits to developing countries through opportunities for increased trade, business, and commerce.
This document summarizes concepts related to international political economy such as economic nationalism, mercantilism, protectionism, and globalization. It discusses how economic nationalism and globalization oppose each other, with economic nationalism promoting domestic markets and protectionism through trade barriers while globalization advocates for open markets and free trade. The document also notes how in the current era of globalization, the concept of economic nationalism seems to be fading. It provides differences between globalization and economic nationalism in terms of their approaches to trade, markets, cooperation and views on development of less developed countries.
This document outlines the key differences between capitalism, socialism, and communism. Capitalism is based on private ownership and laissez-faire markets, while communism believes in collective ownership and a planned economy with no private property. Socialism is presented as a transition stage between capitalism and communism, where workers take control of the country and its resources. The document then describes Marx's five stages of societal evolution from primitive communism to advanced communism, where boundaries cease and all work to benefit each other.
The document discusses several key aspects of liberal theories in international relations. It covers:
1) Early liberal thinkers like Kant who argued that states could cooperate through international organizations and that democracies are more peaceful.
2) 19th century liberalism focused on free trade increasing interdependence and making war less likely.
3) Wilsonian idealism promoted collective security and international law to prevent war.
4) Neoliberal institutionalism sees states cooperating through international regimes when it is in their self-interest to do so and institutions help address collective action problems.
5) Concepts like collective security, international regimes, and the democratic peace theory are discussed as key aspects of modern liberal
Barriers to Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
This is a revision presentation covering examples of barriers ti economic growth and development in emerging and developing countries. In their revision students should consider factors such as:
Poor infrastructure
Human capital inadequacies
Primary product dependency
Declining terms of trade
Savings gap; inadequate capital accumulation
Foreign currency gap and capital flight
Corruption, poor governance, impact of civil war
Population issues
Capitalism relies on private property, voluntary exchange, and an absence of coercion, but it is not inherently "pro-business" or "anti-government" and governments still play important roles. There are variations in how capitalism is implemented in different countries based on factors like the level of democracy and welfare policies. While capitalism has generally produced economic growth, there are ongoing debates about its relationship with democracy and tensions that can arise.
Mercosur (Common Market of the South) is a regional trade bloc in South America consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay as full members. Venezuela's entry as a full member is pending ratification. The bloc aims to eliminate trade barriers and integrate economies regionally and across South America. However, Mercosur has become divided in recent years, with some members focused on trade and others wanting to expand its political role. The creation of the separate Union of South American Nations has also raised questions about Mercosur's future role and relevance in the region.
Karl Marx argued that a society's economic structure determines its social and political structures. He believed that in capitalist societies, there are two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. A society's mode of production shapes its social relations, politics, and people's consciousness. Globalization today is facilitated by international agreements and organizations that promote free trade between nations through reducing trade barriers. While free trade aims to improve living standards, critics argue it can negatively impact poorer countries.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
The document provides an overview of neoliberalism and its rise as the dominant ideology since the 1970s. It discusses key figures who promoted neoliberal policies like Thatcher, Reagan, Deng and Pinochet. It also summarizes critiques of neoliberalism from scholars like Harvey, Kelsey and analyses of the crisis of the welfare state and neoliberal critiques of state intervention in the economy.
Mercantilism was an economic theory that dominated Britain in the 16th-17th centuries. It held that a positive balance of trade and accumulation of gold were crucial. Thomas Mun was a key early proponent of mercantilism who argued that England should regulate trade to export more than it imports to gain gold. He defended practices of the East India Company that were importing more than exporting and sending gold to India to pay for imports. Mun's writings laid out mercantilist ideas including banning competing imports, reducing luxury imports, and cultivating wastelands to boost domestic production and reduce imports.
Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, which advocated for free markets and limited government intervention in business. Thomas Malthus argued that population growth would always outpace food production, leading to poverty. Utopian socialists like Charles Fourier and Robert Owen proposed ideal socialist communities with fair working conditions. Karl Marx analyzed capitalism and proposed communism, believing capitalism would be overthrown through revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie.
Linear stages of growth and the harrod domar growth201025600
The document discusses linear stages of economic growth and the Harrod-Domar growth model. It describes the five stages of economic growth: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of mass consumption. Countries move through these stages through capital accumulation. It then explains the Harrod-Domar growth model, which models economic growth as a function of the savings rate and the capital-output ratio. The model assumes savings equals investment and does not explicitly model technological change or labor. It indicates economic growth depends on accumulating capital through savings.
This document discusses the relationship between political and economic factors. It defines political economy as the grafting of politics and economics, and notes they are mutually dependent. It explores how governments can use political power to influence economic resources at domestic and international levels. It also outlines three major ideologies in political economy: liberalism, nationalism, and Marxism. The document examines different structures that comprise the global political economy, such as production, security, financial, and knowledge structures. It analyzes how political events like the OPEC oil crisis influenced economics. Multinational corporations and regional economic organizations are also discussed in relation to world political economy.
Liberalism has profoundly shaped modern societies through its core beliefs of political freedom, democracy, individual liberty and equality before the law. After the Cold War, some believed liberal democracy and capitalism had triumphed globally as the final form of human government. However, realists argue that nation-states remain the most powerful actors in international relations and prioritize their own security over other concerns like free trade or human rights. While liberals see globalization and institutions as increasing cooperation, realists are skeptical that anarchy and self-interest do not allow states to fully cooperate or limit their sovereignty.
New growth theory emphasizes that economic growth results from increasing returns associated with new knowledge, rather than diminishing returns to capital and labor. It views technological progress as endogenous and driven by economic forces like investment in research and development, rather than external factors. This challenged previous neoclassical growth models that treated technology as outside the economic system. New growth theory sparked renewed interest in explaining the sources of long-term economic growth.
The document provides information on mercantilism and physiocracy. It discusses the key factors that led to the development of mercantilism like the changing economic base from agriculture to manufacturing, increased use of money, and expansion of commerce. It outlines the main ideas of mercantilists regarding population, wages, interest, production, and taxation. The document then introduces physiocracy as the first school of economic thought originating in France in the 18th century. It discusses the central themes of physiocracy, including the natural order, the concept of net product, and their views on the circulation of wealth in the economy.
Raul Prebisch and Andre Gunder Frank developed dependency theory which argues that poorer countries' economies are negatively impacted by their relationships with richer countries. Dependency theory states that the wealth of rich nations increases at the expense of poor nations, as poor countries export raw materials to rich countries who manufacture goods and sell them back at higher prices. This creates underdevelopment in poor countries and enriches elites in both rich and poor countries who benefit from the unequal system. Dependency theory critics argue poor countries' internal markets cannot support industrialization and they lack political will and control over external forces to transform their economies. The document discusses dependency theory and provides context on its proponents and implications for development policies.
Keynesian economics is an economic theory developed by John Maynard Keynes that argues that government intervention is necessary to increase aggregate demand and pull the economy out of recession. It posits that private sector spending affects income and output, and that inadequate private spending during economic downturns can lead to increased unemployment and a slower economy unless the government injects money directly into the economy through spending on public projects, tax cuts, or by increasing the money supply. Keynesian economics advocates for government intervention in the economy through fiscal policy tools like spending and taxation to stabilize output and mitigate economic cycles.
This document discusses different economic systems and their key characteristics. It begins by outlining the three basic economic problems of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. It then defines four main economic systems - traditional, command, market, and mixed - and describes their essential features. The document also distinguishes between the economic philosophies of capitalism, communism, and socialism.
Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on developing countries. Positively, it leads to economic growth, more employment opportunities, and increased free trade. It also decreases illiteracy rates and increases living standards. However, it also widens disparities between rich and poor, threatens small industries, and risks loss of local culture and languages. While globalization has drawbacks, the presentation argues that overall it provides more benefits to developing countries through opportunities for increased trade, business, and commerce.
This document summarizes concepts related to international political economy such as economic nationalism, mercantilism, protectionism, and globalization. It discusses how economic nationalism and globalization oppose each other, with economic nationalism promoting domestic markets and protectionism through trade barriers while globalization advocates for open markets and free trade. The document also notes how in the current era of globalization, the concept of economic nationalism seems to be fading. It provides differences between globalization and economic nationalism in terms of their approaches to trade, markets, cooperation and views on development of less developed countries.
This document outlines the key differences between capitalism, socialism, and communism. Capitalism is based on private ownership and laissez-faire markets, while communism believes in collective ownership and a planned economy with no private property. Socialism is presented as a transition stage between capitalism and communism, where workers take control of the country and its resources. The document then describes Marx's five stages of societal evolution from primitive communism to advanced communism, where boundaries cease and all work to benefit each other.
The document discusses several key aspects of liberal theories in international relations. It covers:
1) Early liberal thinkers like Kant who argued that states could cooperate through international organizations and that democracies are more peaceful.
2) 19th century liberalism focused on free trade increasing interdependence and making war less likely.
3) Wilsonian idealism promoted collective security and international law to prevent war.
4) Neoliberal institutionalism sees states cooperating through international regimes when it is in their self-interest to do so and institutions help address collective action problems.
5) Concepts like collective security, international regimes, and the democratic peace theory are discussed as key aspects of modern liberal
Barriers to Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
This is a revision presentation covering examples of barriers ti economic growth and development in emerging and developing countries. In their revision students should consider factors such as:
Poor infrastructure
Human capital inadequacies
Primary product dependency
Declining terms of trade
Savings gap; inadequate capital accumulation
Foreign currency gap and capital flight
Corruption, poor governance, impact of civil war
Population issues
Capitalism relies on private property, voluntary exchange, and an absence of coercion, but it is not inherently "pro-business" or "anti-government" and governments still play important roles. There are variations in how capitalism is implemented in different countries based on factors like the level of democracy and welfare policies. While capitalism has generally produced economic growth, there are ongoing debates about its relationship with democracy and tensions that can arise.
Mercosur (Common Market of the South) is a regional trade bloc in South America consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay as full members. Venezuela's entry as a full member is pending ratification. The bloc aims to eliminate trade barriers and integrate economies regionally and across South America. However, Mercosur has become divided in recent years, with some members focused on trade and others wanting to expand its political role. The creation of the separate Union of South American Nations has also raised questions about Mercosur's future role and relevance in the region.
Karl Marx argued that a society's economic structure determines its social and political structures. He believed that in capitalist societies, there are two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. A society's mode of production shapes its social relations, politics, and people's consciousness. Globalization today is facilitated by international agreements and organizations that promote free trade between nations through reducing trade barriers. While free trade aims to improve living standards, critics argue it can negatively impact poorer countries.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
Oleg S. Chenin,
2001
President of the Soviet of the Union of the Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Contribution to the International Communist Seminar
"The World Socialist Revolution in the Conditions of Imperialist Globalization"
Brussels, 2-4 May 2001
In defense of a new enlightenment project to end the human calvary in the worldFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the need for a new Enlightenment project to end the calvary in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era, striving for the construction of a new model of society that provides benefits for all human beings. Calvary means martyrdom, suffering. An observer attentive to what happens in the world realizes the calvary suffered by humanity throughout history. This calvary is characterized by the exploitation of man by man with slavery during Antiquity, serfdom during feudalism in the Middle Ages and wage labor during capitalism from the 12th century to the contemporary era that contributes to the growth of social inequalities, the increase in crime and violence among human beings, the restriction of political freedoms in many countries and the escalation of international conflicts and terrorism.
This article presents the content of our interview with American intellectual scholar, Charles Moscowitz, on his YouTube channel about the issue of the progress of humanity.
The precarious future of the nation state (3)GRAZIA TANTA
C – Capitalism’s Thirty Glorious Years
13 – The reformulation of the political thinking and the Keynesian splendour
14 – The reconstruction of infrastructures and the beginning of European integration
15 – Supra-national institutions shape globalization
16 – The decolonization and decline of colonizing nations
17 – Workers acceptance of the capitalist order
The document discusses the social and economic impacts of communism and capitalism in four nations: Vietnam and Laos as communist nations, and England and Canada as capitalist nations. It provides background on each nation's economic system and history, and discusses how communism influenced Vietnam and Laos through collectivization of farms and industries after they came to power in 1975. Theories like Marx's labor theory of value are used to explain how communism transformed the previously agrarian economies into centralized, state-run systems focused on production rather than international trade.
Power politics and resistance continuous analytical refelction final copyjoseph1023
Globalization has connected the world through increased trade, cultural exchange, and technology. However, critics argue it has replaced colonialism by allowing wealthy nations to exploit poorer ones through economic and institutional means. It has also eroded unique cultures and traditions. The rise of neoliberalism has accelerated privatization and reduced government responsibilities. While supporting free market policies, it has increased inequality and consolidated power among the wealthy. The debate around a "clash of civilizations" examines whether policies like multiculturalism have succeeded or failed at creating tolerant societies, as immigration policies impact cultural diversity.
It is time for humanity to provide the urgently as possible tools needed to take control of their destiny and put in place a democratic governance of the world. This is the only means of survival of the human species and to halt the decay of humanity. Because there is no other means capable of building a world in which every woman, every man of today and tomorrow have the same rights and the same duties, and in which the interests of the planet and of all nations, of all forms of life and future generations would be finally taken into account, in which all the sources of growth would be used for environmentally and socially sustainable way.
New program of_the_communist_party_usa-19th_convention-1970-131pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document outlines the program of the Communist Party USA from 1970. It describes the state of American society as one in crisis, with mounting economic insecurity, persistent poverty and unemployment despite the ability to produce abundance. It analyzes the US as a capitalist society divided between the exploiting capitalist class and the exploited working class. While technology has advanced production, it has led not to greater prosperity but intensified exploitation of workers and growing unemployment. The document argues this crisis can only be resolved by replacing the private ownership of industry with social ownership, establishing a socialist system where production is motivated by public need rather than private profit.
The document discusses several issues with the current global system including rising organized violence, wealth disparity, poverty, and environmental degradation. It argues that the system has been manipulated over time to serve elite interests and control the means of production. The extreme form of capitalism in recent decades has led to a debt-based system rather than free markets. This has negative consequences like job losses. Terrorism is driven by deprivation of resources and destruction of livelihoods. The clash of civilizations will be a major source of conflict. Real reforms are needed in financial systems and addressing injustice to reduce terrorism. An individual cannot change the whole system but dedicating oneself to a cause and gaining self-knowledge is important.
The document discusses several topics related to globalization including its historical background, reasons for wars, the golden arches theory of peace, multiple definitions of globalization, contested views of globalization as both progress and disaster, and examples of resistance groups like the Zapatistas in Mexico.
Center and Periferies in Europe – The inequalities dinamics since 1990GRAZIA TANTA
The document discusses the rising inequalities within Europe since 1990 as a result of capitalism. It outlines several key developments that have contributed to the formation of centers and peripheries on the continent, including periods of economic growth and crisis; the rise of neoliberalism; globalization and the relocation of industries; rising debt, speculation, and inequality; and resulting population changes and migration patterns. These dynamics have led to decreasing populations in many Eastern and Southern European countries, while populations in Western countries like France and Spain increased at higher rates, revealing the unequal impacts of capitalism across Europe.
According to the data released by the NSO for the Financial Year 2021-22 on 31st May, 2022, the real GDP grew at the rate of 8.7 per cent. Thus, the growth rate of real GDP for India was higher than most of the other big economies. This is a clear indication that the Indian Economy is now on the path to recovery. But, challenges still remain in its way. The retail inflation is almost 8 per cent. The number of poor people is very high, the unemployment rate is at an alarming level, and a big part of the population is still grappling with malnutrition and undernutrition. According to the 'Report on Currency and Finance' published by the Reserve Bank of India on 28th April 2022, it will take another 10 years or more for the Indian Economy to recover fully from the adverse effects of COVID-19. All these issues have been adequately discussed in this 40th revised and updated edition of the book.
The organisation, structure and contents of the present edition are as follows:
Part I of the book 'Economic Development: A Theoretical Background' is divided into three chapters. It discusses the concepts of economic growth and development, common characteristics of underdeveloped countries, the role of economic and non-economic factors in economic lodu the concept of human development, human development index, gender inequality index, multidimensional poverty index, etc., and issues concerning the relationship between environment and development.
Part II discusses the 'Structure of the Indian Economy' and consists of thirteen chapters. It is devoted to the discussion of various issues relating to the nature of the Indian madarchod including the natural resources and ecological issues, infrastructural development, population problem, unemployment and poverty (including a discussion on universal basic income), income growth and inequalities, etc.
Part III of the book 'Basic Issues in Agriculture' consists of nine chapters. It starts with a discussion of the role, nature and cropping pattern of Indian agriculture and then takes up for discussion the issues in Indian agricultural policy (including a review of the new global opportunities and challenges facing Indian agriculture in the wake of the various agreements concluded under WTO). We then proceed to a discussion of agricultural production and productivity trends, progress and failures in the field of land reform, green revolution and its impact on the rural economy of the country, agricultural finance and marketing, agricultural prices and agricultural price policy, the food security system in India, and agricultural labour.
Part IV on 'The Industrial Sector and Services in Indian Economy' consists of ten chapters. It starts with a discussion of industrial development during the period of planning and then proceeds to discuss some major industries of India. This is followed by a discussion of small-scale industries, industrial policy, role and performance of public sector enterprises, the issue o
This article aims to demonstrate the necessity and the possibility of building another world diametrically opposed to the current one that faces in the contemporary era with economic, social, environmental and international relations crises that makes it possible to avoid the occurrence of harmful consequences for the whole humanity.
GLOBAL EDUCATION AND CURRENT TRENDS FROM SOCIAL-abstract for the paperamita marwaha
Globalization is an economic, social, cultural, and environmental process that has led to increasing global integration and interdependence. It has driven major changes through technological innovations, broader political changes, and economic policies over the past decades. However, globalization has also been accompanied by inequality and conflicts between nations. Education can help address some of the controversies around globalization by promoting global awareness, sustainable development, human rights, democracy, and peace. Global education aims to develop attitudes and skills to avoid indifference, consider interdependencies among nations, and encourage responsible action to address global challenges.
Global education and current trends from social abstract for the paperAmarwaha
The last century intense with a dream and aspirations and major social experiments has ended with general collapse of initiative for social transformation and total disillusionment with efforts of ‘development’ of the so called ‘developing’ nations. The so called victorious ideology-capitalism- has sought to consolidate its triumph with a call for ‘globalization’ for freeing of market, for unchecked hunting by private capital within and across nations with total disregard for the sovereignty rights of nations across the world. Globalization did not develop evenly: indeed, it was accompanied by inequality and conflict. The global development of economic and social relations has been paralleled by wide disparities between North and South.
Nationalism and fascism as answering to the failure of neoliberal globalizationFernando Alcoforado
In addition to provoking the devastation of the economies of almost every country in the world, neoliberal globalization is generating, as a consequence of its failure, the advent of nationalism and, in its wake, the possibility of the advance of fascism.
Esta obra de historia está llamada a convertirse en una obra histórica. Pocos esfuerzos destinados a referir la verdad contenida en testimonios y documentos han penetrado con fundamento científico —demostrativo— en el análisis de los acontecimientos que han trascendido por siglos como verdades oficiales u oficiosas, que sólo dan cuenta de versiones unilaterales, cuya veracidad y objetividad son cuestionadas por la lógica y por el mismo contexto histórico del que cada hecho se rodea.
El Salvador Los Acuerdos de Paz, el Informe de la Comisión de la Verdad, y el...Oscar Martinez Peñate
Es una compilación de los documentos que se emitieron al final del conflicto armado salvadoreño, bajo la égida de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU)
Este libro de Oscar Martínez Peñate, se caracteriza por la valentía y amor a la verdad con que aborda los temas de mayor relieve en la actualidad salvadoreña, resultantes del Acuerdo de Paz suscrito en 1992 por los distintos protagonistas de la historia reciente del país, y de los acontecimientos que tienen y tendrán importancia para las generaciones que de una manera u otra han sido y serán promotoras de la democratización, que ya tiene su propio camino en El Salvador.
El proceso de negociación en El Salvador, coincidió con una serie de condiciones, factores y actores nacionales e internacionales que contribuyeron directa o indirectamente en la solución del conflicto armado salvadoreño, que concluyó con la firma del Acuerdo de Paz.
Entre los factores estuvieron las contradicciones que se dieron al interior del Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN), y el fin de la Guerra Fría, éstos no debilitaron a las fuerzas insurgentes, no obstante, se contabilizaron situaciones político-militares y sociales como costo de oportunidad.
La derecha sufrió transformaciones obligadas por los factores internos y externos, sin embargo, hizo esfuerzos para no inmutarse, pero no le fue posible; sustentó una posición rígida, al asegurar que en El Salvador había democracia, y que el FMLN lo único que tenía que hacer para terminar con el conflicto armado era incorporarse al sistema político “democrático” salvadoreño.
No han pasado los primeros capítulos cuando el lector ya siente el dolor sentido por las protagonistas y transmite el desprecio y odio contra “el malo de la historia”.
Carlos, el esposo de Tania, la golpea hasta desfigurarla, los episodios de violencia familiar son repetitivos, estando sobrio y ebrio. La mujer atrapada en su infierno familiar no logra desprenderse del hombre por dos razones básicas: “lo ama, y no quiere que su criatura crezca sin padre”. Prefiere que vivan con el diablo de su marido a vivir solas. Además, el miedo que el hombre infunde luego de tantos años de maltrato, la paraliza. Las víctimas disminuidas en su autoestima, acaban aceptando, permitiendo y necesitándolo.
La pandemia de COVID-19 podría dar lugar a un nuevo orden mundial con organismos internacionales más democratizados. Los países que lidiaron mejor con la pandemia, como China y Rusia, han ganado influencia, mientras que Estados Unidos ha perdido liderazgo. Tras la crisis económica resultante, los estados abandonarán temporalmente el neoliberalismo para impulsar la recuperación a través de inversiones y préstamos a empresas. Algunos gobiernos prestarán más atención a la agricultura, educación e investigación científica
En el presente trabajo, identificaremos las determinantes políticas y las condiciones estratégicas de una solución pacífica negociada, en el contexto de guerra civil en El Salvador, asimismo el rol jugado por el Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN) en el proceso de paz.
La represión y el cierre de la vías legales y pacíficas para elegir un gobierno democrático y representativo fueron cerradas por el gobierno militar. Esta fue una de las causas del golpe de Estado de los jóvenes militares en la perspectiva de evitar una guerra civil (1979). La composición y el rol de la junta civil-militar y las contradicciones político-militares llevaron a la disolución de la junta (1980).
El documento describe diferentes tipos de intelectuales en El Salvador. Identifica al intelectual mediático que opina sobre todo sin dominar nada, al intelectual protagónico que busca atención a toda costa, y al cientificista que cita autores sin aportar análisis originales. También menciona al intelectual mercenario que vende sus servicios, al maquilero explotado por universidades privadas, al institucionalizado que escribe para agencias, y al aristócrata que forma redes corruptas. Por último, describe a los intelectuales de la
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones y prohibirá la mayoría de las importaciones de petróleo ruso en la UE a finales de este año. Algunos estados miembros aún dependen en gran medida del petróleo ruso y se les ha concedido una exención, pero se espera que todo el petróleo ruso quede prohibido para fines de 2023.
El problema no es realizar una reforma o transformación educativa, si el poder político y económico está concentrado en los grupos de poder, entonces, primero se requiere transformar el modelo económico, a través del poder político emanado de los partidos y del movimiento social. Es difícil que los cambios en la sociedad tengan su génesis en los grupos de poder económico, porque son precisamente ellos lo que se oponen a que existan condiciones favorables a la ciudadanía. Los grupos de poder se interesan por la existencia de una democracia formal.
El problema no es realizar una reforma o transformación educativa, si el poder político y económico está concentrado en los grupos de poder, entonces, primero se requiere transformar el modelo económico, a través del poder político emanado de los partidos y del movimiento social. Es difícil que los cambios en la sociedad tengan su génesis en los grupos de poder económico, porque son precisamente ellos lo que se oponen a que existan condiciones favorables a la ciudadanía. Los grupos de poder se interesan por la existencia de una democracia formal.
El desarrollo del capitalismo ha logrado alcanzar niveles astronómicos de producción, el auge de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación han contribuido a elevar los niveles científicos y tecnológicos, que han favorecido a la utilización de nuevos métodos, materiales e instrumentos de producción, por ejemplo, la nanotecnología, la robotización y las nuevas corrientes de administración de empresas.
La importancia del artículo radica en la necesidad de dimensionar los efectos negativos que causa la ausencia de una política pública, encaminada a elevar el nivel de la calidad académica del sistema educativo salvadoreño. En El Salvador, cuando se piensa en mejorar la educación se centra en la infraestructura y la currícula, no existe de forma marginal la consideración de tomar en cuenta la evaluación de la docencia. Por el lado de las organizaciones gremiales docentes sus reivindicaciones se limitan al aumento salarial y mejorar sus intereses de asociación.
Este documento analiza la importancia de la evaluación del desempeño docente y su impacto en la calidad de la educación en El Salvador desde la perspectiva teórica de Pierre Bourdieu. Explica que la evaluación del desempeño docente depende de múltiples factores y solo es una variable en el estudio del sistema educativo. También describe los aportes de Bourdieu sobre conceptos como el habitus, capital cultural y reproducción social a través de la educación.
El documento analiza el aumento del individualismo en el contexto posmoderno, donde las personas se enfocan principalmente en el placer, consumo y éxito personal sobre la colectividad. Ahora, las clases bajas también exhiben este comportamiento individualista y competitivo, descalificando a los demás. El mercado ha convertido al individuo en una mercancía que se deja llevar por el esnobismo corporativo en lugar de involucrarse en problemas sociales.
El documento discute cómo la democracia en la mayoría de los países del mundo es irreal debido a la corrupción de los partidos políticos y la influencia de empresas transnacionales y organismos financieros. La corrupción ha convertido a las personas en consumidores que solo piensan en comprar bienes innecesarios. Cuando un gobierno intenta establecer una verdadera democracia mediante leyes que beneficien a la población, es saboteado por la oligarquía nacional y las potencias extranjeras.
Este documento presenta un resumen de tres oraciones del libro "El Salvador: La Asamblea Legislativa" de Oscar Martínez Peñate. El libro analiza el funcionamiento del poder legislativo en El Salvador, incluyendo la estructura y funciones de la Asamblea Legislativa, el rol de los diputados y las fracciones legislativas, y el proceso de elaboración de las leyes. El autor ha publicado otros libros sobre temas políticos de El Salvador y ha escrito numerosos artículos académicos.
Este documento compara la "Tercera Vía" propuesta por el sociólogo Anthony Giddens para revitalizar la socialdemocracia europea con la "Vía Latinoamericana" que se ha desarrollado en algunos países de la región. Brevemente describe cómo la Vía Latinoamericana surge de forma endógena en cada país basada en su historia y contexto particular, buscando construir alternativas al capitalismo que protejan los intereses nacionales frente a la influencia extranjera. Finalmente, analiza cómo la propuesta de Giddens tuvo cierta influencia
The recondition of state in latin america constitutes a new paradigmOscar Martinez Peñate
The recondition of State in Latin America constitutes a new paradigm, not recognition of such a condition will take us to the incomprehension and will impede us to locate it in models or theoretical schemes and doctrinaire Europeans - Americans, will be an activity that will consist of putting a straitjacket to a phenomenon that rise with an own dynamics and a development epistemological.
La refundación de Estado en América Latina constituye un nuevo paradigma, el no reconocimiento de tal condición nos llevará a la incomprensión y nos dificultará ubicarlo en modelos o esquemas teóricos y doctrinarios europeos-estadounidenses, será una actividad que consistirá en ponerle una camisa de fuerza a un fenómeno que irrumpe con una dinámica propia y un desarrollo epistemológico original.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
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Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
Crisis of capitalism
1. CRISIS OF CAPITALISM
By Oscar Martínez Peñate
THE FAILING OF CAPITALISM
The ending of capitalism have been subject to predictions that anticipated an end, but it has prevailed and has strengthened; apparently has more strength and staying power now than before; after the fall of the countries of "real socialism" this is the political system and economic model that prevails, even though, the members of the former Warsaw Pact or the Community for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), claiming that its collapse , but it was the opposite and unexpected allies Union (USSR) Soviet Socialist Republics were literally the disappearance of its economic model and political system in the late eighties, to become what most criticized during the Cold War, capitalists.
¿The ideologists of capitalism to see the fall of the socialist community, said that it had reached the end of history, which meant that capitalism declared eternal and that he had no ideological adversary, so its sphere of influence became global.
The existence of the Cold War was an ideological, political and economic struggle in the world, in a context of limited wars in some countries in various continents , it by maintaining and expanding their spheres of influence, so that the struggle for decolonization of imperial countries in Europe and the US, the international rightists interpreted as a struggle between East and West, not North and South; in a similar way, the struggles against dictatorships imposed by US citizens were taken as struggles for establishing the "communism".
However, the existence of the socialist community in particular forced capitalism in the countries of Western Europe, USA and Canada to make advances in health, housing, education, wages, jobs and respect for human rights, in order to neutralize or diminish to insignificance social movements and subtract militancy leftist parties, i.e. capitalism took the battle standards to prevent lawlessness and social unrest that led to the establishment of socialism.
2. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, is a symbolic act which has been interpreted as the strengthening of the rightists in the world to become even Russian as a capitalist country, the principal leaders of the Russian Communist Party leader became ipso facto capitalists and most of its member in important businessmen .
In European countries, due to the crisis of capitalism, and to keep it standing, international financial organizations have forced the Europeans to undo the welfare state governments, which means it has risen insecurity, unemployment, budget cuts and the commercialization of education and health, this situation has led to a descent of those services, and accelerated the poverty in their populations.
The increased violence, insecurity, migration, terrorism and global warming are expressions of the rise of capitalism, the system respectively political and economic model, is brutally violent, not respected races, ideologies, religions, national sovereignty, humans beings , ethics, morality, and destroys and corrupts everything that would interfere with the purpose of raising the "n" their fortunes. This leads to increased social inequality, the effect of the regressive process, which benefits the international financial industry and harmful to citizens in their taxes subsidize consumption and the global elite oligarchy, and each time receive less social care from the State (Moron, 20014).
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DAMAGE
Wages have been considered as one of the instruments contributing to social development and economic growth, because it maintains the level of consumption of goods and services. Wages also contribute to the treasury, to preserve health and some social programs and public construction, favoring the multiplier effect of money that keeps the dynamism in the economy.
When Karl Marx wrote books, paid Labour and Capital, and Wages, Price and Profit, which was in its glory was the mechanization of the productive forces in the capital, made a thorough analysis of the keystone of capitalism, ie , goodwill, which was the source of wealth of the capitalist and the laborer's unpaid work.
3. Now with the high level of scientific and technological development, there is a better digital technologies mechanization and automation of the production process, allowing astronomically increase the production of goods to an almost zero marginal cost, which means that the capitalist profit is limitless, plus working time has been shortened, the scientific-technological advance global elite has become an instrument of domination.
Before some of the production process could last months or weeks, it is now a matter of hours or days, then why the worker instead of decreasing work hours and earn a higher salary, receive an income that does not correspond to the cost of loses his life and won labor rights for over a century, with labor flexibility driven by large multinational corporations. "Economic inequality is growing rapidly in most countries. The world's wealth is divided in two: about half is held by the richest 1% of the population, and half of the remaining 99% "(OXFAM, 2014) is distributed to the rest.
The worker instead of improving their living conditions will deteriorate in extreme fortunes trillion unrealistically high and, on the other hand, starvation wages, forcing workers into virtual slaves of capitalism, because they make by the force to borrow credit cards, this population has a more uncertain future bleak. "Worse, only 225 people worldwide have an average equity of 15,000 million euros" (Beluche, 2014)
Credit cards are used not only to complete the low pay, but also to satisfy the compulsive consumerism, created by the globalized media, focused on the homogeneous globalization of consumption and culture, create false needs, and make misery human in reality show, wars and disasters caused by natural phenomena entertainment programs, distort public opinion, is the banality of reality, which leads to form a global social paralysis.
"How is it possible and why individual indebtedness has become essential to survive? George Caffentzis find the answer in the progressive devaluation of labor -a despite increased production-that lived first in US and recently in European countries "(Jiménez, 2014)
POVERTY POWER ENRICHMENT
It has caused a high productivity and concentration of wealth, on the other hand, a skewed distribution, there are multi-million dollar profits from the global financial elite and
4. transnationals, while workers receive starvation wages, for example the case of McDonald transnational's .
The Institute for Labor and Employment, University of California, conducted the research, Fast Food, poverty wages, published in 2013, according to this study, fast food chains, "in general, companies are not paid insurance health "(Zamorano, 2014).
For capitalism unemployment ceased to be considered a reserve of labor, allowing use at any time, and that was the factor that made keeping wages low, having more demand of jobs positions than offer , at times capitalists took advantage of the existential needs of the unemployed and used as replacement workers.
For capitalism unemployed are wastes of prosperity, seemingly unstoppable development of capitalism to levels never seen before, this situation is global, but in underdeveloped countries will reach even more serious situations.
This problem cannot be analyzed under the conceptual history, because it is not a traditional struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat, but a struggle between working class and global oligarchy.
It is a struggle that has crossed the country's borders, it is the financial capital and transnational corporations which indirectly through organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) and the governments 'national' the imposing global inequality, which affects almost every country in the world, at different levels of severity.
The concept of working class, we include the workers, middle class and bourgeoisie because "national" oligarchies has gone on to become subpar partners or executive employees of the global oligarchy, not forget that the "national" oligarchies will delivered to their masters today, state institutions, depredation permits, exploitation and plunder of national natural resources, free trade agreements (FTAs), etc. Today the struggle is global with boundless greed of any kind of capitalism.
FTAs promoted in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO) for global and transnational financial elites to impose the elimination of tariff barriers companies, which
5. has hurt the production, manufacturing and distributing of the productive sector of the country especially in the South.
With the elimination of trade barriers have made the world as a market, to freely circulate their merchandise and agricultural products at low cost, where farmers and industrialists of the Third World countries cannot compete, because they also do not have any type of subsidy or state insurance, etc.
DECLINING OF THE CAPITALISM
The end of the capitalism is not going to be the result of a global fight of the humanity in against the environmental, economic, political, cultural and social disasters that it generates. The death of the capitalism will be provoked by one of two factors, by a Third World war (the war theatre will not be located in a geographical certain zone, but it will be one a global war, for the first time it will touch American ground) or for a financial international crisis, both scenes are in construction, which we cannot affirm which of the two will be the explosive one, is a probable fort that happens in the first half of the present century.
The requiem of the capitalism will be given by demonstrations and social multitudinous disorders to planetary level, to ask for the funereal honor of the reason of the national and world problems, in order that the governments take again the control and stop being vassals of the financial, transnational elites and of the imperialistic international organizations. The capitalism and the imperialism damage the world population, including the American.
Nowadays, there is an indignation generalized by the hard-working and unemployed sectors in the world, for the social and economic regression that is producing the capitalism in the latter financial phase and services, which has allowed it to appropriate natural resources; to suborn chiefs of State and high civil servants of governments, almost all the countries of the world, which means that there is a supra world government.
International movements have arisen against the capitalism to create a better world, such as Observatory of the Debt and Globalization, Infuriated, The occupyWall Street, Strike of the Debt, Antiglobalization Movement , Altermundista Movement , Social World Forum, etc. These socials group of thousands of organizations represent millions of citizens.
6. FIGHT AGAINST THE GLOBAL ELITES
The global elites do not recognize national laws, therefore it is necessary to create an Economic International Organization, with the same level and status of the Penal International Court and the International Court of Justice, in order that it controls the faithful fulfillment of his codes of conduct, which violations are fined and penalized.
Likewise, to create a tax to the global earnings, with the intention of constituting an economic fund, with the aim to realize lendings to the countries with preferential rates and facilities of payment, to promote the development of the States.
The Program of the United Nations for the Development (PNUD) calculated that for the year 2006, the financial transactions on the foreign exchange spent billion dollars by day and a tax of 0.1 % would produce some 150 billion dollars per year. This amount would be enough to eradicate the poverty in the world "(Busino, 2006).
To create a new economic international order based on the solidarity and equity, at the same time to restructure the United Nations Organization (UNO) in the context of the current reality of the international relations, in the same sense, seek to decommodify the education, the health, the housing, to eliminate the tax havens and to return the gold standard.
Regarding the countries of Latin America, as well as they support their own economic, political, juridical, social and cultural paradigms, as well as move away from the ethnocentrism, from the financial and monetary international system, they re-fuse theirs States, and they create strategies of economic and political integration, move toward to Russia, China, India and Iran, that is to say, look for new markets to export theirs products and to realize commercial interchange, they will achieve better forms to face the deepening of the international crisis of the capitalism.
One of the commercial relations from Latin America with the developed countries is the raw material supplier which is necessary for the functioning of the central economies, it is a relation of interdependence with the European countries, nevertheless, the world trade agreement have tried to increase the domination and exploitation in some countries with governments anti national and pro imperialistic.
7. In Europe, " we might say that without the import of minerals as a raw material there would be a danger for 271 million of job positions and most of this raw material comes from Latin America (Preciado, 2013).
Latin America has given important steps to face the colonialism on behalf of the capitalist central countries, across instruments of integration, for example the Community of Latin- American and Caribbean States (CELAC), the Bolivarian Alternative for the Peoples of (ALBA ) America, the Common Market of the South Countries (MERCOSUR), the Union of Nations of the South (UNASUR), the Agreement of Energetic Cooperation with some countries of the Caribbean and of Central America with the government of Venezuela (PETROCARIBE).
To this anticapitalist and imperialist effort the new Bank of Development created in 2014, for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), with the capital of 100.000 million dollars, which seeks to turn into the most important alternative for development around the world.
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