Oleg S. Chenin,
2001
President of the Soviet of the Union of the Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Contribution to the International Communist Seminar
"The World Socialist Revolution in the Conditions of Imperialist Globalization"
Brussels, 2-4 May 2001
This article presents the content of our interview with American intellectual scholar, Charles Moscowitz, on his YouTube channel about the issue of the progress of humanity.
Is it possible accomplishing the national development independentFernando Alcoforado
The failure in promoting economic and social development of almost all peripheral and semi-peripheral countries of the world must be attributed to the fact that the governments of these countries outline strategies to promote national development dissociated from the evolution of the capitalist world-system. In his book Unthinking Social Science, the American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein states that it is necessary to review the current paradigms of social sciences and going to think otherwise in the XXI century. Wallerstein argues for the adoption of a new theoretical and methodological framework in social science based on analysis of the capitalist world-system to understand how each national system it is inserted in order to promote their economic and social development. The new theoretical analysis of the economic system of a nation taking into account the capitalist world-system proposed by Wallerstein is opposed to the current Cartesian method approach that formulates the development of the national economic system of isolated and dissociated form of the analysis of the insertion of the national economy in the world capitalist system.
Center and Periferies in Europe – The inequalities dinamics since 1990GRAZIA TANTA
The document discusses the rising inequalities within Europe since 1990 as a result of capitalism. It outlines several key developments that have contributed to the formation of centers and peripheries on the continent, including periods of economic growth and crisis; the rise of neoliberalism; globalization and the relocation of industries; rising debt, speculation, and inequality; and resulting population changes and migration patterns. These dynamics have led to decreasing populations in many Eastern and Southern European countries, while populations in Western countries like France and Spain increased at higher rates, revealing the unequal impacts of capitalism across Europe.
Fascism emerged in the early 20th century in response to economic crises and the rise of socialism. It was based on strong nationalist and totalitarian ideals. In the 1920s and 1930s, fascist regimes led by figures like Mussolini and Hitler rose to power in several countries with support from large corporations seeking to prevent the spread of socialism. Some classical liberals also supported fascism as a way to maintain the capitalist order. In the 21st century, economic crises have contributed to the rise of far-right nationalist parties across Europe displaying fascist tendencies. The document argues that fascism is now on the rise again in both the US and Brazil, endangering democracy and civilization.
In human history, all struggles against oppression have always been directed against a clearly identified enemy, be it people, governments or social classes. In the past, the forces opposing the dominant oppressive power fought to conquer the State through which the power passed to be exercised in order to change the political, economic and social reality in which they lived. This is how social revolutions and national independence in many countries of the world happened. In the past, it was easier to mobilize a social class or an entire people against a clearly identified enemy oppressor. In the contemporary era, with the modern totalitarianism, the oppressive enemy is fragmented and acts openly and also subliminally on people's minds.
Centripetal and centrifugal forces shape the international system. Centripetal forces that promote integration include economic blocs, collective security organizations, and globalization which standardize culture and expand markets. Centrifugal forces that promote dispersion include nationalism which can spur secessionism, irredentism, or autonomism, as well as alterglobalism opposing large corporations and fundamentalism taking a strict interpretation of religious or ideological texts. Terrorism also works against integration by using violence to create panic and seize control.
This article aims to demonstrate the necessity and the possibility of building another world diametrically opposed to the current one that faces in the contemporary era with economic, social, environmental and international relations crises that makes it possible to avoid the occurrence of harmful consequences for the whole humanity.
This article presents the content of our interview with American intellectual scholar, Charles Moscowitz, on his YouTube channel about the issue of the progress of humanity.
Is it possible accomplishing the national development independentFernando Alcoforado
The failure in promoting economic and social development of almost all peripheral and semi-peripheral countries of the world must be attributed to the fact that the governments of these countries outline strategies to promote national development dissociated from the evolution of the capitalist world-system. In his book Unthinking Social Science, the American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein states that it is necessary to review the current paradigms of social sciences and going to think otherwise in the XXI century. Wallerstein argues for the adoption of a new theoretical and methodological framework in social science based on analysis of the capitalist world-system to understand how each national system it is inserted in order to promote their economic and social development. The new theoretical analysis of the economic system of a nation taking into account the capitalist world-system proposed by Wallerstein is opposed to the current Cartesian method approach that formulates the development of the national economic system of isolated and dissociated form of the analysis of the insertion of the national economy in the world capitalist system.
Center and Periferies in Europe – The inequalities dinamics since 1990GRAZIA TANTA
The document discusses the rising inequalities within Europe since 1990 as a result of capitalism. It outlines several key developments that have contributed to the formation of centers and peripheries on the continent, including periods of economic growth and crisis; the rise of neoliberalism; globalization and the relocation of industries; rising debt, speculation, and inequality; and resulting population changes and migration patterns. These dynamics have led to decreasing populations in many Eastern and Southern European countries, while populations in Western countries like France and Spain increased at higher rates, revealing the unequal impacts of capitalism across Europe.
Fascism emerged in the early 20th century in response to economic crises and the rise of socialism. It was based on strong nationalist and totalitarian ideals. In the 1920s and 1930s, fascist regimes led by figures like Mussolini and Hitler rose to power in several countries with support from large corporations seeking to prevent the spread of socialism. Some classical liberals also supported fascism as a way to maintain the capitalist order. In the 21st century, economic crises have contributed to the rise of far-right nationalist parties across Europe displaying fascist tendencies. The document argues that fascism is now on the rise again in both the US and Brazil, endangering democracy and civilization.
In human history, all struggles against oppression have always been directed against a clearly identified enemy, be it people, governments or social classes. In the past, the forces opposing the dominant oppressive power fought to conquer the State through which the power passed to be exercised in order to change the political, economic and social reality in which they lived. This is how social revolutions and national independence in many countries of the world happened. In the past, it was easier to mobilize a social class or an entire people against a clearly identified enemy oppressor. In the contemporary era, with the modern totalitarianism, the oppressive enemy is fragmented and acts openly and also subliminally on people's minds.
Centripetal and centrifugal forces shape the international system. Centripetal forces that promote integration include economic blocs, collective security organizations, and globalization which standardize culture and expand markets. Centrifugal forces that promote dispersion include nationalism which can spur secessionism, irredentism, or autonomism, as well as alterglobalism opposing large corporations and fundamentalism taking a strict interpretation of religious or ideological texts. Terrorism also works against integration by using violence to create panic and seize control.
This article aims to demonstrate the necessity and the possibility of building another world diametrically opposed to the current one that faces in the contemporary era with economic, social, environmental and international relations crises that makes it possible to avoid the occurrence of harmful consequences for the whole humanity.
1) International state-building efforts are failing to achieve their goals of facilitating inter-ethnic cooperation, reconciliation, social and economic development, and building trust in state institutions in places like Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan.
2) Earlier state-building projects after decolonization followed a Keynesian model where the state played a central role in promoting development, welfare, and social integration. However, contemporary state-building promotes a neoliberal model that contributes to social and spatial fragmentation rather than reconciliation.
3) Where earlier state-building embodied an aggregate biopolitics focused on population welfare, contemporary state-building embodies a divisive biopolitics through dismantling existing frameworks
Power politics and resistance continuous analytical refelction final copyjoseph1023
Globalization has connected the world through increased trade, cultural exchange, and technology. However, critics argue it has replaced colonialism by allowing wealthy nations to exploit poorer ones through economic and institutional means. It has also eroded unique cultures and traditions. The rise of neoliberalism has accelerated privatization and reduced government responsibilities. While supporting free market policies, it has increased inequality and consolidated power among the wealthy. The debate around a "clash of civilizations" examines whether policies like multiculturalism have succeeded or failed at creating tolerant societies, as immigration policies impact cultural diversity.
Nationalism and fascism as answering to the failure of neoliberal globalizationFernando Alcoforado
In addition to provoking the devastation of the economies of almost every country in the world, neoliberal globalization is generating, as a consequence of its failure, the advent of nationalism and, in its wake, the possibility of the advance of fascism.
1966 frank-development of underdevelopmentHira Masood
This document discusses the historical development of underdevelopment in colonial and post-colonial societies. It argues that:
1) Colonial powers established hierarchical systems of metropoles (capital cities) and satellites (surrounding rural areas and towns) to extract resources from colonies and direct economic surplus to the colonial center.
2) These metropolis-satellite relationships structured the entire economic, political, and social systems of colonies, and persisted after independence. National capital cities became metropoles over surrounding satellites.
3) Rather than being isolated or traditional, all parts of colonial and post-colonial societies were thoroughly penetrated and shaped by their incorporation into the capitalist world system through extraction of surplus by metropoles at various levels
This document summarizes and analyzes a scholarly article about neoliberal multiculturalism in Central America. It provides context on three key topics:
1) How neoliberalism has expanded beyond economics to become a full political project promoting decentralization, limited human rights, and minimal democracy. It also emphasizes developing civil society and approaches to cultural rights.
2) How neoliberal multiculturalism shapes, delimits, and produces cultural difference rather than suppressing it. It induces groups to join the neoliberal project by carefully delimiting cultural rights.
3) The landmark Awas Tingni court case, where indigenous lawyers successfully argued for collective land rights based on an ancestral claim, setting a
A Pragmatic Grand Strategy towards ChinaKaran Khosla
Daniel Guelen
E-mail: daniel.guelen@columbia.edu
Published May 4, 2020
Abstract
China’s rise brings various issues to the international stage. Terms such as the Thucydides Trap and Trade Wars have become common language and many fear for conflict between the United States and China. Especially in the 21st century, the relationship between the US and China will define the world. However, this paper argues that China does not pose a threat to the United States and the international order as the economic, military, and political circumstances do not facilitate such a great power tension. By directly analyzing the relationship between the US and China in these three areas, two policy recommendations can be drawn. This paper brings forth a dual grand strategy for the US to improve and support its domestic position to compete globally and present a more accessible alternative to lead internationally by building a more inclusive coalition and deterring some of China’s aggressions in South East Asia. As the world becomes more multipolar, the ability to balance power, engage developing nations, and build alliances will prove to be critical to any strategy.
Keywords: China; United States; foreign policy; great power tension; international security; Thucydides Trap; international order; trade wars; counterhegemony; South East Asia.
Market capitalism and state capitalismGRAZIA TANTA
1 - State, an essential element for the success of capitalism
2 - Where a world of nation-states has led us
3 - The role of the State in the practice of socialism
This is my personal essay whilst completing a Post Graduate Diploma in International Relations at the University of the West-Indies. I WILL REALLY APPRECIATE CONSTRUCTIVE DISCOURSE ON THIS TOPIC AS TO ME IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY MORE RELEVANT IN TODAY'S INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL LANDSCAPE.
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
GLOBAL EDUCATION AND CURRENT TRENDS FROM SOCIAL-abstract for the paperamita marwaha
Globalization is an economic, social, cultural, and environmental process that has led to increasing global integration and interdependence. It has driven major changes through technological innovations, broader political changes, and economic policies over the past decades. However, globalization has also been accompanied by inequality and conflicts between nations. Education can help address some of the controversies around globalization by promoting global awareness, sustainable development, human rights, democracy, and peace. Global education aims to develop attitudes and skills to avoid indifference, consider interdependencies among nations, and encourage responsible action to address global challenges.
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Patriotic stupidity and globalization (2)GRAZIA TANTA
SUMMARY
3 – Globalization exists and will not turn back
4 – How to clearly see, today, patriotism
5 – Nationalism is a self-interested invention. Heretical notes on the Portuguese case
The document discusses several concepts related to globalization theory, including McDonaldization, Americanization, and theories of cultural, economic, and political globalization. It summarizes the work of theorists like George Ritzer, Roland Robertson, and Joseph Nye who argue that while American culture has global influence, globalization is a complex phenomenon and not synonymous with Americanization. The spread of ideas and business models is a two-way process that also transforms American society through global connections.
The document traces the history of the international right-wing political shift since the 1960s. It describes how American capitalists influenced politics in the US and Britain by funding think tanks and campaigns to promote free market ideology. This ideology was then exported to other countries through institutions like the IMF and WTO, pushing policies like privatization and deregulation. The result has been increased power for American corporations and a weakening of nations' ability to pursue independent economic strategies, leading to a new form of neo-imperialism dominated by US interests in the late 20th century.
The document discusses the conflict between two models for regulating international relations - natural order vs an artificial order imposed by rational actors like the US. After the Cold War, the US found itself in a position of dominance but without clear objectives, trying to manage chaos through strategies that maintain its dominance. This has pitted the US and allies seeking to transform societies according to market logic against forces resisting alteration and pushing for more autonomous international actors and global governance respecting diversity. The conflict is between natural rules of sovereignty and diversity vs a positivist view imposing standardization and consumerism globally.
This document discusses how globalization impacts cultural identity. It argues that globalization promotes the spread of globalized culture while threatening local and national cultures. While globalization increases cultural integration and connections worldwide through trade, travel, media, it can also lead to loss of national sovereignty and cultural traditions. This cultural homogenization generates contradictions with local cultures and can promote fundamentalism as a response. National cultures remain an important source of cultural identity, but globalization challenges the dominance of national cultures.
This document provides a Chinese perspective on China's changing role in Asia. It examines China's response to perceptions of its rise and discusses the principal concerns that shape its strategy toward Asia. China's strategy is also considered in relation to its relations with the United States. The document analyzes China's approach to regional economic cooperation and security issues, as well as its strategic vision for its role in the regional and global order.
Feminist Economics, Finance, and the CommonsConor McCabe
The document discusses the history of capitalism and its relationship to non-capitalist systems. It argues that capitalism in the past only occupied a small part of the economy and existed alongside much larger non-capitalist systems. It also discusses Fernand Braudel's distinction between the economy, capitalism, and a lowest non-economic stratum. The document advocates understanding capitalism in relation to the surrounding non-capitalist context from which it was defined.
Karl Marx argued that a society's economic structure determines its social and political structures. He believed that in capitalist societies, there are two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. A society's mode of production shapes its social relations, politics, and people's consciousness. Globalization today is facilitated by international agreements and organizations that promote free trade between nations through reducing trade barriers. While free trade aims to improve living standards, critics argue it can negatively impact poorer countries.
How to build a world of peace among nations and of human progressFernando Alcoforado
The document discusses the failures of capitalism and socialism to achieve the goals of the Enlightenment and human progress. It argues that humanity must now build a new sustainable global society with a democratic world government that can regulate the global economy and natural resources to build world peace and ensure humanity's survival. A world government would aim to defend planetary interests, prevent global risks, avoid the empire of one nation, and require all countries to respect individual rights. It would require a new global social contract allowing development while rationally using nature for all people. Establishing such a world order is now urgent.
1) International state-building efforts are failing to achieve their goals of facilitating inter-ethnic cooperation, reconciliation, social and economic development, and building trust in state institutions in places like Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan.
2) Earlier state-building projects after decolonization followed a Keynesian model where the state played a central role in promoting development, welfare, and social integration. However, contemporary state-building promotes a neoliberal model that contributes to social and spatial fragmentation rather than reconciliation.
3) Where earlier state-building embodied an aggregate biopolitics focused on population welfare, contemporary state-building embodies a divisive biopolitics through dismantling existing frameworks
Power politics and resistance continuous analytical refelction final copyjoseph1023
Globalization has connected the world through increased trade, cultural exchange, and technology. However, critics argue it has replaced colonialism by allowing wealthy nations to exploit poorer ones through economic and institutional means. It has also eroded unique cultures and traditions. The rise of neoliberalism has accelerated privatization and reduced government responsibilities. While supporting free market policies, it has increased inequality and consolidated power among the wealthy. The debate around a "clash of civilizations" examines whether policies like multiculturalism have succeeded or failed at creating tolerant societies, as immigration policies impact cultural diversity.
Nationalism and fascism as answering to the failure of neoliberal globalizationFernando Alcoforado
In addition to provoking the devastation of the economies of almost every country in the world, neoliberal globalization is generating, as a consequence of its failure, the advent of nationalism and, in its wake, the possibility of the advance of fascism.
1966 frank-development of underdevelopmentHira Masood
This document discusses the historical development of underdevelopment in colonial and post-colonial societies. It argues that:
1) Colonial powers established hierarchical systems of metropoles (capital cities) and satellites (surrounding rural areas and towns) to extract resources from colonies and direct economic surplus to the colonial center.
2) These metropolis-satellite relationships structured the entire economic, political, and social systems of colonies, and persisted after independence. National capital cities became metropoles over surrounding satellites.
3) Rather than being isolated or traditional, all parts of colonial and post-colonial societies were thoroughly penetrated and shaped by their incorporation into the capitalist world system through extraction of surplus by metropoles at various levels
This document summarizes and analyzes a scholarly article about neoliberal multiculturalism in Central America. It provides context on three key topics:
1) How neoliberalism has expanded beyond economics to become a full political project promoting decentralization, limited human rights, and minimal democracy. It also emphasizes developing civil society and approaches to cultural rights.
2) How neoliberal multiculturalism shapes, delimits, and produces cultural difference rather than suppressing it. It induces groups to join the neoliberal project by carefully delimiting cultural rights.
3) The landmark Awas Tingni court case, where indigenous lawyers successfully argued for collective land rights based on an ancestral claim, setting a
A Pragmatic Grand Strategy towards ChinaKaran Khosla
Daniel Guelen
E-mail: daniel.guelen@columbia.edu
Published May 4, 2020
Abstract
China’s rise brings various issues to the international stage. Terms such as the Thucydides Trap and Trade Wars have become common language and many fear for conflict between the United States and China. Especially in the 21st century, the relationship between the US and China will define the world. However, this paper argues that China does not pose a threat to the United States and the international order as the economic, military, and political circumstances do not facilitate such a great power tension. By directly analyzing the relationship between the US and China in these three areas, two policy recommendations can be drawn. This paper brings forth a dual grand strategy for the US to improve and support its domestic position to compete globally and present a more accessible alternative to lead internationally by building a more inclusive coalition and deterring some of China’s aggressions in South East Asia. As the world becomes more multipolar, the ability to balance power, engage developing nations, and build alliances will prove to be critical to any strategy.
Keywords: China; United States; foreign policy; great power tension; international security; Thucydides Trap; international order; trade wars; counterhegemony; South East Asia.
Market capitalism and state capitalismGRAZIA TANTA
1 - State, an essential element for the success of capitalism
2 - Where a world of nation-states has led us
3 - The role of the State in the practice of socialism
This is my personal essay whilst completing a Post Graduate Diploma in International Relations at the University of the West-Indies. I WILL REALLY APPRECIATE CONSTRUCTIVE DISCOURSE ON THIS TOPIC AS TO ME IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY MORE RELEVANT IN TODAY'S INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL LANDSCAPE.
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
GLOBAL EDUCATION AND CURRENT TRENDS FROM SOCIAL-abstract for the paperamita marwaha
Globalization is an economic, social, cultural, and environmental process that has led to increasing global integration and interdependence. It has driven major changes through technological innovations, broader political changes, and economic policies over the past decades. However, globalization has also been accompanied by inequality and conflicts between nations. Education can help address some of the controversies around globalization by promoting global awareness, sustainable development, human rights, democracy, and peace. Global education aims to develop attitudes and skills to avoid indifference, consider interdependencies among nations, and encourage responsible action to address global challenges.
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Patriotic stupidity and globalization (2)GRAZIA TANTA
SUMMARY
3 – Globalization exists and will not turn back
4 – How to clearly see, today, patriotism
5 – Nationalism is a self-interested invention. Heretical notes on the Portuguese case
The document discusses several concepts related to globalization theory, including McDonaldization, Americanization, and theories of cultural, economic, and political globalization. It summarizes the work of theorists like George Ritzer, Roland Robertson, and Joseph Nye who argue that while American culture has global influence, globalization is a complex phenomenon and not synonymous with Americanization. The spread of ideas and business models is a two-way process that also transforms American society through global connections.
The document traces the history of the international right-wing political shift since the 1960s. It describes how American capitalists influenced politics in the US and Britain by funding think tanks and campaigns to promote free market ideology. This ideology was then exported to other countries through institutions like the IMF and WTO, pushing policies like privatization and deregulation. The result has been increased power for American corporations and a weakening of nations' ability to pursue independent economic strategies, leading to a new form of neo-imperialism dominated by US interests in the late 20th century.
The document discusses the conflict between two models for regulating international relations - natural order vs an artificial order imposed by rational actors like the US. After the Cold War, the US found itself in a position of dominance but without clear objectives, trying to manage chaos through strategies that maintain its dominance. This has pitted the US and allies seeking to transform societies according to market logic against forces resisting alteration and pushing for more autonomous international actors and global governance respecting diversity. The conflict is between natural rules of sovereignty and diversity vs a positivist view imposing standardization and consumerism globally.
This document discusses how globalization impacts cultural identity. It argues that globalization promotes the spread of globalized culture while threatening local and national cultures. While globalization increases cultural integration and connections worldwide through trade, travel, media, it can also lead to loss of national sovereignty and cultural traditions. This cultural homogenization generates contradictions with local cultures and can promote fundamentalism as a response. National cultures remain an important source of cultural identity, but globalization challenges the dominance of national cultures.
This document provides a Chinese perspective on China's changing role in Asia. It examines China's response to perceptions of its rise and discusses the principal concerns that shape its strategy toward Asia. China's strategy is also considered in relation to its relations with the United States. The document analyzes China's approach to regional economic cooperation and security issues, as well as its strategic vision for its role in the regional and global order.
Feminist Economics, Finance, and the CommonsConor McCabe
The document discusses the history of capitalism and its relationship to non-capitalist systems. It argues that capitalism in the past only occupied a small part of the economy and existed alongside much larger non-capitalist systems. It also discusses Fernand Braudel's distinction between the economy, capitalism, and a lowest non-economic stratum. The document advocates understanding capitalism in relation to the surrounding non-capitalist context from which it was defined.
Karl Marx argued that a society's economic structure determines its social and political structures. He believed that in capitalist societies, there are two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. A society's mode of production shapes its social relations, politics, and people's consciousness. Globalization today is facilitated by international agreements and organizations that promote free trade between nations through reducing trade barriers. While free trade aims to improve living standards, critics argue it can negatively impact poorer countries.
How to build a world of peace among nations and of human progressFernando Alcoforado
The document discusses the failures of capitalism and socialism to achieve the goals of the Enlightenment and human progress. It argues that humanity must now build a new sustainable global society with a democratic world government that can regulate the global economy and natural resources to build world peace and ensure humanity's survival. A world government would aim to defend planetary interests, prevent global risks, avoid the empire of one nation, and require all countries to respect individual rights. It would require a new global social contract allowing development while rationally using nature for all people. Establishing such a world order is now urgent.
The ending of capitalism have been subject to predictions that anticipated an end, but it has prevailed and has strengthened; apparently has more strength and staying power now than before
1Anarchism Its Aims and PurposesAnarchism versus econ.docxaulasnilda
1
Anarchism: Its Aims and Purposes
Anarchism versus economic monopoly and state power; Forerunners of modern Anarchism; William Godwin and
his work on Political Justice; P.J. Proudhon and his ideas of political and economic decentralisation; Max Stirner's
work, The Ego and Its Own; M. Bakunin the Collectivist and founder of the Anarchist movement; P. Kropotkin the
exponent of Anarchist Communism and the philosophy of Mutual Aid; Anarchism and revolution; Anarchism a
synthesis of Socialism and Liberalism; Anarchism versus economic materialism and Dictatorship; Anarchism and
the state; Anarchism a tendency of history; Freedom and culture.
Anarchism is a definite intellectual current in the life of our times, whose adherents advocate the abolition of
economic monopolies and of all political and social coercive institutions within society. In place of the present
capitalistic economic order Anarchists would have a free association of all productive forces based upon co-
operative labour, which would have as its sole purpose the satisfying of the necessary requirements of every
member of society, and would no longer have in view the special interest of privileged minorities within the social
union. In place of the present state organisation with their lifeless machinery of political and bureaucratic
institutions Anarchists desire a federation of free communities which shall be bound to one another by their
common economic and social interest and shall arrange their affairs by mutual agreement and free contract.
Anyone who studies at all profoundly the economic and social development of the present social system will easily
recognise that these objectives do not spring from the Utopian ideas of a few imaginative innovators, but that they
are the logical outcome of a thorough examination of the present-day social maladjustments, which with every new
phase of the existing social conditions manifest themselves more plainly and more unwholesomely. Modern
onopoly, capitalism and the totalitarian state are merely the last terms in a development which could culminate in
no other results.
The portentous development of our present economic system, leading to a mighty accumulation of social wealth in
the hands of privileged minorities and to a continuous impoverishment of the great masses of the people, prepared
the way for the present political and social reaction. and befriended it in every way. It sacrificed the general interest
of human society to the private interest of individuals, and thus systematically undermined the relationship between
man and man. People forgot that industry is not an end in itself, but should only be a means to ensure to man his
material subsistence and to make accessible to him the blessings of a higher intellectual culture. Where industry is
everything and man is nothing begins the realm of a ruthless economic despotism whose workings are no less
disastrous than those of any political despotism. The two mutually augment o ...
This document discusses 21st century socialism and ecological Marxism in the context of global capitalism. It makes the following key points:
1) While capitalism still dominates globally, its supremacy is no longer seen with euphoria due to increasing uncertainties. Marxism is gaining new relevance in analyzing today's world.
2) The present era shares similarities with Marx's time, when Marxism collaborated with other ideologies in movements against capitalism. Today's anti-globalization protests present a similar diversity of views.
3) We must return to Marx's in-depth analysis of capitalism to understand today's global capitalist system and guide action for change. Marxism provides insights on issues like globalization that other perspectives
The precarious future of the nation state (3)GRAZIA TANTA
C – Capitalism’s Thirty Glorious Years
13 – The reformulation of the political thinking and the Keynesian splendour
14 – The reconstruction of infrastructures and the beginning of European integration
15 – Supra-national institutions shape globalization
16 – The decolonization and decline of colonizing nations
17 – Workers acceptance of the capitalist order
This document summarizes a Marxist critique of the English III course materials. It discusses key Marxist concepts like historical materialism, the idea that economic systems and class struggles drive history. It analyzes the progression from slave societies to feudalism to capitalism, noting how the state serves ruling economic classes. It also discusses how ideas are shaped by economic conditions and how capitalism inevitably creates tensions that will lead to its destruction and replacement by socialism, as the working class gains power and abolishes private ownership and class exploitation. The summary concludes by briefly describing Dr. Seuss's book "Horton Hears a Who" as an example of literary text covered in the course.
Current intellectual crisis of thought requires new enlightenmentFernando Alcoforado
The world is facing in the contemporary era with several crises. With each passing day, these crises deepen in the economic, political, social and environmental areas, whether at national level or on a global scale. However, the greatest crisis experienced by humanity today is the intellectual crisis of thought that constitutes the main obstacle to overcoming other crises and to the construction of a new society centered on real economic, political, social and environmental progress. The intellectual crisis of thought in the contemporary era is what makes the world we live in chaotic, like a ship drifting towards disaster. We need a new Enlightenment for the 21st century.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
The failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the worldFernando Alcoforado
The Enlightenment provided the motto of the French Revolution (Liberty, Equality and Fraternity) to its followers who opposed to injustice, religious intolerance and the privileges of absolutism. However, from the French Revolution in 1789 to the present moment, the political promises of the Enlightenment were abandoned throughout the world with the adoption of inhuman practices increasingly sophisticated by governments and imperialists by the great capitalist powers, the unleashing of 3 world wars (World War I, World War II and the Cold War), the advent of Fascism and Nazism, the carrying out of coups d'état and the establishment of dictatorships in various countries around the world.
Upsc political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc. - th...Gautam Kumar
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Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
This document provides an introduction to the book "Capital in the Twenty-First Century" by Thomas Piketty. It discusses how debates around wealth distribution have long been based on prejudice rather than facts. While novelists provided insights, systematic social science research was limited. Early economists like Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx predicted the concentration of wealth over the long run due to factors like population growth, land scarcity, and capitalism. The introduction sets up Piketty's goal of informing the debate with more extensive historical data and theoretical analysis.
The totalitarianism throughout of the history of humanityFernando Alcoforado
Throughout history, those in power always used the repressive apparatus (police and justice) and the state ideological apparatuses. It is totalitarianism where the repressive apparatus and the state ideological apparatus are used to its fullest. The first experience of totalitarianism in the world happened to the Catholic Church in the second century AD when the need arises to exercise its power to control the thinking of the individuals who was getting better until reach the Inquisition in the twelfth century. Totalitarianism reappeared in the twentieth century in Italy, Germany, the Soviet Union and other countries (China, Eastern European countries, North Korea, Spain, Portugal, Cuba, etc). The totalitarianism of the twentieth century with regard to the type of government where a single individual or party controls the various levels of state and society. In the twenty-first century, in the contemporary era of economic and financial globalization, the modern totalitarianism arises, covering the entire planet. The dominant neoliberal capitalist system is defined by the omnipresence of its mercantile ideology which occupies the same time all the space and all walks of life.
Post modernity and post-truth as threats to humanity's progressFernando Alcoforado
Postmodernity and post-truth represent setbacks for humanity's progress according to the author. Postmodernity emerged after the fall of ideologies in western societies in the late 20th century and aims to deconstruct modernity and the enlightenment. It questions notions of truth, reason, and progress. Post-truth further threatens rationality by spreading fake news and making lies seem true. Both postmodernity and post-truth are powerful ideological weapons that serve neoliberal capitalism by obscuring class conflicts and reversing the meanings of ideas. The search for objective facts has been eclipsed by emotional appeals, endangering society.
Utopia and dystopia in confrontation troughout the historyFernando Alcoforado
Faced with the failure of the Enlightenment, Marxism and Modernity in the construction of human happiness, it is an immense challenge for contemporary thinkers to establish new paradigms and new values of rational behavior to be formulated for society in the present era. Contemporary thinkers need to mobilize in the reinvention of a new Enlightenment project of society as did eighteenth-century thinkers in order to construct the utopia of a new world that will bring to an end the ordeal of humanity.
In defense of a new enlightenment project to end the human calvary in the worldFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the need for a new Enlightenment project to end the calvary in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era, striving for the construction of a new model of society that provides benefits for all human beings. Calvary means martyrdom, suffering. An observer attentive to what happens in the world realizes the calvary suffered by humanity throughout history. This calvary is characterized by the exploitation of man by man with slavery during Antiquity, serfdom during feudalism in the Middle Ages and wage labor during capitalism from the 12th century to the contemporary era that contributes to the growth of social inequalities, the increase in crime and violence among human beings, the restriction of political freedoms in many countries and the escalation of international conflicts and terrorism.
Hannah Arendt and Totalitarian Power.pptxSimonThrow
Industrialization in the late 19th century led to widespread social, economic, and political changes. New technologies increased productivity and global trade, while rationalization of labor through techniques like Taylorism fragmented jobs. Society grew more stratified yet uniform, with an expanding middle class. The rise of mass society and mass media facilitated the control and manipulation of populations by totalitarian regimes in the 20th century. Theorists like Hannah Arendt analyzed how totalitarianism sought to control all aspects of life and subordinate individuals to the state. Her work on the "banality of evil" showed how ordinary people could perpetrate atrocities when unthinkingly following rules. Totalitarianism reflected the objectification of humans amid industrialization and capitalism's drive
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
The document discusses the possibility of communism in America. While large-scale, immediate communism has never succeeded in any country, smaller-scale communism may be possible. True communism aims to return to a system of government by the people, not just for the people. For communism to work in America, it would need to start small and locally, involving communities in self-governance, rather than attempting a sudden, nationwide transition.
It is time for humanity to provide the urgently as possible tools needed to take control of their destiny and put in place a democratic governance of the world. This is the only means of survival of the human species and to halt the decay of humanity. Because there is no other means capable of building a world in which every woman, every man of today and tomorrow have the same rights and the same duties, and in which the interests of the planet and of all nations, of all forms of life and future generations would be finally taken into account, in which all the sources of growth would be used for environmentally and socially sustainable way.
Similar to Right opportunism is the accomplice of imperialist globalisation (20)
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
Right opportunism is the accomplice of imperialist globalisation
1. 1
Right opportunism is the accomplice of imperialist globalisation
Oleg S. Chenin,
President of the Soviet of the
Union of the Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Contribution to the International Communist Seminar
"The World Socialist Revolution in the Conditions of Imperialist Globalization"
Brussels, 2-4 May 2001
The 19th Congress of the CPUS ended on October 14, 1952. At the last session, Stalin
made a brief speech. And although it is stated in the report by Malenkov that “the
contradictions which are tearing now apart the imperialist side can lead to the war
between two capitalist countries”, Stalin dissociated himself from the old dogma and
gave the following characteristic of the new situation in the world: “Before, the
bourgeoisie considered itself as the leader of the nations, it defended the rights and the
independence of the nations, placing them above all. Now there are no trace left of the
national principle. Now the bourgeoisie sells the rights and the independence of the
nations for dollars. The flag of national independence and of national sovereignty has
been thrown away.” Joseph Stalin denounced the foundation of the phenomena that is
called today globalisation.
Globalisation, a concept with several meanings, even if it is a quite recent one,
has its own history. In former times, the leaders of the Chinese empire, the roman
emperors and Great Britain have pretended that their actions had a world character. The
formation of a global social, economic and spiritual movement, grasping the entire world
and the main aspects of the life of humanity and called western civilization comes from
the 19th century. However, the second half of the past century led to specific corrections
and to complements to this process.
Let's cite again a thought by J. Stalin, pronounced in the 40s: “The more one will
go forward, the more success one will get, the more the remnants of the broken
exploiting classes will be irritated, the quicker they will resort to sharper forms of the
struggle.” This citation doesn't only aim at expressing our deep regret for having
forgotten the recommendations of this leader in recent times but also at using the
marxist-leninist-stalinist dialectic approach and at finding some optimism in the
evaluation of the current world situation, in order to examine the historic condemnation
of the globalisation and the means to defeat it.
At the middle of the 19th century, it became obvious that all the important events,
which determine the march of world history, are taking place in the countries of Europe
and in the US. “The bourgeoisie, by means of the exploitation of the world market, as K.
Marx and F. Engels declare in the Manifesto of the communist party, made
2. 2
cosmopolitan the production and the consumption in all the countries. By the rapid
improvements of all the production and communication means, it drags along all the
nations, even the most primitive, into civilization.”
It is particularly relevant when one realizes that the biggest achievements in the
development of technique, science, production forces, don't correspond to the aspiration
of mankind to the realization of a social ideal, in harmony with all the domains of social
life. The break in the social-economic situation between capitalists and waged workers,
the aggravation of the class opposition in the advanced countries of capitalism, led to
the creation by Marx and Engels of the communist ideology, scientifically founded. The
party of Lenin realized this real break in the globalising capitalist way of development,
which in fact has a world historic meaning, in October 1917.
The social-economic, organisational, ideological and strategic basis of the policy
of imperialist globalisation (ultra-imperialism of the end of 21st century) is forming before
our eyes. If one compares the important goals and values of the american-sionist
globalisation project and the ones of the socialist (communist) project, the lack of
historical perspectives of the former becomes obvious. The object of the imperialist
globalisation is, by definition, the whole world. However, in the theory and above all in
the practical actions, there is a sharp delimitation between the 'main' humanity and the
'auxiliary' and 'non-profitable' humanity, which corresponds, according to the 'civilized'
UN employees, to two thirds of the world population. Huge possibilities of action on the
world processes are concentrated in the hands of a very narrow group of peoples and
organizations. "The multinationals, as the leader of the Cuban people Fidel Castro says,
are organizations with large possibilities, a big richness and more power than all the
governments together. The more they merge, the more they become master of the
finances, of the production and of the economy of the world, run by the blind and
uncontrolled laws of their systems. In this way they accelerate even more the arrival of
the crisis."
The object of the socialist economic regulation on large scale is above all the
process of social reproduction. A unique economic centre, the state, coordinates this
process. On the international stage, a balance of gradual development is established in
the following way: on one side, between the life environment of human society and the
technical system it has created, on the other side, between the interests of development
of the various countries and some international institutions, which solve the problems of
coordination, for example in the domains of science, transportation and communication,
of the spatial conquest, etc.
The depth of the conflict between the two possible trends appears even more
clearly when one confront to each other the meaning and the goal of the economy. The
goal of the globalising regulation is the unlimited enrichment of the subjects of the
economy, that is to say of the multinationals, the control on the world economic space,
the obtaining of profit under different forms, first as financial income. The global
regulation leans on the forces of money and doesn't consider first the economic needs
but the financial needs. This tendency, as shown by Marx, -"Instead of all the physical
and spiritual feelings, one arrives to an alienation of all these feelings, to a ownership
3. 3
feeling" - has reached the limit where it makes the human beings completely primitive.
All the values are converted into costs, the qualitative differences into quantitative ones,
and the freedom of the person (for which so many 'global-liberal' are fighting) into a
freedom of selling and buying everything and everybody.
The goal and the meaning of the process of the socialist regulation of the
economy is the optimal development of all the sectors of the economy; the creation of a
material basis for a diversified and, in particular, spiritual development of the society and
of the human being; the aspiration to the realization of the principle of social justice, not
only in the repartition but also in all the domains of social and economic life; the
warranty for every individual, every collectivity, every people, to have equal chances of
realizing the spiritual needs of all the society and of every of its members.
At the end of the 20th century, with the development of the economic life (and not
only economic) according to scenarios elaborated by the subjects of social regulation,
the economic relations between the countries have taken the form of a financial spider-
web. The giant speculative bubble, created by the US with the help of the IMF, reached
a level of 300 trillions of dollars, for a world production reaching only 40 trillions. The
main industrially developed states like Germany, France, Italy but also Japan and China,
are more aware that their economic and political interests are now in direct
contradictions with the dictates of the dollar, with the unavoidable complete break of the
financial system, imposed to the world by the US.
Also, in the economic sphere of the countries of the 'second world', to which
belong also the countries of the former USSR, one imposes instead of the real
production of the consumption goods, the fantasy of the market, the monetary fetishism.
So, in the domain of the conception of the world, all the space is filled with an unreal
mass of ‘virtual’ information. In this technological century, the screen solves everything.
In this mass, the rejection of the necessity of social progress and the conception of 'the
end of history', the values of the bourgeois consumption and the reactionary anti-
collectivism, the propaganda for moral licence and the right of the strongest, the
contempt for work and the cult of richness, are dominating. These forms of the
'informational idealism' deprive the common citizens and the new generation of the
feeling of danger, of psychological defence with respect to the system of alienation and
exploitation. This system, with its current technical possibilities of constraint by forces,
which are not interested in the development of society but in its deterioration, leads
unavoidably to a catastrophe, nuclear or ecological, of the civilization or of the moral
standards. In the countries that present themselves as a model to imitate, the criminality
reaches record levels. The non-traditional (more exactly out of the tradition) groups of
the population are increasing; homosexuals represent almost 15% of the population, the
members of sects etc. Nevertheless from the point of view of the powerful financial
systems, which control almost all the TV networks like in the US or in Israel, where one
finds a lot of peoples with a double citizenship, such an evolution seems necessary for
the accelerated formation of a new world order and of a world government.
Another aspect of globalisation, maybe the most important, although it is the least
discussed. To broaden their zones of control, the globalisers don't generally choose,
4. 4
especially after the collapse of the USSR, economic or cultural cooperation but they use
violence, with the help of the armed coalition of NATO. They insist on the lack of
casualties on their side, on 'the obtaining of a maximum profit', that is to say on impunity,
on the maximum reduction of their losses while killing a maximum of peoples by their
victims. The Gulf war is significant: for each American killed, there was 1000 Iraqis
killed. Of course, such a proportion can only be reached if one kills everybody and not
only the peoples with a military uniform.
In Korea, in 1950-1953, the U.S. “Flying Fortresses” with no risk to themselves
bombarded the peaceful population along with cultural monuments. In Vietnam, the
United States made broad use of chemical weapons and napalm. They burned entire
villages, causing the deaths of more than 500,000 inhabitants of the country. In these
pitiless wars, the United States killed the civilian population above all. If the proportion of
civilian victims reached 5% during the First World War, and 50% in the Second World
War (this was already the “brilliant accomplishment” of Hitler’s fascist Germany), in the
Korean War it was 84% and in Vietnam almost 90% of the victims were civilians. These
U.S. wars aimed at destroying the entire population of the socialist countries. And they
are prepared to carry out these wars against any people who are not in agreement with
the policies practiced by the “civilizers.”
Without doubt another factor played a role in the enormous number of civilian
victims. It involves another method of struggle against the “non-profitable” and “surplus”
population: the blockade. The population is deprived of products, of medicines—their
“peaceful” disappearance is organized. This method was also applied in Russia, with the
active collaboration of the regime that came to power 10 years ago. One cannot
characterize as “natural” the decline in population, equal to almost six million people, in
eight years. The mortality rate in the country is more than twice as great as the birth
rate. Sixty percent of the population earns an income less than the minimum needed.
The cult of violence, of promiscuity, of alcohol and of smoking dens is cultivated. The
level of instruction and education has greatly dropped. The social basis is hit hard by
alcoholism and substance abuse; AIDS and criminality are spreading.
The fundamental characteristics of the policy of globalization have quite fully
appeared in the example of subversive activities against the Soviet Union. For the
destruction of the USSR and the Soviet Socialist regime, the summit of the “elite
globalising society” mobilized all its strengths and possibilities. The massive invasion of
our country took place on three different paths: military-political, socio-economic and
cultural-ideological.
The sarcastic suggestion of one of the Slavophile philosophers of the 19th
Century to partisans of European civilization (that is, of globalization)— “weaken the
common basis” [weaken the popular principle?] that resists this civilization – was
addressed to his contemporaries. None the less it turned out to be prophetic: the road to
weakening the common basis was adopted and followed, with the aggravating condition
that it was the work of the dissident part of the Soviet intelligentsia (above all “creative”)
and of the traitors at the summit of the Party and the State. Under the slogan “return to
the main steam of world civilisation,” they used all means to undermine, shake and
destroy the roots of unity of that society, of that historical and cultural type. They
5. 5
assaulted that new socio-economic formation, which made up the basis of the
expansion and strength of the Soviet Union, that formation that could really become the
basis of solidarity among all sectors of humanity.
Precisely that solidarity, proletarian internationalism, can and should become the
principle weapon in the struggle against imperialist globalization. The intervention of the
patriotic nationalists against globalization should doubtlessly be welcomed, with them
we can collaborate, but our principle task is to strengthen the left front, the front of the
workers. That is why all deformations, false slogans, opportunist currents within this
front are deadly dangerous.
Opportunism within the communist movement in our country, in the countries of
Europe has a long history. At the 19th Congress of the CPSU we already mentioned, the
following resolution was approved:
“1. To regard as indispensable and opportune guiding the alteration of the
existing program of the party.
2. Regarding alterations of the program, be guided by the principled positions of
the work of Comrade Stalin “Economic Problems of the Soviet Union.”
4. Submit the reworked project of the party to the attention of the following
Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.”
Nevertheless N. Khrushchev, at the following Congress, the 20th Congress, and indeed
at an Enlarged Plenum of the Central Committee (for on Feb. 24, 1956, the Congress
exhausted the resolution and accomplished its work, but Khrushchev’s report mentioned
above was delivered Feb. 25), committed a double treason.
Instead of the program, he passed a resolution “on the cult of personality and its
consequences.” By 1961, he had in fact pushed out the members of the commission of
the program of work (Khrushchev himself was not included in the commission, as one
can see, according to his own indications), and that led to an acceptance of a “program
for the construction of communism,” whose content was anti-Marxist. It provided a rich
soil for the rapid development of revisionism and opportunism on a world historic level.
Earlier still, at the 21st Congress in 1959, Khrushchev had declared “the complete and
definitive victory of socialism in the USSR,” which was false and premature, and a
consequence of the tendency within the group leading the Party to look for rapid and
simple solutions.
From the theoretical point of view, Khrushchev’s entire 10-year period of
leadership can be characterized by the refusal of any creative development of Marxism,
as neo-Trotskyism, as an obvious evasion, as leftist posturing that inevitably transforms
itself into right-wing opportunism. This confirms the estimation of the danger of right and
left deviations in the communist movement, estimation made by Stalin: “both are worse.”
“In the party, there cannot be two sets of rules, one for leaders and one for
ordinary members...To be just and honest before the party, to refuse to allow
neither dissimulation, nor altering of the truth. For a communist to distort the facts
6. 6
before the party or to deceive the party is a harmful evil and incompatible with his
or her presence in the ranks of the party. No matter what position is held, a
communist must chose cadres [leading comrades] by rating them according to the
quality of political and practical abilities. The choice of cadres by rating them
according to their relationships and relatives, or their origin or their personal
attachment is inadmissible. The violation of these norms, the choice of cadres
according to relations of friendship, of personal devotion, of regional or family
friendships, is incompatible with ones membership in the ranks of the party.”
It is typical that, exactly on this theme, with precision and including the contrary
position, he had expressed himself so emotionally at the 19th
Congress of the CPSU,
where at the request of the Central Committee he reported on changes in the party
bylaws.
Khrushchev removed Article 131 from the Constitution of the USSR:
ARTICLE 131. It is the duty of every citizen of the USSR to safeguard and
strengthen public, socialist property as the sacred and inviolable foundation of the
Soviet system, as the source of the wealth and might of the country, as the source of
the prosperous and cultured life of all the working people. Persons committing
offenses against public, socialist property are enemies of the people.
Perhaps Khrushchev’s greatest crime was to have suppressed the mechanism
for control and stimulation of the reduction of the cost price [point below which the
producer under consideration will decline to produce—tr.]. He proclaimed that the
Stalinist policy of systematically reducing prices was adventurous. This approach in
particular served as the basis for the reform of 1965, which definitively confirmed the
category of capitalist profit as a criterion to measure effectiveness in the socialist
economy.
Often one hears that the term, “dictatorship of the proletariat,” although
scientifically rigorous, seems not well thought out on the socio-economic plane, that it
incites the primitive mentality to uncontrolled violence. History has clearly proven that in
class society, the state is simply indispensable as an apparatus of violent repression for
one of the classes to guarantee its domination. Whatever the packaging of the exploiter
state – “a society of equal opportunity”, “broadest democracy,” “respect for human
rights,” etc. –it is essentially the dictatorship of the owning class, of the bourgeoisie. It’s
alternative is the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Stalin can be accused neither of conservatism, nor of adventurism.
L.M.Kaganovitch was correct when in his last memoirs he attributed to Stalin the quality
of an exceptional political prudence. And in the conclusion of “Economic Problems of
Socialism in the USSR,” he proposed to gravely but firmly introduce a broad system of
exchange of products directly between city and countryside and, to reduce the sphere of
activity of the production of merchandise in the countryside.
At present it is incontestable that Stalin was the principle economic strategist of
the country for three decades. With the exception of the first two years of the war, he
never let the annual rate of real growth of production get lower than 10%. Although they
7. 7
have tried to erase it from the people’s memory, in the years just after the war, he
carried out an annual reduction in prices as an essential element in increasing the
standard of living of the working class. Stalin clearly showed how it was possible to
direct a great country, using this power to achieve progress for socialism.
Stalin’s role was equally consequential in international affairs. Under Stalin the
external policy in the post-war period was conducted precisely to assure that the fruits of
the great victory were entirely protected, in part to secure socialism in the USSR and in
part to consolidate the socialist camp. In the latter case, it was necessary to not be
carried away by its expansion, but instead to solidly assimilate what had been won.
The Moscow conference of representatives of the communist parties in 1957 and
1960 had been visibly influenced by the Congress of the CPSU that took place under
Khrushchev. They declared that the CPSU is not the party of the working class, but the
vanguard of all the people, and consequently the thesis of the dictatorship of the
proletariat was removed from the documents of the international communist movement.
They explained events based not on the struggle between two systems but on their
peaceful coexistence. This provoked lively criticism from the Chinese Communist Party.
In the Conference declaration of the representatives of the communist and
workers’ parties in November 1960, it was said: “Now the socio-economic possibility for
the restoration of capitalism has been eliminated, not only in the Soviet Union, but also
in other socialist countries. The united might of the socialist camp solidly guarantees the
protection of each socialist country from attacks on the part of imperialist reaction. Thus
the cohesion of the socialist states in a unified camp, their solid unity and the growing
power of the camp guarantees within the framework of the entire system a complete
victory of socialism.”
This position, like a complete series of others, tilts toward exaggeration, toward
an absence of dialectics, and confuses desire with reality.
In the documents of the Conference of representatives of communist and
workers’ parties, you can find formulations throughout that would still be completely
correct today:
“Right-wing opportunism does its best to defame instruction in Marxism-Leninism;
to proclaim it out of date and to replace it with reformist ideology, denying class
struggle, socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat; to make the
contradictions of bourgeois society vanish; to deny the role of the working class
as the principle revolutionary force; to consider parliamentary methods as
absolute and to degrade the importance of the mass extra-parliamentary struggle.
As if by a rule, “left” opportunism unites with dogmatism and leads to
sectarianism.
“Though they formulate different theses, “right-wing” and “left-wing” opportunism
often intertwine—the commonality of their anti-revolutionary orientation entwines
them. Revisionism in theory opens the road to opportunist practices. Right-wing
opportunism means a slippage of positions toward liquidation of communism and
agreements with social democracy in politics and ideology. Left opportunists
8. 8
disguise themselves under an ultra-revolutionary phrase and push the masses to
adventurist actions and the party on the road of sectarianism.
“As different as they appear to be, these deviations from Marxism-Leninism—left
or right—lead finally to identically harmful consequences: they weaken the
struggle capacity of the communist parties, they sap the revolutionary position of
the working class and the unity of the anti-imperialist forces.
“Often right and left opportunism share the common trait of capitulating before
nationalism, and sometimes pass directly to nationalist positions. Lenin
discovered this connection long ago: there is no doubt at all of the ideological and
political relationship, the connection, even the identity of opportunism and social-
nationalism.’ ”
But what is well expressed in theory is not always observed in practice. And the
poisoned seeds of opportunism sown by Khrushchev already began to send up
abundant shoots at the beginning of the 1960s.
Thus the plenum of the Central Bureau of the Norwegian Communist Party wrote
in its declaration of January 1963: “We the PC of Norway, will attend to our position
involving different questions of an ideological character.”
And then there was the position of the Italian CP: “It is possible that we will have
to find new forms of unity among the parties, while conserving the maximum respect for
the autonomy of each of them, while retaining sentiments of responsibility for which we
have always conducted ourselves with zeal, because we were the first to advocate the
rejection of the theory of the state and of the guiding party. Responsibility, democracy,
the diffusion of ideas between different parties and within each party make up the path
we must take to save and consolidate unity.”
“Italian socialist society should be based on democracy on the condition of the
principle of the free and democratic expression of the majority...” (L.Longo, interventions
of May 1963 and November 1964)
Here are still more examples: “The French Communist Party, in accepting the
multiparty system, has proposed a strict and lasting collaboration between the
Communist and Socialist parties, not only for today, in the struggle against the regime of
personal power and for democracy, but also tomorrow with the aim of constructing
socialism together, creating with their success the conditions for its occurrence, based
on a broad democratic union between the working class, the toiling peasantry, the
intelligentsia and intermediate classes.” (V. Rochet, November 1964)
“The democratic organizations in our country are now so strong, that, by correctly
using their unified power, one can eliminate the domination of capital and reach popular
power” (Program of the CP of Sweden, 1964)
If the International Congress in 1957 was held under the slogan of the dethroning
of the “personality cult,” in 1969 the principle theme was Maoism or “left sectarianism”
9. 9
according to the official agenda, and the events of Czechoslovakia of 1968. Ideological
divergences were reinforced and an open criticism manifested with regard to the CPSU.
“We estimate that the tendency to cling to these slogans and to pronounce these
ideological decrees, by those who hold on to other positions, is negative: One tries to
explain whatever divergence exists by a “deviation” from the purity of instruction, while
one doesn’t know who should be the guardian of that purity. That means in fact that not
only are these divergences exacerbated, but it also blocks the road toward
understanding the objective reasons, the real interests, that are found at their source.”
(E. Berlinguer, Italian CP) Here is located the beginning of the root of
“Eurocommunism,” that same which, in the second half of the past century, substituted
itself for Marxism-Leninism in the foundation of numerous communist parties of Western
Europe and led to their degeneration.
Now we see specifically that “Eurocommunism” is nothing other than a
contemporary form of extreme right-wing opportunism. It is responsible for the fall of the
West European communist movement. It is also the reason for the disappearance from
the European political arena of a series of communist parties, which, a half century ago,
were the vanguard, and the pride of the worldwide revolutionary anti-imperialist
movement.
That is why practically all the communist parties in the developed capitalist
countries intervened in favor of an alternative to force to resolve the crisis in
Czechoslovakia in 1968. G. Gusak made a worthy response to them:
“Imperialist circles always take sanely into account the real factors in politics and
economics. We would be eccentrics and not scientific socialists if we did not start
off with a realistic estimation of the facts.
“In the final analysis, it is people who make politics, but they do not always
possess the ideal qualities. In the stage of the passage to socialism both objective
and subjective problems arrive unexpectedly. Contradictions and differences
arise. We must distinguish their special or essential character. About specific
questions we can discuss and debate. If it involves principles of our doctrine and
our policy, we must struggle
“We are astonished that certain fraternal parties here, only superficially
acquainted with the events and with our development, draw out hasty conclusions
concerning the Czechoslovak situation. Objectively, this is opposed to our
interests.
“Our own experience shows that the slogan of sovereignty, absent of class
consciousness, is diminished and serves as a useful weapon for right-wing
opportunists, revisionists and anti-socialists.
“For us, there is no question of formal and unprincipled unity, of compromise on
principled questions. A rich experience has taught us that opportunist
10. 10
compromises resolve nothing and that sooner or later they boomerang against
the revolutionary movement and the working people.”
But the final document of the 1969 International Conference read:
“Communists give a decisive importance to the unity of the working class and
speak out for collaboration with socialists and social democrats in order to
establish a progressive democratic current and construct a socialist society for
the future.
“Imperialism is powerless to recover the historical initiative that it lost, to reverse
the current development of the world. The world socialist system, the world
working class, all the revolutionary forces determine the principle road of
development of humanity.”
This oriented the party toward leniency, widening without foundation the social
base of the party.
Thus all the negative tendencies in the worker and communist movement,
including in the Soviet Union, have their source in a history not so far in the past. The
events at the end of last year, of which we informed the fraternal parties, and whose
initiators were the modern right opportunists with the head of the leadership of the
greatest Communist (by name only) party of the Russian Federation, and find their origin
there.
For the conference participants, it is interesting to know one of the declarations
of G. Djuganov to the “Plenum” of Jan. 20, 2001, which the control commission of the
CPU-CPSU of February 24 had elsewhere recognized as contrary to the party rules and
illegal: “One of the greatest accomplishments of the 20th
Century was the creation of a
great union, which was the flame and hope of all the workers, and the creation of the
European Union, which today prospers and carries out its policies quite intelligently and
clear-sightedly.”
And again an opinion of the ex-brother in arms G. Djuganov to the Russian
National Patriotic Union: “The European social democrats of the 1990s integrated
themselves into the global process in a masterful fashion, finding the “happy medium”,
which at the same time took account of the laws of human evolution, including the
globalising processes of the 1990s, and of the national specificities that would be able to
resist the erasure of national identity.” This declaration was made when in the
countryside of Serbia, of Kosovo and Metohia, uranium shells continued to sow invisible
and silent death. Those were the traces of NATO’s bombing and shelling,
unconditionally supported by the European social democrats who formed the core of the
Socialist International and directing the governments of 13 countries of Western Europe.
Here is an example with which our “constructive-intransigent” opponents are trying to
inspire the people.
We remain firmly based on class positions, revolutionary, proletarian, and lead a
determined combat to attract broad masses of workers to our sides.
11. 11
Lenin’s formulation remains useful today: “Opportunism consists in sacrificing
fundamental interests in order to gain a specific an temporary advantage. Here is the
key to the theoretical definition of opportunism.” This position is concretized by the
words of comrade Gus Hall, who recently died:
«In the current situation, excessive appeal for the ‘independence of the party’ can
lead to nationalism. The cadres, educated through the ideas of autonomy and
independence, can be transformed into people carrying out a policy of narrow
nationalism.
“The parties have transformed themselves into powerful mass organizations. It
was a positive phenomenon. But what is negative, is that they have become
broad parties, of all the people, starting off from positions of nationalism and the
absence of classes. They have transformed themselves into mass parties at the
cost of retreating from vanguard working-class positions.
“The balance of forces is different today, the pressure from the adversary is
different, and as a consequence the influence of opportunism has changed. But
as the struggle between two opposing classes lasts, it will be necessary to
struggle against opportunism.”
Comrade Kim Jong Il, leader of the Korean people, speaks in an expressive and
convincing fashion of the extreme danger of opportunism, whose essence consists in
signing on to “global” civilization, that is, U.S.: “Today the most dangerous and harmful
thing is kowtowing to the imperialists in the United Sates. Closely related to the
sentiment of fear, admiration of the United States, that kowtowing has caused great
damage to the revolutionary struggle of the peoples. It serves as the most harmful
ideological poison; it paralyzes the people’s class-consciousness.
Today we can say it clearly: without victory over opportunism we cannot expect
unity of the communist movement. But without that unity we cannot defeat the mortal
danger for all humanity that imperialist globalization represents.
Moscow, March 2001.