This document provides an overview of research and statistics. It defines research as a systematic process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting data to solve problems, discover truths, and expand knowledge. The goals of research are to improve human life through better understanding. Different types of research are described such as case studies, surveys, experiments, and ethnography. Criteria for selecting good research problems include the topic's originality, importance, and feasibility given available resources, skills, and time. The document also introduces basic statistical concepts like mean, median, mode, and frequency distribution. It distinguishes descriptive from inferential statistics and lists common statistical tools. Key terms are defined, such as population, sample, variable, and constant. Formulas for

1. Overview on Research and
Statistics
Arvin Kim A. Arnilla, PhD

2. from the old French word cerchier, which
means to “seek or search.”
“Search” = investigate
prefix “re” means “again”
research is “to investigate again.”
“RESEARCH”

3. “Research is a blind
date with the unknown”
– Dr. Nilo S. Rosas

4. is a purposive, systematic, and scientific
process of gathering, analyzing, classifying,
organizing, presenting and interpreting data
for the solution of a problem, for
prediction for intention, for the discovery
of truth, or for the expansion or
verification of existing knowledge, all for
the preservation and improvement of the
quality of human life.
Definition of Research

5. Research is…
a purposive, systematic, and
scientific process
gathering, analyzing,
classifying, organizing,
presenting and interpreting
data
for the solution of a problem
for prediction for intention
for the discovery of truth
for the expansion or
verification of existing
knowledge
for the preservation and
improvement of the quality of
human life

6. Other Definition of
Research

7. Research is the process of
gathering data of information
to solve a particular or
specific problem in scientific
manner
Halpin:

8. GOALS OF RESEARCH

9. What is the main
purpose of
research?to serve man

10. 1.Achievement of good life
Main Goals of Research:
2. Satisfaction of man’s craving for more
understanding
3. Improve his judgment
4. Add to his power

11. 5. Reduce burden of work
7. Relieve suffering;
6. Increase satisfaction in countless ways
Main Goals of Research:

12. Specific Purposes &
Goals of Research:
1. Discover new facts about known phenomenon
2. Find answer to problems
3. Discover previously unrecognized substances and
elements
4. Improve existing techniques and develop new
instrument or products
5. Discover pathways of action of known substances or
elements
6. Validate generalizations into systematizes science

13. 7. Satisfy curiosity
8. Provide basis for decision – making
9. Find answer to questions
10. Acquire better and deeper understanding about
phenomenon
11. Expand or verify knowledge
12. Improve educational practices
13. Improve man with more of the basic needs
14. Promote health and prolong life
15. Make work, travel and communication faster, easier,
and more comfortable
Specific Purposes &
Goals of Research:

14. SCOPE OF
CRIMINOLOGICAL
RESEARCH

15. Criminal Law and
Jurisprudence
Criminal
Investigation
Criminology
Forensic Sciences
(Criminalistics)
Law enforcement
Administration
Criminal Sociology
Correctional
Administration

16. TYPES OF RESEARCH

17. It is an in – depth study of naturally
occurring behavior within a culture or
social group.
Social scientists sometimes call
ethnography as “field research” because it
is conducted on a natural setting or “field.”
The researcher observes behavior as it
occurs naturally, without any stimulation
or imposed structure.
Ethnography

18. It requires a variety of data – gathering
procedures such as prolonged observation
of the setting, interviewing members of the
culture, and studying documents and
artifacts.
Researchers interpret the data in the
context of the situation in which they
gathered the data.
Ethnography is rooted in anthropology

19. You are new in a snatchers –
infested area in Tondo, Manila. The
streets never run out of people –
criminals and potential victims
alike. You are interested on finding
out how the criminal and potential
victim behave during attack. You
posted yourself to become a victim.

20. It is an in- depth study of a single unit, such as one
individual, one group, one organization, one
program, and so on.
Case Study
The goal is to arrive at a detailed description and
understanding of the entity.
Case studies use multiple methods, such as
interviews, observations, and archives to gather data

21. Jun-jun is a child in conflict with
the law (CICL). He was referred to
the social welfare office. Mary Ann,
a social worker, would like to have
an in- depth knowledge on Jun-jun
regarding his family, friends and
behavior. What is the most
appropriate type of research she
should use?

22. It focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded
material within its own context.
Content Analysis or Document Analysis
The materials may be public records, textbooks,
letters, films tapes, diaries, themes, reports, etc.
When using such documentary sources, the
researcher must establish the authenticity of the
document itself, as well as the validity of its
contents

23. Your classmate would like to find
out the traffic violations recorded
in the traffic violation receipts of
the Auxiliary Police (MAP). What
type of research would you advise
him to use?

24. Researcher seeks to make entirely
unobtrusive observations of a setting
without altering the situation in any
way.
Naturalistic
Observations

25. The goal is to observe and study
behavior as it normally occurs.
Researchers use hidden cameras, one –
way mirrors, and other unobtrusive
techniques so that people being
observed are unaware of the
investigation

26. The jail warden wanted to observe the
behavior of inmates. But he wanted them to
act naturally without becoming conscious
of being observed.

27. It asks questions designed to draw out subject’s
responses on a topic of interest.
Focused Interview
Subjects are free to answer in their own words
rather than having to choose from
predetermined options, as in a survey.

28. The unstructured, open – ended
formats permits greater flexibility and
responsiveness for merging issues for
the participants

29. Religious – oriented activities
flourish in jail. You would like to
find out its contribution to the
rehabilitation of inmates. You
carefully selected interviewees/
informants from among the inmates.

30. It begins with the assumption that
multiple realities are rooted in the
subjects’ perspective.
Phenomenological Studies
an example has different meanings
for each person

31. Through unstructured interviews, the
investigator explores the subjects’ thoughts
and feelings to elicit the essence of an
individual’s experience.
A phenomenological study might be conducted
to answer the question “What does the
experience mean to the newly appointed
police officers?”

32. Linda is incarcerated for 10 years. She
has a husband and 3 children. You would
like to find out how she becomes/
functions both as a wife and as a
mother.

33. It is designed to develop a theory of
social phenomenon based on the field
data collected in a study.
Grounded
Theory
Experience with the data generates
insights, hypotheses, and questions,
which researchers pursue with
further data collection

34. You would like to develop a new
theory on how the informal settlers
(squatters) view the nature of work
of demolition team.

35. It analyzes documents and artifacts to gain
insights into what has happened in the past
Historical Research
Its success depends in the accuracy and
completeness of these records

36. You are fascinated of the
performance of the PAST chiefs of
police in your local police office.

37. It involves a study of the effect of the
systematic manipulations of one variable or
another variable.
Experimental Research
The manipulated variable is call
experimental treatment or independent
variable. The observed and measured
variable is called the dependent variable

38. PO3 Sagun would like to find out
the velocity of a cal. 45 bullet
when fired in freezing conditions.

39. It seeks to examine the strength and
direction of relationships among two
or more variables.
Correlational Research
The extent of relationship is
expressed in numeric index
Co - RELATION

40. You want to determine whether police
officers’ AGE is related to their JOB
PERFORMANCE.

41. Age
Job
Performance
is related or not related
with

42. It uses instruments such as
questionnaires and
interviews to gather
information from group of
subjects.
Survey Research

43. Surveys permit the
researcher to summarize the
characteristics of
different groups or to
measure their attitudes and
opinions towards some
issue.
Researchers in the social
sciences use surveys widely

44. Population
Sample
Population VS. Sample

45. 1. Cross-sectional survey: collects
information from a sample that has been
drawn from a predetermined population.
2. Longitudinal survey: collects
information from different points in time
in order to study changes over time.
Two (2) Types of Surveys

46. Three (3) Types of Longitudinal
Surveys
1. Trend Study
2. Cohort Study
3. Panel Study

47. 1. Trend Study
Different samples
from a population
whose members
MAY CHANGE
over time
Criminal Tendencies of Out-of- School Youth
2003 2006 2009
Raffy, Jeff, Leo,
Vic, Sam
Raffy, Jeff, Piolo,
PJ, Ryan,
Jeff, Rolly, JR,
Gary, Jose

48. 2. Cohort Study
Samples a particular
population whose members
DO NOT change over the
course of the survey
Coping Mechanisms Among Women – Inmates
Year 2003 2006 2009
Population Inmates at Aklan
District Jail
Inmates at Aklan
District Jail
Inmates at Aklan
District Jail

49. 3. Panel Study
Surveys the same SAMPLE OF
INDIVIDUALS at different times
during the course of the study.
Study Habits of Selected Criminology Students
June 2010 Aug 2010 Oct. 2010
Gregory, Vincent,
Enrico, Alexis
Gregory, Vincent,
Enrico, Alexis
Gregory, Vincent,
Enrico, Alexis

50. Survey vs. Census
“Sample”
“entire
population”

51. J/SInsp. Lagos would like to
determine the opinion of inmates on
a new policy on conjugal visits.

52. The research is conducted in
artificial or controlled conditions by
isolating the study in rigorous
specified and operationalized area.
Laboratory
Research

53. The purposes are:
a) to test the hypotheses derived from
theory;
b) to control variance under research
conditions; and
c) to discover the relations between
the dependent and independent
variables

54. Sources of Problem

56. Trend

57. Existing Theory

58. Experts

59. Criteria in the Selection
of Research Problems

60. 1. Originality. Are you the first researcher to
come up with such a research problem? Are you
sure that no one has ever done a study on that
topic?

61. 2. Importance to Criminology. If you were to study
that topic, what good could it give to the
Criminology profession? Are there any contributions
to the field?

62. 3. Interest over the topic. Why are you interested
over the topic? Do you know that interest will help
you strive to finish the research project? Your
interest will sustain you despite obstacles that may
come your way.

63. 4. Special Qualification. If you were
interested of studying the behavior of
Badjaos, you should speak their language. Do
you speak their language? That’s the catch!

64. 5. Available data.
You are interested
of finding out the
volume of firearm
– related incidents
in your town.
Surely, there is a
readily available
data for this type
of study.

65. 6. Special
equipment. Your
chosen study entails
you to take video
footages of a public
park. Do you have a
video camera? A
cellphone camera
surely helps but it
has limitations.

66. 7. Sponsorship and Administrative Cooperation.
Research needs people. Do you have their support?
For example, you want to run a survey of barangay
officials. Do you think you can have them respond
to your survey tool?

67. 8. Financial Capability. Do you have enough cash
to pay for computer rentals, printing cost,
photocopying, and binding? Do you have enough
cash to pay for transportation in going to your
respondents?

68. 9. Patience. Sometimes people around you could be
tough. Dealing with them is difficult. Are you prepared to
accommodate their whims and caprices? Remember, it’s
YOU who needs THEM. So patience and more patience
please!

69. 10. Time. Do you think you
can finish your research in
less ten months?

70. Criminological
Statistics

71. Basic Terms:
Descriptive Statistics – is the statistical procedure
concerned with the describing of the characteristics and
properties of a group or persons, places, events or objects.
CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
 Mean
 Median
 Mode
 Frequency
 Percentage
Statistical Tools:

72. Mean or average = sum up all the values
and divide by the number of values
1 2 3 4 5
5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 35/5 = 7
No. of
values
Values

73. Median = the score found at the exact
middle of the set of score
7 4 1 6 8
1 4 6 7 8
Median

74. Mode = the most frequently occurring
value in the set of scores
7 4 1 8 4 8 6 4 1 4 9 4
Mode = 4

75. Inferential Statistics – is the statistical procedure that is
used it draw information about the characteristics or
properties of a large group.
 t- Test
z-Test
F- Test (One way/ Two – way ANOVA)
 Pearson r
Chi –Square (ᵪ2)
Statistical Tools:
Inferential Statistics is used when it is impossible to study
the large group.

76. Population – refers to the totality of objects, persons, places
or things used in particular study of research
Sample – small portion of the population
Ex.: all inmates of the Aklan District Jail
all police officers of Capiz Police Provincial Office
Ex.: inmates who committed crimes against person in the
Aklan District Jail
police officers assigned in Second Congressional
District of Capiz

77. ALL INMATES
at the Aklan District
Jail
Inmates who
committed crimes
against persons
Sample
Population
Just to Recap…

78. Variable – is a characteristics or a property
of a population sample that differentiated a
particular member from the rest
Ex.: age, sex, color of the skin, intelligence,
attitudes

79. Constant – characteristic or a property of a
population or a sample which is common to
all members of the group
Ex.: Women’s & Children’s Desk = Female Police
Officer

80. Formula to Remember:
1. Population Density
2. Crime Density
3. Monthly Crime Rate
4. Average Monthly Crime Rate
5. Crime Solution Efficiency
6. Frequency of Crime
7. Arrest Rate
8. Percentage Distribution

81. Thank you!