This document discusses criminal profiling and the role of forensic nurses in the profiling process. It begins with an abstract that introduces criminal profiling and how forensic nurses can be involved as members of profiling teams. It then provides more details on the history and development of criminal profiling. It discusses the literature on profiling and outlines the typical six stages of the profiling process. It explores how forensic nurses can utilize their skills and principles during crime scene investigations and examinations to assist with developing offender profiles. Finally, it examines some behavioral characteristics that are analyzed during profiling and discusses best practices and legal implications of the profiling process.
Running Head ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIESANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6
Annotated Bibliographies
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557
This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the correlation between quantitative research and criminology whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that are used to support the hypothesis are the number of dissertations presented with a different style of research applied to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution to the research process by collecting a variety of related information across the research topic. The two main modes of measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative methods which are usually the two major measurement scales used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of research because different disciplines normally apply different approaches to quantitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing excellence in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 49-60. doi:10.1037/qup0000002.
The author of this article looks into the various orientations that influence the qualitative inquiries’ success rate by reviewing the history of the criteria that was mainly used in measuring the success rate of a certain qualitative inquiry approach. He then discusses how the traditional criteria have been widely used to evaluate the modern qualitative approaches which he looks at from different types of qualitative approach methods. From the analysis of the various contemporary orientations which lead to the development of various types of inquiries, he is able to consider five proposed mode of qualitative inquiries which include ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory and also case study. This provision sets the basis for the discussion of the various types of inquiries which is then compared to the analysis of their effective use and impact within the criminal justice systems for example in the article below from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) which looks into the most common types of approaches to qualitative inquiries.
Kleck, G., Tark, J., & Bellows, J. J. (2006). What methods are most frequently used in research in criminology and criminal justice? Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(2), 147-152. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.007
The authors of this article attempted to look at the most commonly used approaches to a quantitative inquiry by establishing research into how frequent the modes used in qualitative methods of research in criminal justice-related journals are applied in research. Survey research, which forms one of the elements of phenomenological approaches to a quantitative ...
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxtodd581
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxjeanettehully
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc ...
Criminal profiling involves analyzing characteristics of an unknown criminal based on evidence from crimes. Profilers study crime scenes, victim descriptions, and motives to develop a profile of the perpetrator to narrow the suspect list and predict future crimes. It is a technique used by law enforcement like the FBI to help investigations, though it has limitations as profiles can sometimes be inaccurate or mislead investigations.
Globalization of serial and investigative tools brenda rossBrenda Ross
This document discusses the globalization of serial murder and investigative tools used to solve these crimes across multiple jurisdictions. It describes how the FBI and Interpol have held conferences to promote international cooperation and sharing of data. Two case studies are provided: Pedro Lopez, who killed over 300 victims across South America in the 1970s, and Andrei Chikatilo from Russia in the 1980s. The challenges of investigating serial killers who cross borders are discussed, as well as how improved communication and profiling techniques could help link related crimes globally.
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Criminological Research Essay
Criminological research is known to be the foundation of criminological theory. In order for criminologist to effectively study crime, they must have the ability to collect criminal data and carefully analyze it in order to study it from a social perspective. The data that that is gathered by criminologist is used as an attempt to help them get a better understanding on what motivates a criminal to act in a criminal manner. By studying crime and criminal data, criminologist have the ability to get to the root of the crime and come up with effective ways to eliminate it. They are also known to find associations between crimes that are committed, the criminal who committed the crime, and how the law defines the crime.
Measuring crime has always been one of the most difficult challenges facing criminal justice researchers. (Maxfield, 1999) Criminologist feel that public information about crime is not very accurate because crime is both context and very time specific. When studying criminal data, criminologist can face many hurdles because with criminal data there are individuals who frequently commit crimes, but unfortunately they are never caught, whereas there are some criminals who commit their first offense and are arrested for it. As a result of this issue, arrest records don t always reflect an...show more content...There are various crime data sources that are available to them, however the two major sources commonly used in the United States are the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the (UCR) and the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Both of these reporting systems are popular amongst criminologist today and they play a crucial role in
Running head Relationship between mental illness and violent crim.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: Relationship between mental illness and violent crime 1
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime 2
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime
Ronald S. Dixon
Keiser University
MACJ-595
Dr. Rochelle Cobbs
July 29, 2018
Abstract
The numbers of violent crimes committed by mentally ill people has been on the rise since 1890s and these people have been admitted into correctional facilities or prisons. Due to this trend this research was conducted to find out if it is true and the reasons behind the trend. The trend also shows a big picture about criminal activities in people who have mental illness which is relative to the general population (Bonta, 1998).
Background and statement of the problem
The study was also done to find out whether there was any connection between mental illness and violent crime and give an explanation on why the number is on the rise in the recent years. Therefore, this means that this study will focus on doing an investigation on the rate of crime done by mentally ill people and the risk of committing violent crime among mentally ill people.
Primary research questions
1. Among mentally ill convicts, what is the rate of recidivism?
2. Is there a relationship between violent crime and mental illness?
3. Does being mentally ill increase the chances of one being a criminal? If yes how?
4. Why has the trend been on the rise?
Tools used in data collection
1. Questionnaires
2. Surveys
3. Records
4. Observations
Objectives of the study
The study was supposed to be a qualitative one that would find out whether there is a relationship existing between mentally illness and violent crime and try to come up with explanations why the rate has been on the rise and whether there is a risk of mentally ill people becoming criminals and how high that risk is. The study also looked at the risks that were involved in mentally ill people becoming criminals. It also looked at the recidivism among offenders who are mentally ill (Monahan, 1992). This was so as to come up with solutions to this phenomenon and come up with solutions that would lead to reduction of this number.
Importance of study
The importance of carrying out this research is to establish whether there is a relationship between mental illness and violent crime so as to be able to explain why the number is on the rise. And if there is a relationship then this would be important in coming up with solutions which will lead to the reduction of not only the number but also cases of violent crime in the country which will save the government a lot of money which is used in the conviction and admitting these people in correctional facilities (Fazel, 2009).
Topics of the literature to be reviewed
There are several topics which will be reviewed in the literature review of this research so as to give more information on the topic under study. This will be necessary because they are closely related topics which can shade some ligh ...
Module 3 OverviewIn Module 2, you learned about police psy.docxraju957290
Module 3 Overview
In Module 2, you learned about police psychology and the roles and functions of mental health professionals working with law enforcement officers. You were introduced to investigative techniques such as interviewing, interrogation, and polygraphy examinations that officers employ during the course of their duties. In Module 3, you will learn about two areas closely related to police psychology: criminology and investigative psychology.
This module will focus on criminal profiling, the use of the polygraph and other lie detection techniques, forensic hypnosis, and the ways to enhance the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies. When studying criminal profiling and forensic hypnosis, direct your attention to their validity and accuracy and the potential for introducing false and misleading information into an investigation. You will examine the role of psychopathy in criminal behavior. Finally, this module will focus on various types of criminal acts, including violent crimes and sexual assault.
Many students and forensic psychology professionals alike have become increasingly interested in the process of criminal profiling—the process by which information pertaining to a crime is utilized in creating a description of the likely offender. In your first assignment, you will discuss the techniques involved in criminal profiling. In addition to discussing techniques, though, you will consider the issues of accuracy and validity in criminal profiling. Given that profiling has had some major failures—consider, for example, the misidentification that occurred in the Atlanta Bomber case (Dewan, 2005)—issues of validity are important to be kept in mind. Following from the issue of accuracy and validity is the courtroom admissibility of profiling data. If you are unsure of the accuracy of profiling data, would you recommend its use in a court of law? If so, under what circumstances would you allow or not allow its use.
Another investigative technique in which forensic professionals are involved is forensic hypnosis—the process of eliciting memories of an event or events while under hypnosis. In forensic hypnosis, as opposed to clinical hypnosis, an examiner attempts to elicit memories for the purposes of identification of subjects or for understanding details of a crime. In your assignment, you will discuss your understanding of forensic hypnosis. Like profiling, there are significant questions of accuracy and validity. In memory recall under the influence of hypnosis, there is a potential for recalling memories, which are inaccurate or patently false. Once again, this raises the issue of courtroom admissibility. In conducting research on the admissibility issue, you will find that courts have varied in how they have decided the admissibility of recovered or refreshed memories. As you work on your assignment, ask yourself whether you will be in favor of allowing recovered memories in court.
Fieldwork Observation
Another important activit ...
Running Head ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIESANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6
Annotated Bibliographies
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557
This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the correlation between quantitative research and criminology whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that are used to support the hypothesis are the number of dissertations presented with a different style of research applied to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution to the research process by collecting a variety of related information across the research topic. The two main modes of measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative methods which are usually the two major measurement scales used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of research because different disciplines normally apply different approaches to quantitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing excellence in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 49-60. doi:10.1037/qup0000002.
The author of this article looks into the various orientations that influence the qualitative inquiries’ success rate by reviewing the history of the criteria that was mainly used in measuring the success rate of a certain qualitative inquiry approach. He then discusses how the traditional criteria have been widely used to evaluate the modern qualitative approaches which he looks at from different types of qualitative approach methods. From the analysis of the various contemporary orientations which lead to the development of various types of inquiries, he is able to consider five proposed mode of qualitative inquiries which include ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory and also case study. This provision sets the basis for the discussion of the various types of inquiries which is then compared to the analysis of their effective use and impact within the criminal justice systems for example in the article below from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) which looks into the most common types of approaches to qualitative inquiries.
Kleck, G., Tark, J., & Bellows, J. J. (2006). What methods are most frequently used in research in criminology and criminal justice? Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(2), 147-152. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.007
The authors of this article attempted to look at the most commonly used approaches to a quantitative inquiry by establishing research into how frequent the modes used in qualitative methods of research in criminal justice-related journals are applied in research. Survey research, which forms one of the elements of phenomenological approaches to a quantitative ...
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxtodd581
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxjeanettehully
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc ...
Criminal profiling involves analyzing characteristics of an unknown criminal based on evidence from crimes. Profilers study crime scenes, victim descriptions, and motives to develop a profile of the perpetrator to narrow the suspect list and predict future crimes. It is a technique used by law enforcement like the FBI to help investigations, though it has limitations as profiles can sometimes be inaccurate or mislead investigations.
Globalization of serial and investigative tools brenda rossBrenda Ross
This document discusses the globalization of serial murder and investigative tools used to solve these crimes across multiple jurisdictions. It describes how the FBI and Interpol have held conferences to promote international cooperation and sharing of data. Two case studies are provided: Pedro Lopez, who killed over 300 victims across South America in the 1970s, and Andrei Chikatilo from Russia in the 1980s. The challenges of investigating serial killers who cross borders are discussed, as well as how improved communication and profiling techniques could help link related crimes globally.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
✅ Quality
You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
Criminological Research Essay
Criminological research is known to be the foundation of criminological theory. In order for criminologist to effectively study crime, they must have the ability to collect criminal data and carefully analyze it in order to study it from a social perspective. The data that that is gathered by criminologist is used as an attempt to help them get a better understanding on what motivates a criminal to act in a criminal manner. By studying crime and criminal data, criminologist have the ability to get to the root of the crime and come up with effective ways to eliminate it. They are also known to find associations between crimes that are committed, the criminal who committed the crime, and how the law defines the crime.
Measuring crime has always been one of the most difficult challenges facing criminal justice researchers. (Maxfield, 1999) Criminologist feel that public information about crime is not very accurate because crime is both context and very time specific. When studying criminal data, criminologist can face many hurdles because with criminal data there are individuals who frequently commit crimes, but unfortunately they are never caught, whereas there are some criminals who commit their first offense and are arrested for it. As a result of this issue, arrest records don t always reflect an...show more content...There are various crime data sources that are available to them, however the two major sources commonly used in the United States are the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the (UCR) and the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Both of these reporting systems are popular amongst criminologist today and they play a crucial role in
Running head Relationship between mental illness and violent crim.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: Relationship between mental illness and violent crime 1
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime 2
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime
Ronald S. Dixon
Keiser University
MACJ-595
Dr. Rochelle Cobbs
July 29, 2018
Abstract
The numbers of violent crimes committed by mentally ill people has been on the rise since 1890s and these people have been admitted into correctional facilities or prisons. Due to this trend this research was conducted to find out if it is true and the reasons behind the trend. The trend also shows a big picture about criminal activities in people who have mental illness which is relative to the general population (Bonta, 1998).
Background and statement of the problem
The study was also done to find out whether there was any connection between mental illness and violent crime and give an explanation on why the number is on the rise in the recent years. Therefore, this means that this study will focus on doing an investigation on the rate of crime done by mentally ill people and the risk of committing violent crime among mentally ill people.
Primary research questions
1. Among mentally ill convicts, what is the rate of recidivism?
2. Is there a relationship between violent crime and mental illness?
3. Does being mentally ill increase the chances of one being a criminal? If yes how?
4. Why has the trend been on the rise?
Tools used in data collection
1. Questionnaires
2. Surveys
3. Records
4. Observations
Objectives of the study
The study was supposed to be a qualitative one that would find out whether there is a relationship existing between mentally illness and violent crime and try to come up with explanations why the rate has been on the rise and whether there is a risk of mentally ill people becoming criminals and how high that risk is. The study also looked at the risks that were involved in mentally ill people becoming criminals. It also looked at the recidivism among offenders who are mentally ill (Monahan, 1992). This was so as to come up with solutions to this phenomenon and come up with solutions that would lead to reduction of this number.
Importance of study
The importance of carrying out this research is to establish whether there is a relationship between mental illness and violent crime so as to be able to explain why the number is on the rise. And if there is a relationship then this would be important in coming up with solutions which will lead to the reduction of not only the number but also cases of violent crime in the country which will save the government a lot of money which is used in the conviction and admitting these people in correctional facilities (Fazel, 2009).
Topics of the literature to be reviewed
There are several topics which will be reviewed in the literature review of this research so as to give more information on the topic under study. This will be necessary because they are closely related topics which can shade some ligh ...
Module 3 OverviewIn Module 2, you learned about police psy.docxraju957290
Module 3 Overview
In Module 2, you learned about police psychology and the roles and functions of mental health professionals working with law enforcement officers. You were introduced to investigative techniques such as interviewing, interrogation, and polygraphy examinations that officers employ during the course of their duties. In Module 3, you will learn about two areas closely related to police psychology: criminology and investigative psychology.
This module will focus on criminal profiling, the use of the polygraph and other lie detection techniques, forensic hypnosis, and the ways to enhance the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies. When studying criminal profiling and forensic hypnosis, direct your attention to their validity and accuracy and the potential for introducing false and misleading information into an investigation. You will examine the role of psychopathy in criminal behavior. Finally, this module will focus on various types of criminal acts, including violent crimes and sexual assault.
Many students and forensic psychology professionals alike have become increasingly interested in the process of criminal profiling—the process by which information pertaining to a crime is utilized in creating a description of the likely offender. In your first assignment, you will discuss the techniques involved in criminal profiling. In addition to discussing techniques, though, you will consider the issues of accuracy and validity in criminal profiling. Given that profiling has had some major failures—consider, for example, the misidentification that occurred in the Atlanta Bomber case (Dewan, 2005)—issues of validity are important to be kept in mind. Following from the issue of accuracy and validity is the courtroom admissibility of profiling data. If you are unsure of the accuracy of profiling data, would you recommend its use in a court of law? If so, under what circumstances would you allow or not allow its use.
Another investigative technique in which forensic professionals are involved is forensic hypnosis—the process of eliciting memories of an event or events while under hypnosis. In forensic hypnosis, as opposed to clinical hypnosis, an examiner attempts to elicit memories for the purposes of identification of subjects or for understanding details of a crime. In your assignment, you will discuss your understanding of forensic hypnosis. Like profiling, there are significant questions of accuracy and validity. In memory recall under the influence of hypnosis, there is a potential for recalling memories, which are inaccurate or patently false. Once again, this raises the issue of courtroom admissibility. In conducting research on the admissibility issue, you will find that courts have varied in how they have decided the admissibility of recovered or refreshed memories. As you work on your assignment, ask yourself whether you will be in favor of allowing recovered memories in court.
Fieldwork Observation
Another important activit ...
2
WK2 Discussion Question
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Professor
Course
Date
WK2 Discussion Question
The typologies I employed to define the killer in the case study are Power/Control Serial Killer and hedonistic. I chose the power/ control killers for the case studies because the killer tended to demonstrate control over the victims before killing them. In the three cases, the bodies were dragged into the place, and Lacerations on the neck showed the victims were probably strangled to death. In addition, the killer seems to have a preferred type of victim: young college girls aged between 20-21years who are weaker than the killer.
Hence it was easy to take control of them, which probably made the killer feel more powerful. The killer seems very intelligent and manipulative, using their victims as pawns in a game they only know how to play. Therefore, the crime scenes exhibited a calculated and organized, cautious approach. The murderer exhibits violent behavior by sexually assaulting the victims, and the river is their favored place to dump off the dead. The most probable kind of serial killer to dump their victims' bodies is the power or control murderers (Holmes & Holmes 2009).
The hedonistic is the second typology that I employed to define the case, study murderer. In contrast to the rapid killing more typical of other murderers, whose crimes may be regarded as act-focused, this class of hedonistic murderers' crimes is methodical and typically requires some time to complete. (Holmes & Holmes 2009). The three cases portly sexual gratification where the victims were sexually assaulted and tortured by the murderer, which is one of the common attributes of a hedonistic killer.
Using profiling to find and capture mass and serial murderers has the benefit of assisting detectives in identifying potential suspects. By analyzing the behavior of known offenders, profilers can develop a profile of what an offender might look like and what kinds of characteristics they may have (Beasley, 2004). This information can then be used to narrow down the pool of suspects in an investigation. In addition, Criminal profiling can assist in reducing the list of potential suspects and implementing strategies that increase the likelihood of an arrest (Holmes & Holmes 2009). Profiling can assist law enforcement in locating a different material or tool when there is hardly any proof at the crime site.
A limitation of utilizing profiling to catch serial or mass killers is that it is not always accurate. Many factors often go into why someone commits these crimes, and not all offenders fit neatly into a specific profile (Holmes & Holmes 2009). In addition, according to Douglas et al. (1986), even if an investigator does find someone who fits the profile perfectly, there is no guarantee that this person committed the crime(s) in question.
References
Beasley, J. O. (2004). Serial murder in America: Case studies of seven offenders. Behavioral.
COUR CJUS 750Developing Research Questions InstructionsThis .docxbobbywlane695641
COUR
CJUS 750Developing Research Questions Instructions
This paper requires you to create research questions based upon the literature review and annotated bibliography research.
1. Think about your current understanding (working theory) of a research issue of interest to you in the criminal justice field (here again is where the previous Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography assignments will help you). What important concepts are part of this research interest and how do they relate? Begin a search of the relevant literature.
2. Develop three to five research questions that help to focus your topic. List possible aspects of the conceptual context that would guide a literature review if you were to do one.
3. Create a research statement (if you have not done so already) and create five to ten open-ended interview questions for your own research project. Pilot the questions with a classmate, asking her or him to pretend that she or he is one of your participants. Work together to reshape the questions. Then pilot the questions with someone who has had experiences similar to your research population or ask the questions of a research participant who is willing to collaborate with you on developing your questions. Reshape the questions again after reflecting upon what worked, what did not, and what new questions arose.
4. Be sure to write down the answers to those questions (you will need them for another upcoming assignment).
Assignment Specifics:
· Develop 3–5 research questions
· Develop 5–10 open-ended interview questions
· Citations from any of the required reading/presentations from the assigned module/week
· APA format
Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 3.
Page 1 of 2
Page 1 of 1
Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6
Annotated Bibliographies
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557
This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the correlation between quantitative research and criminology whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that are used to support the hypothesis are the number of dissertations presented with a different style of research applied to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution to the research process by collecting a variety of related information across the research topic. The two main modes of measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative methods which are usually the two major measurement scales used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of research because different disciplines normally apply different approaches to quantitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing ex.
Running head MENTAL HEALTH IN LAW ENFORCEMENT1MENTAL HEALTH IN.docxglendar3
This document discusses mental health issues among offenders in the criminal justice system. It notes that mental illnesses are often under-treated when offenders are arrested and jailed. There are several contributing factors, including a lack of mental health assessments, trained mental health professionals, and facilities to provide treatment. Law enforcement officers may lack training to recognize signs and symptoms of mental illness. As a result, offenders do not always receive proper mental health evaluations or treatment, and may be jailed rather than referred to psychiatric facilities. Withholding medications in correctional facilities can further exacerbate mental health issues.
Running head MENTAL HEALTH IN LAW ENFORCEMENT1MENTAL HEALTH IN.docxtodd581
This document discusses mental health issues among offenders in the criminal justice system. It notes that mental illnesses are often under-treated when offenders are arrested and jailed. There are several contributing factors, including a lack of mental health assessments, trained mental health professionals, and treatment facilities for offenders with mental illnesses. Additionally, law enforcement officers often do not recognize signs and symptoms of mental illness due to insufficient training. This results in offenders being placed in jail without treatment rather than being sent to psychiatric facilities. The document examines these issues in more depth over several paragraphs.
TitleABC123 Version X1Running head PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSES.docxherthalearmont
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Running head: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET
1
Psychological Assessment Worksheet
Kimberly H. Morgan
PSYCH 655/ Integrative Capstone: Psychology Past and Present
Deirdre A. Teaford, Ph.D.
November 14, 2016
University of Phoenix MaterialAssessment Worksheet
Using the Mental Measurements Yearbook, identify three measures of the constructs you are studying for your research question
1. What is your research question?
My research question will be does an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia who develops an addiction have an increased risk of becoming a serial killer? In particularly, are there any ecological influences that transpire in drug stimulated (mind altering), schizophrenic serial killers? If as a result, what aspects are involved?
2. Write a testablehypothesis for your research question.
The testable hypothesis All serial killers that are also schizophrenic can change their social environment which would include mind altering drugs. This should align with the research question and should clearly state exactly what (and the direction) you believe will happen in your research. For example, Patients with schizophrenia who develop addictions are more likely to become serial killers.
3. What constructs is your research question investigating?
The constructs that are going to be used in my research question consist of negative surroundings such as environments with drug abuse
, and observing the mental and physical effects
of a person that may be subjected to these negative environments and how it correlates to their growth of becoming a serial killer.
4. Using the Mental Measurements Yearbook, provide the following information for three measures of the constructs:
a. What is the test? Include the name and authors.
The first test is by way of Mark Shriver and Claudia Wright and is the Personal Experience Inventory for Adults.
The next test is by Tony Cellucci and Glenn Gelman and will be Inventory of Drug- Taking Situations.
The third test will be one by Allen Hess and Janet Smith and the title is Interview intended for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses.
b. How is the test used? Include the target population, how the test is administered, and what information it provides.
· In the Personal Experience Inventory for Adults it is intended to gain material about an individual’s abuse predicaments. The test is given out to persons 19 years of age and up
.
· In Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations it is designed to measure people and summarize thorough situations in which one has consumed drugs within the year. The target population is drug users.
· In the Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses it is designed to evaluate signs and communal growth in schizophrenic individuals. The target population is adults who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia
.
c. What is known about the te ...
Human Brain - RubricExpand AllExplain if there are still pathwNarcisaBrandenburg70
Human Brain - Rubric
Expand All
Explain if there are still pathways to be explored in our understanding of the human brain. 35 points
Analyze the field of computer science 35 points
Describe tools 28 points
Thesis Development and Purpose9.8 points
Argument Logic and Construction 11.2 points
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 7 points
Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) 7 points
Documentation of Sources 7 points
Total 140 points
Human Brain
-
Rubric
Expand All
Explain if there are still pathways to be explored in our understanding of the
human brain.
35 points
Analyze the field of computer science
35 points
Describe tools
28 points
Thesis Development and Purpose
9
.8 points
Argument Logic and Construction
11.2 points
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
7
points
Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)
7 points
Documentation of Sources
7 points
Total
140
points
Human Brain - Rubric
Expand All
Explain if there are still pathways to be explored in our understanding of the
human brain. 35 points
Analyze the field of computer science 35 points
Describe tools 28 points
Thesis Development and Purpose 9.8 points
Argument Logic and Construction 11.2 points
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 7
points
Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) 7 points
Documentation of Sources 7 points
Total 140 points
Understanding Persons With Mental Illness Who Are and Are Not
Criminal Justice Involved: A Comparison of Criminal Thinking and
Psychiatric Symptoms
Nicole R. Gross and Robert D. Morgan
Texas Tech University
Research has begun to elucidate that persons with mental illness become involved in the criminal justice
system as a result of criminality and not merely because of their mental illness. This study aims to clarify
the similarities and differences in criminal thinking and psychiatric symptomatology between persons
with mental illness who are and are not criminal justice involved. Male and female (n � 94) participants
admitted to an acute psychiatric facility completed measures to assess criminal thinking (i.e., Psycho-
logical Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Criminal Sentiments Scale–Modified) and psychiatric
symptomatology (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–Third Edition). In addition to the inpatient
sample, 94 incarcerated persons with mental illness from a previously conducted study were selected
based on their match with the current sample on several key demographic and psychiatric variables. The
results of this study indicated that hospitalized persons with mental illness with a history of criminal
justice involvement evidenced similar thinking styles to persons with mental illness who were incarcer-
ated. Persons with mental illness without criminal justice inv ...
Running head CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 1CRIMINOLOGICAL THEOR.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
1
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
5
Criminological Theories
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
The Relevance of Psychological Theories in Criminology
The engagement of an individual in criminal activities is often influenced by various underlying factors. As such various theories have been developed to explain the behavioral patterns of criminals and enable the criminal justice departments to operate effectively. Among the developed theories, the psychological theories are perhaps the most accurate in the field of criminology. Psychological theories are based on an interaction between biological and social-cultural factors that either promote or deter criminal behavior, (Walters, 2016). Classical theories of criminology did not account for the state of mind of criminals. As such, many criminals in the past were convicted of crimes they committed unknowingly. This has changed since the adoption of psychological theories. Both individuals as well as criminal justice officials now understand that psychological factors influence criminal behavior. Appropriate measures have been implemented to ensure that the criminal justice department treats all persons fairly by assessing underlying psychological factors. As such, psychological theories have not only promoted the work of the criminal justice department but also promoted individual awareness about underlying mental conditions that affect an individual’s behavior, (Byrne & Hummer, 2016).
Review of the Literature
1. Byrne, J., & Hummer, D. (2016). An examination of the impact of criminological theory on community corrections practice. Fed. Probation, 80, 15.
According toByrne & Hummer (2016), psychological theories have the most direct influence on probation and parole compared to other theories of criminology. The authors have comprehensively analyzed the impact of various theories used to evaluate criminal behavior. They suggest that behavior is intertwined with unconscious motives. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind a crime requires a psychological evaluation to understand the interaction of the two factors. This article is suitable for this research because it captures the relevance of psychological theories in criminology.
2. Dippong, J., & Fitch, C. (2017). Emotions in criminological theory: Insights from social psychology. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12473.
Few formal theories have been developed to capture the role of emotional processes as facilitators or inhibitors of crime, (Dippong & Fitch, 2017). According to the authors, gaps in criminology can be filled by focusing on the underlying psychological factors of the offenders. The article highlights the effect that practices such as interrogation have on the mental state of an individual thus resulting in inaccurate findings during criminal investigations. As such, this article is a reliable source of information about the relevance of applying psychological theories in criminology. .
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and risk-need-responsivity theory published v...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Breach of probation is one of the most common judicial offences for those with FASD.
Risk assessments are carried out daily. The risk assessment tools that forensic psychiatry uses have never been validated for those with FASD: their cognitive, memory, information, and executive function disabilities are rarely taken into account.
This paper suggests ways to promote natural justice for those with FASD
Criminal profiling combines elements of psychology and law enforcement to analyze criminal behavior and draw conclusions about the characteristics of unknown offenders. There are two main types of criminal profiling: inductive profiling compares current crimes to past offenders with similar backgrounds, while deductive profiling focuses on the specifics of each individual crime. The FBI uses a five-stage process for criminal profiling that includes compiling case data, assessing the crime, creating an offender profile, guiding the investigation, and ultimately apprehending the offender. Profiling techniques can provide insights to help narrow investigations and determine if multiple crimes were committed by one or more offenders.
Three studies have found that psychedelic drug use may reduce criminal behavior:
1) A 2017 study of over 480,000 people found that lifetime use of psilocybin and other psychedelics was associated with reduced odds of arrest and crimes like larceny, property crimes, violent crimes, and assault.
2) Between the 1950s-1970s, studies administering LSD and psilocybin to criminal offenders observed improvements in empathy, insight, and treatment engagement.
3) However, the 2017 study results are based on self-reports rather than observations, and more research is needed to understand how psychedelics impact the brain to influence behavior.
Advancing Suicide Prevention Research With Rural American Indian a.docxdaniahendric
Advancing Suicide Prevention Research With Rural American Indian and Alaska Native Populations
| Lisa Wexler, PhD, Michael Chandler, PhD, Joseph P. Gone, PhD, Mary Cwik, PhD, Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Teresa LaFromboise, PhD, Teresa Brockie, PhD, Victoria O'Keefe, MA, John Walkup, MD, and James Allen, PhD
As part of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention's American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) Task Force, a multidisciplinary group of AI/AN suicide research experts convened to outline pressing issues related to this subfield of suicidology. Suicide disproportionately affects Indigenous peoples, and remote Indigenous communities can offer vital and unique insights with relevance to other rural and marginalized groups. Outcomes from this meeting include identifying the central challenges impeding progress in this subfield and a description of promising research directions to yield practical results. These proposed directions expand the alliance's prioritized research agenda and offer pathways to advance the field of suicide research in Indigenous communities and beyond. (Am J Public Health. 2015;105:891-899. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014. 302517)
Although the Surgeon General published a call to action to prevent suicide in 1999,1 national rates of suicide have shown little improvement, and from 2002 to 2010 suicide moved from the 11th to the 10th leading cause of death in the United States2,3 National suicide rates are consistently higher among White men aged 65 years and older than in younger age groups.3 However, suicide remains one of the top 5 causes of death for American adults younger than 45 years and one of the top 3 for adolescents and young adults.2 Although suicide is clearly an important public health priority for all Americans, it is an especially critical issue for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). North America’s Indigenous peoples have disproportionately high rates of suicide deaths, attempts, and ideation, and suicide deaths are approximately 50% higher for AI/AN people than for White people.1,3 However, AI/AN elder suicides are quite rare. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among AI/AN adolescents and young adults, and their rate of suicide is 2.5 times as high as the national average across all ethnocultural groups.2 AI/AN young men are particularly vulnerable4; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that AI/AN youths aged 10 to 24 years have the highest suicide rates of all ethnocultural groups
in the United States, at 31.27 per 100 000 among male youths and 10.16 per 100 000 among female youths. To eliminate this health disparity, research identifying the unique factors contributing to AI/AN suicide is essential to tailor interventions to fit the particular cultural and situational contexts in which they occur.1 Driven by the pressing need to better understand and reduce AI/AN suicide, the AI/AN Task Force of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention (NAASP) crea ...
Psychology and the Criminal Justice SystemThe application of psy.docxmitziesmith74
Psychology and the Criminal Justice System
The application of psychological theory, assessment, and clinically informed judgment within the context of the criminal justice system are a few of the duties performed by forensic psychologists. Risk assessment to identify violent offenders and their propensity for future violence is often a critical step in the legal process to inform treatment recommendation and sentencing. Various empirically validated tools are necessary to evaluate and identify the specific traits of offenders prone to recidivism and violence. Despite this, there remains a debate regarding the accuracy of these predictions and their utility. As a result, this is a topic worthy of further examination and discussion.
Based on the information presented and examined in this course, discuss the importance of psychology in the criminal justice system.
Examine the traits that distinguish between non-violent and violent offenders.
State your opinion on whether recidivism and violent behavior can be accurately predicted.
Give reasons and support your statements with scholarly references and appropriate examples.
Approximately 300 - 500 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
.
Unit 5 project elizabeth hall psychological rolesElizabeth Hall
Forensic psychologists play important roles in the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, corrections, and the courts. In law enforcement, police psychologists assist with tasks like candidate assessment, officer counseling, and providing psychological expertise to investigations. In corrections, psychologists evaluate and treat inmates' mental health issues and help manage facility crises. In the courts, psychologists may serve as expert witnesses, advising legal teams and the court on psychological research and examinations. Across all roles, forensic psychologists face ethical challenges regarding issues like confidentiality and dual relationships, requiring adherence to standards from the APA and related organizations.
Criminal profiling involves analyzing evidence from a crime scene to infer characteristics of the unknown perpetrator. There are two main approaches - deductive profiling uses evidence to construct a profile, while inductive profiling statistically analyzes data from past similar crimes. A criminal profile typically includes descriptors of the perpetrator's demographics, history, occupation, personality, and location. Profiles aim to narrow the field of suspects and guide investigations.
Complete this assignment using the DAA template.Step 1. Locate a.docxmccormicknadine86
Complete this assignment using the DAA template.
Step 1. Locate a scholarly journal article in the Capella University Library, preferably in your career specialization, that reports quantitative statistics. Although the article does not have to be based on a true experiment, it should report either a factorial ANOVA, a repeated measures ANOVA, multiple regression, dummy coded regression, or chi square.
Step 2. Write Section 1 of the DAA. Provide a context of the journal article. Include a definition of the specified variables and corresponding scales of measurement. Specify the sample size of the data set. If applicable, discuss why the journal article is relevant to your career specialization.
Step 3. Write Section 2 of the DAA. Discuss the assumptions of the statistical test used in the journal article. If possible, identify information in the article that indicates how these assumptions were tested. If no information on assumptions is provided, consider this as a limitation of the reported study.
Step 4. Write Section 3 of the DAA. Specify a research question related to the journal article. Articulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. Specify the alpha level if it is provided in the article.
Step 5. Write section 4 of the DAA. Report the results of the statistical test using proper APA guidelines. This includes the statistical notation (e.g., F, b coefficient, χ2), the degrees of freedom, the statistical value of F, b coefficient, χ2, and the p¬-value. Also report the effect size and interpretation if one is provided. Interpret the test statistic against the null hypothesis.
Step 6. Write Section 5 of the DAA. Discuss the conclusions of the statistical test as it relates to the research question. Conclude with an analysis of the strengths and limitations of the study reported in the journal article.
Remember that if you either paraphrase or use quotations from the article, you must cite and reference the passage. Be sure to follow APA (6th edition) style and formatting guidelines, using the link in the Resources for guidance.
Psychological markers underlying murder weapon profile: a quantitative study
Kamaluddin, Mohammad Rahim, PhD; Othman, Azizah, DPsych; Ismail, Khaidzir Hj, PhD; Saat, Geshina Ayu Mat, PhD. The Malaysian Journal of Pathology; Kuala Lumpur Vol. 39, Iss. 3, (Dec 2017): 217-226.
AbstracT
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
[...]a weapon that was used in murder would be one of the first evidence examined by forensic scientists and investigating officers as it helps to predict and direct the murder investigation. [...]a murder weapon tends to provide many clues associated with murder viz. apparent motive, degree of intent, murderous relations, degree and modus operandi of murder. Theoretically, individuals with higher level of cognitive distortion are able to block moral judgments when performing an act.27 This indicates higher level of cognitive distortion allow a person to use multiple weapons in order to cause max ...
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Business and Government Relations Please respond to the following.docxCruzIbarra161
"Business and Government Relations" Please respond to the following:
Discuss the main reasons why a business should or should not be involved in political discussions or take a political stand. Use terms found in Chapter 9 to demonstrate your understanding of the material. You can submit your initial discussion post and responses in either written or video format (2-3 minutes or less).
.
Business Continuity Planning Explain how components of the busine.docxCruzIbarra161
Business Continuity Planning: Explain how components of the business infrastructure are included in a business continuity plan. Discuss the processes of planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance in developing this plan. This assignment must be at least 2 full pages. Apply the 4-C's of writing:
Correct, complete, clear, and concise.
.
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Similar to CriminalPsychological ProfilingDiane MillerAbstract
2
WK2 Discussion Question
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Professor
Course
Date
WK2 Discussion Question
The typologies I employed to define the killer in the case study are Power/Control Serial Killer and hedonistic. I chose the power/ control killers for the case studies because the killer tended to demonstrate control over the victims before killing them. In the three cases, the bodies were dragged into the place, and Lacerations on the neck showed the victims were probably strangled to death. In addition, the killer seems to have a preferred type of victim: young college girls aged between 20-21years who are weaker than the killer.
Hence it was easy to take control of them, which probably made the killer feel more powerful. The killer seems very intelligent and manipulative, using their victims as pawns in a game they only know how to play. Therefore, the crime scenes exhibited a calculated and organized, cautious approach. The murderer exhibits violent behavior by sexually assaulting the victims, and the river is their favored place to dump off the dead. The most probable kind of serial killer to dump their victims' bodies is the power or control murderers (Holmes & Holmes 2009).
The hedonistic is the second typology that I employed to define the case, study murderer. In contrast to the rapid killing more typical of other murderers, whose crimes may be regarded as act-focused, this class of hedonistic murderers' crimes is methodical and typically requires some time to complete. (Holmes & Holmes 2009). The three cases portly sexual gratification where the victims were sexually assaulted and tortured by the murderer, which is one of the common attributes of a hedonistic killer.
Using profiling to find and capture mass and serial murderers has the benefit of assisting detectives in identifying potential suspects. By analyzing the behavior of known offenders, profilers can develop a profile of what an offender might look like and what kinds of characteristics they may have (Beasley, 2004). This information can then be used to narrow down the pool of suspects in an investigation. In addition, Criminal profiling can assist in reducing the list of potential suspects and implementing strategies that increase the likelihood of an arrest (Holmes & Holmes 2009). Profiling can assist law enforcement in locating a different material or tool when there is hardly any proof at the crime site.
A limitation of utilizing profiling to catch serial or mass killers is that it is not always accurate. Many factors often go into why someone commits these crimes, and not all offenders fit neatly into a specific profile (Holmes & Holmes 2009). In addition, according to Douglas et al. (1986), even if an investigator does find someone who fits the profile perfectly, there is no guarantee that this person committed the crime(s) in question.
References
Beasley, J. O. (2004). Serial murder in America: Case studies of seven offenders. Behavioral.
COUR CJUS 750Developing Research Questions InstructionsThis .docxbobbywlane695641
COUR
CJUS 750Developing Research Questions Instructions
This paper requires you to create research questions based upon the literature review and annotated bibliography research.
1. Think about your current understanding (working theory) of a research issue of interest to you in the criminal justice field (here again is where the previous Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography assignments will help you). What important concepts are part of this research interest and how do they relate? Begin a search of the relevant literature.
2. Develop three to five research questions that help to focus your topic. List possible aspects of the conceptual context that would guide a literature review if you were to do one.
3. Create a research statement (if you have not done so already) and create five to ten open-ended interview questions for your own research project. Pilot the questions with a classmate, asking her or him to pretend that she or he is one of your participants. Work together to reshape the questions. Then pilot the questions with someone who has had experiences similar to your research population or ask the questions of a research participant who is willing to collaborate with you on developing your questions. Reshape the questions again after reflecting upon what worked, what did not, and what new questions arose.
4. Be sure to write down the answers to those questions (you will need them for another upcoming assignment).
Assignment Specifics:
· Develop 3–5 research questions
· Develop 5–10 open-ended interview questions
· Citations from any of the required reading/presentations from the assigned module/week
· APA format
Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 3.
Page 1 of 2
Page 1 of 1
Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6
Annotated Bibliographies
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557
This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the correlation between quantitative research and criminology whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that are used to support the hypothesis are the number of dissertations presented with a different style of research applied to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution to the research process by collecting a variety of related information across the research topic. The two main modes of measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative methods which are usually the two major measurement scales used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of research because different disciplines normally apply different approaches to quantitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing ex.
Running head MENTAL HEALTH IN LAW ENFORCEMENT1MENTAL HEALTH IN.docxglendar3
This document discusses mental health issues among offenders in the criminal justice system. It notes that mental illnesses are often under-treated when offenders are arrested and jailed. There are several contributing factors, including a lack of mental health assessments, trained mental health professionals, and facilities to provide treatment. Law enforcement officers may lack training to recognize signs and symptoms of mental illness. As a result, offenders do not always receive proper mental health evaluations or treatment, and may be jailed rather than referred to psychiatric facilities. Withholding medications in correctional facilities can further exacerbate mental health issues.
Running head MENTAL HEALTH IN LAW ENFORCEMENT1MENTAL HEALTH IN.docxtodd581
This document discusses mental health issues among offenders in the criminal justice system. It notes that mental illnesses are often under-treated when offenders are arrested and jailed. There are several contributing factors, including a lack of mental health assessments, trained mental health professionals, and treatment facilities for offenders with mental illnesses. Additionally, law enforcement officers often do not recognize signs and symptoms of mental illness due to insufficient training. This results in offenders being placed in jail without treatment rather than being sent to psychiatric facilities. The document examines these issues in more depth over several paragraphs.
TitleABC123 Version X1Running head PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSES.docxherthalearmont
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Running head: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET
1
Psychological Assessment Worksheet
Kimberly H. Morgan
PSYCH 655/ Integrative Capstone: Psychology Past and Present
Deirdre A. Teaford, Ph.D.
November 14, 2016
University of Phoenix MaterialAssessment Worksheet
Using the Mental Measurements Yearbook, identify three measures of the constructs you are studying for your research question
1. What is your research question?
My research question will be does an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia who develops an addiction have an increased risk of becoming a serial killer? In particularly, are there any ecological influences that transpire in drug stimulated (mind altering), schizophrenic serial killers? If as a result, what aspects are involved?
2. Write a testablehypothesis for your research question.
The testable hypothesis All serial killers that are also schizophrenic can change their social environment which would include mind altering drugs. This should align with the research question and should clearly state exactly what (and the direction) you believe will happen in your research. For example, Patients with schizophrenia who develop addictions are more likely to become serial killers.
3. What constructs is your research question investigating?
The constructs that are going to be used in my research question consist of negative surroundings such as environments with drug abuse
, and observing the mental and physical effects
of a person that may be subjected to these negative environments and how it correlates to their growth of becoming a serial killer.
4. Using the Mental Measurements Yearbook, provide the following information for three measures of the constructs:
a. What is the test? Include the name and authors.
The first test is by way of Mark Shriver and Claudia Wright and is the Personal Experience Inventory for Adults.
The next test is by Tony Cellucci and Glenn Gelman and will be Inventory of Drug- Taking Situations.
The third test will be one by Allen Hess and Janet Smith and the title is Interview intended for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses.
b. How is the test used? Include the target population, how the test is administered, and what information it provides.
· In the Personal Experience Inventory for Adults it is intended to gain material about an individual’s abuse predicaments. The test is given out to persons 19 years of age and up
.
· In Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations it is designed to measure people and summarize thorough situations in which one has consumed drugs within the year. The target population is drug users.
· In the Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses it is designed to evaluate signs and communal growth in schizophrenic individuals. The target population is adults who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia
.
c. What is known about the te ...
Human Brain - RubricExpand AllExplain if there are still pathwNarcisaBrandenburg70
Human Brain - Rubric
Expand All
Explain if there are still pathways to be explored in our understanding of the human brain. 35 points
Analyze the field of computer science 35 points
Describe tools 28 points
Thesis Development and Purpose9.8 points
Argument Logic and Construction 11.2 points
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 7 points
Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) 7 points
Documentation of Sources 7 points
Total 140 points
Human Brain
-
Rubric
Expand All
Explain if there are still pathways to be explored in our understanding of the
human brain.
35 points
Analyze the field of computer science
35 points
Describe tools
28 points
Thesis Development and Purpose
9
.8 points
Argument Logic and Construction
11.2 points
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
7
points
Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)
7 points
Documentation of Sources
7 points
Total
140
points
Human Brain - Rubric
Expand All
Explain if there are still pathways to be explored in our understanding of the
human brain. 35 points
Analyze the field of computer science 35 points
Describe tools 28 points
Thesis Development and Purpose 9.8 points
Argument Logic and Construction 11.2 points
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 7
points
Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) 7 points
Documentation of Sources 7 points
Total 140 points
Understanding Persons With Mental Illness Who Are and Are Not
Criminal Justice Involved: A Comparison of Criminal Thinking and
Psychiatric Symptoms
Nicole R. Gross and Robert D. Morgan
Texas Tech University
Research has begun to elucidate that persons with mental illness become involved in the criminal justice
system as a result of criminality and not merely because of their mental illness. This study aims to clarify
the similarities and differences in criminal thinking and psychiatric symptomatology between persons
with mental illness who are and are not criminal justice involved. Male and female (n � 94) participants
admitted to an acute psychiatric facility completed measures to assess criminal thinking (i.e., Psycho-
logical Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Criminal Sentiments Scale–Modified) and psychiatric
symptomatology (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–Third Edition). In addition to the inpatient
sample, 94 incarcerated persons with mental illness from a previously conducted study were selected
based on their match with the current sample on several key demographic and psychiatric variables. The
results of this study indicated that hospitalized persons with mental illness with a history of criminal
justice involvement evidenced similar thinking styles to persons with mental illness who were incarcer-
ated. Persons with mental illness without criminal justice inv ...
Running head CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 1CRIMINOLOGICAL THEOR.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
1
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
5
Criminological Theories
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
The Relevance of Psychological Theories in Criminology
The engagement of an individual in criminal activities is often influenced by various underlying factors. As such various theories have been developed to explain the behavioral patterns of criminals and enable the criminal justice departments to operate effectively. Among the developed theories, the psychological theories are perhaps the most accurate in the field of criminology. Psychological theories are based on an interaction between biological and social-cultural factors that either promote or deter criminal behavior, (Walters, 2016). Classical theories of criminology did not account for the state of mind of criminals. As such, many criminals in the past were convicted of crimes they committed unknowingly. This has changed since the adoption of psychological theories. Both individuals as well as criminal justice officials now understand that psychological factors influence criminal behavior. Appropriate measures have been implemented to ensure that the criminal justice department treats all persons fairly by assessing underlying psychological factors. As such, psychological theories have not only promoted the work of the criminal justice department but also promoted individual awareness about underlying mental conditions that affect an individual’s behavior, (Byrne & Hummer, 2016).
Review of the Literature
1. Byrne, J., & Hummer, D. (2016). An examination of the impact of criminological theory on community corrections practice. Fed. Probation, 80, 15.
According toByrne & Hummer (2016), psychological theories have the most direct influence on probation and parole compared to other theories of criminology. The authors have comprehensively analyzed the impact of various theories used to evaluate criminal behavior. They suggest that behavior is intertwined with unconscious motives. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind a crime requires a psychological evaluation to understand the interaction of the two factors. This article is suitable for this research because it captures the relevance of psychological theories in criminology.
2. Dippong, J., & Fitch, C. (2017). Emotions in criminological theory: Insights from social psychology. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12473.
Few formal theories have been developed to capture the role of emotional processes as facilitators or inhibitors of crime, (Dippong & Fitch, 2017). According to the authors, gaps in criminology can be filled by focusing on the underlying psychological factors of the offenders. The article highlights the effect that practices such as interrogation have on the mental state of an individual thus resulting in inaccurate findings during criminal investigations. As such, this article is a reliable source of information about the relevance of applying psychological theories in criminology. .
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and risk-need-responsivity theory published v...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Breach of probation is one of the most common judicial offences for those with FASD.
Risk assessments are carried out daily. The risk assessment tools that forensic psychiatry uses have never been validated for those with FASD: their cognitive, memory, information, and executive function disabilities are rarely taken into account.
This paper suggests ways to promote natural justice for those with FASD
Criminal profiling combines elements of psychology and law enforcement to analyze criminal behavior and draw conclusions about the characteristics of unknown offenders. There are two main types of criminal profiling: inductive profiling compares current crimes to past offenders with similar backgrounds, while deductive profiling focuses on the specifics of each individual crime. The FBI uses a five-stage process for criminal profiling that includes compiling case data, assessing the crime, creating an offender profile, guiding the investigation, and ultimately apprehending the offender. Profiling techniques can provide insights to help narrow investigations and determine if multiple crimes were committed by one or more offenders.
Three studies have found that psychedelic drug use may reduce criminal behavior:
1) A 2017 study of over 480,000 people found that lifetime use of psilocybin and other psychedelics was associated with reduced odds of arrest and crimes like larceny, property crimes, violent crimes, and assault.
2) Between the 1950s-1970s, studies administering LSD and psilocybin to criminal offenders observed improvements in empathy, insight, and treatment engagement.
3) However, the 2017 study results are based on self-reports rather than observations, and more research is needed to understand how psychedelics impact the brain to influence behavior.
Advancing Suicide Prevention Research With Rural American Indian a.docxdaniahendric
Advancing Suicide Prevention Research With Rural American Indian and Alaska Native Populations
| Lisa Wexler, PhD, Michael Chandler, PhD, Joseph P. Gone, PhD, Mary Cwik, PhD, Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Teresa LaFromboise, PhD, Teresa Brockie, PhD, Victoria O'Keefe, MA, John Walkup, MD, and James Allen, PhD
As part of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention's American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) Task Force, a multidisciplinary group of AI/AN suicide research experts convened to outline pressing issues related to this subfield of suicidology. Suicide disproportionately affects Indigenous peoples, and remote Indigenous communities can offer vital and unique insights with relevance to other rural and marginalized groups. Outcomes from this meeting include identifying the central challenges impeding progress in this subfield and a description of promising research directions to yield practical results. These proposed directions expand the alliance's prioritized research agenda and offer pathways to advance the field of suicide research in Indigenous communities and beyond. (Am J Public Health. 2015;105:891-899. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014. 302517)
Although the Surgeon General published a call to action to prevent suicide in 1999,1 national rates of suicide have shown little improvement, and from 2002 to 2010 suicide moved from the 11th to the 10th leading cause of death in the United States2,3 National suicide rates are consistently higher among White men aged 65 years and older than in younger age groups.3 However, suicide remains one of the top 5 causes of death for American adults younger than 45 years and one of the top 3 for adolescents and young adults.2 Although suicide is clearly an important public health priority for all Americans, it is an especially critical issue for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). North America’s Indigenous peoples have disproportionately high rates of suicide deaths, attempts, and ideation, and suicide deaths are approximately 50% higher for AI/AN people than for White people.1,3 However, AI/AN elder suicides are quite rare. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among AI/AN adolescents and young adults, and their rate of suicide is 2.5 times as high as the national average across all ethnocultural groups.2 AI/AN young men are particularly vulnerable4; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that AI/AN youths aged 10 to 24 years have the highest suicide rates of all ethnocultural groups
in the United States, at 31.27 per 100 000 among male youths and 10.16 per 100 000 among female youths. To eliminate this health disparity, research identifying the unique factors contributing to AI/AN suicide is essential to tailor interventions to fit the particular cultural and situational contexts in which they occur.1 Driven by the pressing need to better understand and reduce AI/AN suicide, the AI/AN Task Force of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention (NAASP) crea ...
Psychology and the Criminal Justice SystemThe application of psy.docxmitziesmith74
Psychology and the Criminal Justice System
The application of psychological theory, assessment, and clinically informed judgment within the context of the criminal justice system are a few of the duties performed by forensic psychologists. Risk assessment to identify violent offenders and their propensity for future violence is often a critical step in the legal process to inform treatment recommendation and sentencing. Various empirically validated tools are necessary to evaluate and identify the specific traits of offenders prone to recidivism and violence. Despite this, there remains a debate regarding the accuracy of these predictions and their utility. As a result, this is a topic worthy of further examination and discussion.
Based on the information presented and examined in this course, discuss the importance of psychology in the criminal justice system.
Examine the traits that distinguish between non-violent and violent offenders.
State your opinion on whether recidivism and violent behavior can be accurately predicted.
Give reasons and support your statements with scholarly references and appropriate examples.
Approximately 300 - 500 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
.
Unit 5 project elizabeth hall psychological rolesElizabeth Hall
Forensic psychologists play important roles in the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, corrections, and the courts. In law enforcement, police psychologists assist with tasks like candidate assessment, officer counseling, and providing psychological expertise to investigations. In corrections, psychologists evaluate and treat inmates' mental health issues and help manage facility crises. In the courts, psychologists may serve as expert witnesses, advising legal teams and the court on psychological research and examinations. Across all roles, forensic psychologists face ethical challenges regarding issues like confidentiality and dual relationships, requiring adherence to standards from the APA and related organizations.
Criminal profiling involves analyzing evidence from a crime scene to infer characteristics of the unknown perpetrator. There are two main approaches - deductive profiling uses evidence to construct a profile, while inductive profiling statistically analyzes data from past similar crimes. A criminal profile typically includes descriptors of the perpetrator's demographics, history, occupation, personality, and location. Profiles aim to narrow the field of suspects and guide investigations.
Complete this assignment using the DAA template.Step 1. Locate a.docxmccormicknadine86
Complete this assignment using the DAA template.
Step 1. Locate a scholarly journal article in the Capella University Library, preferably in your career specialization, that reports quantitative statistics. Although the article does not have to be based on a true experiment, it should report either a factorial ANOVA, a repeated measures ANOVA, multiple regression, dummy coded regression, or chi square.
Step 2. Write Section 1 of the DAA. Provide a context of the journal article. Include a definition of the specified variables and corresponding scales of measurement. Specify the sample size of the data set. If applicable, discuss why the journal article is relevant to your career specialization.
Step 3. Write Section 2 of the DAA. Discuss the assumptions of the statistical test used in the journal article. If possible, identify information in the article that indicates how these assumptions were tested. If no information on assumptions is provided, consider this as a limitation of the reported study.
Step 4. Write Section 3 of the DAA. Specify a research question related to the journal article. Articulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. Specify the alpha level if it is provided in the article.
Step 5. Write section 4 of the DAA. Report the results of the statistical test using proper APA guidelines. This includes the statistical notation (e.g., F, b coefficient, χ2), the degrees of freedom, the statistical value of F, b coefficient, χ2, and the p¬-value. Also report the effect size and interpretation if one is provided. Interpret the test statistic against the null hypothesis.
Step 6. Write Section 5 of the DAA. Discuss the conclusions of the statistical test as it relates to the research question. Conclude with an analysis of the strengths and limitations of the study reported in the journal article.
Remember that if you either paraphrase or use quotations from the article, you must cite and reference the passage. Be sure to follow APA (6th edition) style and formatting guidelines, using the link in the Resources for guidance.
Psychological markers underlying murder weapon profile: a quantitative study
Kamaluddin, Mohammad Rahim, PhD; Othman, Azizah, DPsych; Ismail, Khaidzir Hj, PhD; Saat, Geshina Ayu Mat, PhD. The Malaysian Journal of Pathology; Kuala Lumpur Vol. 39, Iss. 3, (Dec 2017): 217-226.
AbstracT
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
[...]a weapon that was used in murder would be one of the first evidence examined by forensic scientists and investigating officers as it helps to predict and direct the murder investigation. [...]a murder weapon tends to provide many clues associated with murder viz. apparent motive, degree of intent, murderous relations, degree and modus operandi of murder. Theoretically, individuals with higher level of cognitive distortion are able to block moral judgments when performing an act.27 This indicates higher level of cognitive distortion allow a person to use multiple weapons in order to cause max ...
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Essay on Criminology
Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. It examines the making and breaking of laws, the causes of crime, the consequences of crime on individuals and society, and efforts to prevent criminal behavior and rehabilitate offenders. The goals of criminology are to understand the nature of crime and criminals, analyze the social and psychological factors influencing criminal behavior, and evaluate approaches to controlling crime. Criminology draws on multiple disciplines including sociology, psychology, biology and genetics, economics, and public policy to further understand criminal activity from different perspectives.
Similar to CriminalPsychological ProfilingDiane MillerAbstract (20)
Business and Government Relations Please respond to the following.docxCruzIbarra161
"Business and Government Relations" Please respond to the following:
Discuss the main reasons why a business should or should not be involved in political discussions or take a political stand. Use terms found in Chapter 9 to demonstrate your understanding of the material. You can submit your initial discussion post and responses in either written or video format (2-3 minutes or less).
.
Business Continuity Planning Explain how components of the busine.docxCruzIbarra161
Business Continuity Planning: Explain how components of the business infrastructure are included in a business continuity plan. Discuss the processes of planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance in developing this plan. This assignment must be at least 2 full pages. Apply the 4-C's of writing:
Correct, complete, clear, and concise.
.
business and its environment Discuss the genesis, contributing fac.docxCruzIbarra161
business and its environment
Discuss the genesis, contributing factors, modus operandi, effectiveness in generating social pressure, the strategy followed by target companies along with allied aspects with two examples from Canadian mining, manufacturing, telecommunication or utility companies.
minimum of 2000 words and 10 good quality references.
The paper should be properly cited as per
APA format.
.
business and its environment Discuss the genesis, contributing facto.docxCruzIbarra161
business and its environment Discuss the genesis, contributing factors, modus operandi, effectiveness in generating social pressure, the strategy followed by target companies along with allied aspects with two examples from Canadian mining, manufacturing, telecommunication or utility companies. minimum of 2000 words and 10 good quality references. The paper should be properly cited as per APA format.
.
Business BUS 210 research outline1.Cover page 2.Table .docxCruzIbarra161
Business BUS 210 research outline
1.
Cover page
2.
Table of content
3.
Executive summary
4.
Introduction
5.
Business Hypothesis / or Statement/ or the Main Question for the whole research
6.
Literature review
7.
Designing the questionnaires
8.
Pretest/ pilot test
9.
Adjust the questioners
– if required
10.
Collect the data from the official sample
11.
Data Entry
12.
Analysis
13.
Tabulations: Frequencies
“and Cross-tabulation if required”
14.
Report
o
Include the purpose for the business research
o
Time
o
Sample size
o
Location
o
Target
o
Way to collect the data (by email, personal, interview, phone…)
o
Challenges you faced
o
Findings /results
15.
Conclusion
16.
Recommendation
17.
References
18.
Appendixes
o
Questionnaire
o
All tabulations
.
BUS 439 International Human Resource ManagementInstructor Steven .docxCruzIbarra161
BUS 439 International Human Resource Management
Instructor: Steven Foster
Why did Nestle’s decentralized structure, which had brought the company success in the past, no longer fit the new realities of increasing global competition? What were the objectives of the GLOBE initiative? How was it more than just an SAP change?
.
BUS 439 International Human Resource ManagementEmployee Value Pr.docxCruzIbarra161
BUS 439 International Human Resource Management
Employee Value Proposition
Define and discuss EVP – what factors may make it difficult to determine EVP on a global basis? What considerations should be made to clearly understand and make use of this information? Why is EVP important for organizations to understand? What can organizations do to build a differentiated EVP?
.
Bullzeye is a discount retailer offering a wide range of products,.docxCruzIbarra161
Bullzeye is a discount retailer offering a wide range of products, including: home goods, clothing, toys, and food. The company is a regional retailer with 10 brick-and-mortar stores as well as a popular online store. Due to the recent credit card data breaches of various prominent national retail companies (e.g., Target, Home Depot, Staples), the Bullzeye Board of Directors has taken particular interest in information security, especially as it pertains to the protection of credit cardholder data within the Bullzeye environment. The Board has asked executive management to evaluate and strengthen the enterprise’s information security infrastructure, where needed.
In order to respond to the Board regarding their preparedness for a cyber-security attack, the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) has engaged your IT consulting firm to identify the inherent risks and recommend control remediation strategies to prevent or to detect and appropriately respond to data breaches. Your firm has been requested to liaison with the Internal Audit Department during the engagement. Your first step is to gain an understanding of Bullzeye’s IT environment. The Chief Audit Executive (CAE) schedules a meeting with key Bullzeye leadership personnel, including the CFO, Chief Information Officer (CIO), and Chief Information Security Officer (CISO).
The following key information was obtained.
Background
IT Security Framework/Policy -
Bullzeye has an information security policy, which was developed by the CISO. The policy was developed in response to an internal audit conducted by an external firm hired by the CAE. The policy is not based on one specific IT control framework but considers elements contained within several frameworks. An information security committee has been recently formed to discuss new security risks and to develop mitigation strategies.
The meeting will be held monthly and include the CISO and other key IT Directors reporting to the CIO.
In addition, a training program was implemented last year in order to provide education on various information security topics (e.g., social engineering, malware, etc.). The program requires that all staff within the IT department complete an annual information security training webinar and corresponding quiz. The training program is complemented by a monthly e-mail sent to IT staff, which highlights relevant information security topics.
General IT Environment -
Most employees in the corporate office are assigned a standard desktop computer, although certain management personnel in the corporate and retail locations are issued a laptop if they can demonstrate their need to work remotely. The laptops are given a standard Microsoft Windows operating system image, which includes anti-malware/anti-virus software and patch update software among others. In addition, new laptops are now encrypted; however, desktops and existing laptops are not currently encrypted due to budget concerns. The user provisioning.
Building on the work that you prepared for Milestones One through Th.docxCruzIbarra161
Building on the work that you prepared for Milestones One through Three, submit a document that builds upon the previously completed milestone summaries to provide an overall summary of the distribution company’s IT system as a whole. This should illustrate how each individual system component (network, database, web technology, computers, programming, and security systems) interrelates with the others and summarize the importance of IT technologies for the overall system.
.
Budget Legislation Once the budget has been prepared by the vari.docxCruzIbarra161
Budget Legislation
Once the budget has been prepared by the various agencies, it is often moved forward to the legislative body for authorization. The legislation process can result in unintended outcomes and restrictions. Search the internet and news reporting services for a story on an unintended outcome of interest to you and answer the following questions:
How did politics shape the outcome in unexpected ways?
Did “pork” spending or “apportionments and allotments” budget amendments affect the legislation?
Did a mid-year crisis or change in revenue expectations substantially impact the budget legislative action?
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings.
Performance Budgeting
Performance budgeting has been attempted at the local level in recent years. Address the issues of performance budgeting while answering the following questions: What attributes of performance budgeting make it particularly suitable to local government budgeting? Will the same attributes be as useful at the federal level? Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings.
.
Browsing the podcasts on iTunes or YouTube, listen to a few of Gramm.docxCruzIbarra161
Browsing the podcasts on iTunes or YouTube, listen to a few of Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips series (grammar tips by Mignon Fogarty) or Money Girl's series (financial advice by Laura Adams).
Your Task: Pick a Money Girl or Grammar Girl podcast that interests you. Listen to it, or obtain a transcript on the website and study it for its structure. Is it direct or indirect? Informative or persuasive? How is it presented? What style does the speaker adopt? Was it effective? What changes would you suggest? Write an e-mail that discusses the podcast you analyzed.
.
Brown Primary Care Dental clinics Oral Health Initiative p.docxCruzIbarra161
Brown Primary Care Dental clinics Oral Health Initiative project
The project will consist of three elements:
•
Part 1: Economic Analysis of the Initiative of Choice [
Brown Primary Care Dental clinics Oral Health Initiative
5 pages) .
The economic analysis should include:
Principles of economics for evaluating and assessing the need for the public health initiative
A brief description of whether the initiative is a micro or macroeconomic program
A determination of whether the result of the initiative is a public or private good
A description of the initiative’s financing source
An explanation of how the initiative may affect supply and demand of public health services
•
Part 2: Financial Accounting Analysis (5 pages)
A 5-year proposed budget including major line items (see blank form for proposed budget on NIH grants pagelocated in the course syllabus or here:
Online Article:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2009, June).
Public health service: PHS 398
. Detailed Budget for Initial Budget Period Form Page 4
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html
Grant Application PHS 398. U.S. Department of Health And Human Services Public Health Service.
-An analysis of budget line items, costs, sources of revenue, and deficits
-An analysis of the fiscal soundness and long-term viability of the public -health initiative
•
Part 3: Alternative Funding Sources (5pages)
Part 3: Alternative Funding Sources[ 5 pages
For this part of your Scholar-Practitioner Project you will evaluate funding sources for the public health initiative you selected in Week 2. Then, you will submit a mock grant proposal for an appropriate grant to supplement or allow expansion of your selected public health initiative.
The proposal should include:
•
The public health initiative’s purpose, background, goals, and objectives
•
A description of the funding sources you selected and explanation of why you selected it over others
•
Eligibility and selection criteria for the funding source
•
An explanation of the funds needed and how the funds may be used
•
The adjusted total 5-year budget you completed in week 9 (include all instructor recommendations)
(8 sources/references)
.
BUDDHISMWEEK 3Cosmogony - Origin of the UniverseNature of .docxCruzIbarra161
BUDDHISM
WEEK 3
Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe
Nature of God/Creator
View of Human Nature
View of Good & Evil
View of Salvation
View of After Life
Practices and Rituals
Celebrations & Festivals
Week 3 - Sources
.
Build a binary search tree that holds first names.Create a menu .docxCruzIbarra161
Build a binary search tree that holds first names.
Create a menu with the following options.
Add a name to the list (will add a new node)
Delete a name from the list (will delete a node)
NEXT PAGE
à
Search for a name (will return if the name is in the tree or not)
Output the number of leaves in your tree
Output the tree (Complete an inorder traversal.)
.
Briefly describe the development of the string quartet. How would yo.docxCruzIbarra161
Briefly describe the development of the string quartet. How would you relate this chamber ensemble to modern performing groups such as the jazz quartet? Or to a rock ensemble? What are some of the similarities and differences? Refer to the listening examples in the Special Focus to support your conclusions.
Listening examples:
String Quartet in E-Flat, No. 2
("Joke") by Haydn
String Quartet in C Minor
by Beethoven
String Quartet No. 2, Op. 17
by Bartók
.
Briefly describe a time when you were misled by everyday observation.docxCruzIbarra161
Briefly describe a time when you were misled by everyday observations (that is when you reached a conclusion on the basis of an everyday observation that you later decided was an incorrect conclusion). What type of error in casual inquiry (sources of secondhand knowledge) were you guilty of? Examples include over-generalization, stereotyping, illogical reasoning, etc
.
Broadening Your Perspective 8-1The financial statements of Toots.docxCruzIbarra161
Broadening Your Perspective 8-1
The financial statements of Tootsie Roll are presented below.
TOOTSIE ROLL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF
Earnings, Comprehensive Earnings and Retained Earnings (in thousands except per share data)
For the year ended December 31,
2011
2010
2009
Net product sales
$528,369
$517,149
$495,592
Rental and royalty revenue
4,136
4,299
3,739
Total revenue
532,505
521,448
499,331
Product cost of goods sold
365,225
349,334
319,775
Rental and royalty cost
1,038
1,088
852
Total costs
366,263
350,422
320,627
Product gross margin
163,144
167,815
175,817
Rental and royalty gross margin
3,098
3,211
2,887
Total gross margin
166,242
171,026
178,704
Selling, marketing and administrative expenses
108,276
106,316
103,755
Impairment charges
—
—
14,000
Earnings from operations
57,966
64,710
60,949
Other income (expense), net
2,946
8,358
2,100
Earnings before income taxes
60,912
73,068
63,049
Provision for income taxes
16,974
20,005
9,892
Net earnings
$43,938
$53,063
$53,157
Net earnings
$43,938
$53,063
$53,157
Other comprehensive earnings (loss)
(8,740
)
1,183
2,845
Comprehensive earnings
$35,198
$54,246
$56,002
Retained earnings at beginning of year.
$135,866
$147,687
$144,949
Net earnings
43,938
53,063
53,157
Cash dividends
(18,360
)
(18,078
)
(17,790
)
Stock dividends
(47,175
)
(46,806
)
(32,629
)
Retained earnings at end of year
$114,269
$135,866
$147,687
Earnings per share
$0.76
$0.90
$0.89
Average Common and Class B Common shares outstanding
57,892
58,685
59,425
(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF
Financial Position
TOOTSIE ROLL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES (in thousands except per share data)
Assets
December 31,
2011
2010
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents
$78,612
$115,976
Investments
10,895
7,996
Accounts receivable trade, less allowances of $1,731 and $1,531
41,895
37,394
Other receivables
3,391
9,961
Inventories:
Finished goods and work-in-process
42,676
35,416
Raw materials and supplies
29,084
21,236
Prepaid expenses
5,070
6,499
Deferred income taxes
578
689
Total current assets
212,201
235,167
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, at cost:
Land
21,939
21,696
Buildings
107,567
102,934
Machinery and equipment
322,993
307,178
Construction in progress
2,598
9,243
455,097
440,974
Less—Accumulated depreciation
242,935
225,482
Net property, plant and equipment
212,162
215,492
OTHER ASSETS:
Goodwill
73,237
73,237
Trademarks
175,024
175,024
Investments
96,161
64,461
Split dollar officer life insurance
74,209
.
Briefly discuss the differences in the old Minimum Foundation Prog.docxCruzIbarra161
Briefly discuss the differences in the old Minimum Foundation Program ( 1947 ) and the FEFP ( 1973 ).
What part of the basic FEFP formula ( State Aid = WFTE x BSA - (.96 AV } provides A. equity for students and B. equalization of funding for districts?
Review how student transportation dollars are calculated. What are the two major components?
What is the function of Workforce Development funds?
What are Categorical Program funds? How do they differ from general FEFP funding?
What are the four constructs on which the FEFP is based? ( Page 1--2
nd
paragraph )
Briefly define the following:
Full time equivalent
Program cost factor
Weighted FTE
Base student allocation
District cost differential
Sparsity supplement
Supplemental academic instruction
0.748 Mills Discretionary Compresion (audio is incorrect-changed from Local Discretionary Equalization).
ESE guaranteed allocation
Required local effort
Please answer all in as a mini- brief and follow directions as I tried to be as spicific as possible with the questions.
.
Briefly compare and contrast EHRs, EMRs, and PHRs. Include the typic.docxCruzIbarra161
Briefly compare and contrast EHRs, EMRs, and PHRs. Include the typical content and functionality of each.
Focusing on one of these types of records, describe the key benefits for one of the stakeholders (e.g., patients, providers, or health care management) of being able to record and/or access patient data through this system.
Should all patient health information be recorded electronically? If so, explain why. If not, explain what the exceptions should be and why.
.
Brief Exercise 9-11Suppose Nike, Inc. reported the followin.docxCruzIbarra161
*Brief Exercise 9-11
Suppose
Nike, Inc.
reported the following plant assets and intangible assets for the year ended May 31, 2014 (in millions): other plant assets $954.9; land $226.7; patents and trademarks (at cost) $530.7; machinery and equipment $2,137.2; buildings $967; goodwill (at cost) $207.5; accumulated amortization $59.3; and accumulated depreciation $2,290.
Prepare a partial balance sheet for Nike for these items.
(List Property, Plant and Equipment in order of Land, Buildings and Equipment.)
NIKE, INC.
Partial Balance Sheet
As of May 31, 2014
(in millions)
[removed]
[removed]
$
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$
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:
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$
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:
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*Exercise 9-7
Wang Co. has delivery equipment that cost $50,840 and has been depreciated $24,960.
Record entries for the disposal under the following assumptions.
(Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
(a)
It was scrapped as having no value.
(b)
It was sold for $37,200.
(c)
It was sold for $19,360.
No.
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
(a)
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
(b)
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(c)
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*Exercise 9-8
Here are selected 2014 transactions of Cleland Corporation.
Jan. 1
Retired a piece of machinery that was purchased on January 1, 2004. The machine cost $62,160 and had a useful life of 10 years with no salvage value.
June 30
Sold a computer that was purchased on January 1, 2012. The computer cost $37,000 and had a useful life of 4 years with no salvage value. The computer was sold for $5,630 cash.
Dec. 31
Sold a delivery truck for $9,310 cash. The truck cost $23,600 when it was purchased on January 1, 2011, and was depreciated based on a 5-year useful life with a $3,290 salvage value.
Journalize all entries required on the above dates, including entries to update depreciation on assets disposed of, where applicable. Cleland Corporation uses straight-line depreciation.
(Record entries in the order displayed in the problem statement. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
(To record depreciation expense for the first 6 months of 2014)
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[remo.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. Criminal/Psychological Profiling
Diane Miller
Abstract
Criminal profiling is not a new concept as variations of it
have been used for many years in an effort to understand
offenders and facilitate crime solving. As the field of Forensic
Nursing grows, the Forensic Nurse plays an important role as a
member of the criminal profiling team especially as a Forensic
Nurse Examiner. This study will examine the criminal profiling
process, the steps leading to the apprehension of the offender
and explore the benefits law enforcement agencies can reap by
including a Forensic Nurse as a member of their team.
Statement of Criminal/Psychological Profiling
Although criminal profiling had been used for many years
it became a more refined process in the 1970’s when the FBI
began conducting research in an effort to provide a better
understanding of serial murderers and rapists. The groundwork
for this profiling was laid by the FBI’s criminal research
project. The FBI’s National Center for the Analysis of Violent
crimes assists local, state and federal agencies by providing
criminal profiles. Profiling uses deduction to paint a picture of
the offender but does not identify him. It does this by focusing
on certain behavioral and personality characteristics.
Literature Review of Criminal/Psychological Profiling
The literature review indicates criminal profiling began
informally in the 1940’s, but caught the interest of the FBI after
2. the a profile of the “Mad Bomber” done by a New York
psychiatrist, Dr. James Brussel, in the 1950’s proved to be
amazingly accurate.
In the 1970’s the FBI developed a more refined process in
utilizing criminal profiling as an investigative tool. That
process continues today at the FBI’s National Center for the
Analysis of Violent Crime and is instrumental in solving
heinous and violent crimes that otherwise could not be solved.
The literature review supports the value and importance of
criminal profiling today and the role it plays in attaining justice
for the victims of violent crime and their families.
The principles related to criminal profiling outlined in the
literature demonstrate the importance of interpreting crime
scene behavior in order to narrow the field of suspects for a
particular crime and the accuracy it provides.
Criminal/Psychological Profiling
Core Forensic Nursing Principles Related to Criminal Profiling
Core Principles Related to Criminal Profiling
The scientific and social phenomenon of death represents the
two primary aspects of death investigation on which the practice
and philosophy of forensic nursing science is founded.
Experience in forensic nursing and guidelines in death
investigation help provide the ways of knowing and critical
thinking that determine the basis on which acute case
management of questioned deaths can be provided.
3. (Lynch, 2006)
Utilizing These Principles in Criminal Profiling
The Forensic Nurse assists with the retrieval, assessment and
evaluation of information obtained during the death
investigation.
Understands the variations in criminal action patterns and the
conclusions about the offender that can be drawn from these
patterns.
Utilizes clinical skills as part of the investigation process,
actions and strategies to facilitate the investigation.
Criminal Profiling Process
Legal Implications
Six Stages of the Profiling Process
Input: collecting crime scene information.
Decision process: arranging the input into meaningful patterns,
analyzing victim and offender risk.
Crime assessment: reconstructing the crime and the offender
motivation.
Criminal profile: developing specific descriptions of the
offender.
Investigation: uses the profile as an aid in investigation.
Apprehension: check the accuracy and the description against
new information and change the profile accordingly.
Best Practices in Criminal Profiling
Forensic investigators should gather detailed information from
4. the crime scene.
The forensic examiner should use written and
photodocumentaiton to precisely preserve details about the
homicide victim’s wounds and sexual acts.
The Forensic Nurse Examiner becomes a valuable team member
in the criminal profiling process by following these guidelines
during the examination process.
This information collected properly is extremely valuable in
developing an accurate profile of the offender.
Legal Implications
Following the six stages of the profiling process and utilizing
best practices in criminal profiling is imperative in developing
an acute profile of an offender.
The Forensic Nurse Examiner must be sure to avoid any
judgmental reactions or attitudes when interpreting a crime
scene.
Forensic nurses are not criminal investigators but function as a
clinical investigator.
The registered nurse is an ideal clinician to fulfill the role of
death investigator.
The Forensic Nurse must be prepared to testify in court.
Looking at Behavioral Characteristics Identified at the Crime
Scene
Behavioral Characteristics and Criminal Profiling
Amount of planning that went into the crime.
Degree of control used by the offender.
Escalation of emotion at the scene.
5. Risk level of the offender and the victim.
Appearance of the crime scene (organized, disorganized).
The Interpretation Process
Profiling is based on research and years of experience in
reviewing similar cases with similar offender characteristics. It
is not a science or psychic guesses as we are sometimes led to
believe, especially by the media. It is a process the profiler uses
to make behavioral interpretations. This in turn enables the
investigator to limit the suspect pool. According to the FBI”s
research, similar crimes are committed for similar reasons.
The Ultimate Goal of Criminal Profiling: Help Catch the
Offender!
Implications for Forensic Nursing Practice
The Forensic Nurse Examiner
Conducts an investigation of trauma or death.
Provides a forensic examination of physical, psychological, or
sexual assault trauma.
Examines the questioned analysis of medical records or court-
ordered evaluation of mental status.
Assists law enforcement by providing the advent of forensic
nursing science.
Provides multidisciplinary cooperation to bring together clinical
and criminal investigation.
6. Questions for Discussion
Please answer after viewing the PowerPoint and reading the
attached articles.
Required Readings
Gregory, N., (2005). Offender profiling: a review of the
literature. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, volume 7,
issue 3, 29-33.
Schlesinger, L., (2009). Psychological prodiling: investigative
implications from crime scene analysis. Journal of Psychiatry
& Law, 37, 1, 73-83.
Discussion Questions
Is profiling admissible in the British legal system? Please
explain your answer.
What famous case in the 1950’s brought criminal profiling to
the attention of the public?
Do you think the forensic nurse has a role in criminal profiling?
References
Beauregard, E. (2009). Rape and sexual assault in investigative
psychology:
the contribution of sex offenders” research to offender
profiling. Journal of
Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 7, 1-13.
Bennell, C., Corey, S., Taylor, A., & Ecker, J. (2008). What
skills are required for the
effective offender profiling? An examination of the
7. relationship between critical
thinking ability and profile accuracy. Psychology, Crime &
Law, 14, 143-157.
Gregory, N. (2005). Offender profiling: a review of the
literature. The British Journal of
Forensic Practice, 7, 3, 29-33.
References
Lynch, V. A. & Duval, J. B. (2006). Forensic Nursing. St.
Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Schlesinger, L. (2009). Psychological profiling: investigative
implications from
crime scene analysis. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 37, 73-
83.
Stangeland, P. (2005). Catching a serial rapist: hits and
misses in criminal
profiling. Police Practice and Research. 5, 353-469.
Young, D. (2009). Investigative psychology in the courtroom:
beyond the offender
Profile. Journal of Investigative Psychology
6/6/2017
Ethics: Ethical Issues with Medical Errors: Shaping a Culture of
Safety in Healthcare
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May2017/EthicalIssueswithM… 1/5
Ethics: Ethical Issues with Medical
8. Errors: Shaping a Culture of Safety in
Healthcare
^ m d
Sarah’s Story
Jeanne Merkle Sorrell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Citation: Sorrell, J.M., (March 7, 2017) "Ethics: Ethical Issues
with Medical Errors: Shaping a Culture of Safety
in Healthcare" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing V
ol. 22, No. 2.
DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No02EthCol01
Patient safety experts at Johns Hopkins have calculated that mor
e than 250,000 deaths per year in the United
States are caused by medical errors (McMains, 2016). In 2013, t
he Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) ranked the top three causes of death as heart disease, can
cer, and respiratory disease. In 2016,
researchers at Johns Hopkins found that medical errors replaced
respiratory disease as the third leading cause
of death (Makary & Daniels, 2016; McMains, 2016). In internati
onal comparisons of deaths that are considered
preventable by timely and effective healthcare, data showed that
the United States had the highest number of
preventable deaths in comparison to nine other countries, with F
rance and Australia being the lowest (Nolte &
McKee, 2011). How can nurses help to address this problem by
shaping a culture of safety in healthcare? Keep
reading for some helpful, safety-promoting suggestions.
Students in the Advanced Clinical Nursing class that I taught w
9. ere assigned to write a paradigm case--a story
that reflected an ethical dilemma that they had experienced in th
eir clinical practice. It was made clear that
they needed to write something they could share with others, as
we would set aside class time to read their
stories aloud. With 22 students gathered in a circle in the classr
oom, Sarah* prefaced the reading of her story
by confiding that she had read it to her husband before class. He
asked her whether she really thought she
should share the story openly. She replied, “Yes.”
Sarah’s story:
“Do no harm.” This ethical principle has guided my nursing pra
ctice for almost 30 years. As a
young nurse I was taught the 5 rights of medication administrati
on. As an oncology nurse, I am
painfully aware that many of the chemotherapy agents that I ad
minister have the potential to
cause death if not administered properly. Some time has passed
now since I made a mistake that
could have easily cost my patient her life. Today I share my stor
y to help us think about what we
can do to reduce the possibility of errors in our practice.
The day that Mrs. May* received more than twice the dose of ch
emotherapy that had been
ordered for her was not just any day. It was very close to Christ
mas. I was feeling especially
excited because after being a registered nurse for over 25 years,
I had finally completed my
Bachelors of Science in Nursing. I was proud of my accomplish
ment and had received many
compliments and best wishes for continued professional success
.
10. Mrs. May had been a patient in our practice for more than a yea
r following a diagnosis of cancer,
but I had not met her. I introduced myself and administered the
chemotherapy. Afterward, Mrs.
May went directly to see her physician and her chart went with
her, so I did not have a chance to
record the medications that I had given. At the close of the day,
I realized that I had never
charted on Mrs. May’s record, so I retrieved her chart. As I look
ed at the dose of medication the
oncologist had written, I felt a lump forming in my throat. I kne
w for a fact that I had mixed and
administered two and a half times that amount. The medication
was new to me. I remembered
reconstituting 4 vials. I knew that I had given 250 mg instead of
the 100 mg. that had been
ordered.
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Ethical Considerations
My heart began to race. I went back through the chart and realiz
ed that the dilution of the drug
had been written where I had become accustomed to seeing the
dose of the drug. Since the drug
was under the same classification as another that I administered
regularly, I didn’t question that
this might be too high a dose. Immediately, I went to the nurse
manager to tell her what had
happened. I knew that if Mrs. May died, there was a good chanc
e that I would not ever be allowed
to practice nursing again. Instead of giving me a reprimand, my
manager said, “Let’s make sure
that you truly gave that much of the drug. You are always so car
eful.” Together we went through
the trash and found the 4 boxes. My heart sank. I kept thinking,
“This lady is going to die and it is
right at Christmas time.”
Today, I still remember the kindness that was bestowed on me t
hat day. When I told the
oncologist about my terrible error, he stated that he had ordered
a lower dose of the medication
for Mrs. May than normal for a patient with her condition, as sh
e had a life expectancy of only 6
months to a year and didn’t want to live with serious side effect
s from the chemotherapy. The
oncologist said that she would be very, very sick for about a mo
nth but would not die from the
overdose. He would treat her aggressively with agents to increas
e her cell counts so that she
would have enough reserve to keep her counts from going down
to zero.
12. The next morning Mrs. May came to the clinic. I arrived early t
o tell her how very sorry I was. She
said that her oncologist had told her if I had not come forth and
told him of the mistake, she
might not have lived. She trusted the doctor that she would not
die from the error.
I am happy to say that Mrs. May is still alive today. She certainl
y was a very sick lady for the next
2 weeks. One day she said to me, “I will not lie to you. I have n
ever felt this bad in my life, but I
will make it.” Yes, Mrs. May made it. Her tumor decreased to o
ne half its original size in about a
month. Almost 2 years after this incident, Mr. and Mrs. May we
re able to enjoy an international
vacation together. I talk with Mrs. May whenever she comes to t
he clinic and she always gives me
a hug and reassurance that she is okay.
Was I unbelievably fortunate? Yes. Can a medication error happ
en to even the most careful and
conscientious nurse? Yes. Am I even more conscious of my ethi
cal obligations to provide safe
care? Yes. This incident has changed my life. I share my story
with other nurses with the hope
that it will cause them to think, “If it could happen to her, it cou
ld happen to me.”
Sarah read this story** to my class a number of years ago but I
still remember vividly how I felt after she
finished. The classroom was totally silent. Many of us were figh
ting back tears. A classmate reached over to put
her arm around Sarah’s shoulder, a silent acknowledgement of s
upport and admiration for the courage that
Sarah had shown in sharing such a personal story. I think proba
13. bly everyone in that room still remembers the
moment when we each realized, “It could happen to me.”
Medical errors are not typically caused by a negligent or incom
petent healthcare professional. Instead they are
often the result of a breakdown in processes that guide delivery
of patient care (Bonney, 2014). Sarah was a
competent, careful, and caring nurse, but variances in the usual
process of care set up a situation for error.
The medication was new to Sarah and was ordered in a format t
hat led to confusion of dose versus dilution.
Medication orders should be written in clear and consistent for
mats so that the person administering the drug
can readily understand the appropriate dose. Also, the chart was
removed from the clinic setting before Sarah
had a chance to record the medication administration. Access to
the order on the medical record while
administering the medication provides an important safety chec
k to ensure the correct dose is both
administered and recorded.
Many potential and actual medical errors fall within the sphere
of nursing practice (Lachman, 2007). Thus
nurses have an ethical obligation to help prevent and manage me
dical errors. The remainder of this column will
discuss ethical principles related to medical errors for nurses to
consider, along with recommendations that can
help to shape a culture of safety for the prevention of medical er
rors.
Ethical issues related to medical errors can be categorized aroun
d four ethical principles: autonomy and right to
selfdetermination; beneficence and nonmaleficence; disclosure
and right to knowledge; and veracity (Bonney,
2014). Each of these principles will be discussed below.
14. Autonomy and Right to Self Determination
Concepts of autonomy and right to self determination acknowle
dge patients’ rights to make their own choices
and to take actions based on their personal views and perceived
benefits. Healthcare providers have an ethical
obligation to inform patients about their ongoing plan of care, i
ncluding if a medical error has occurred. If
Sarah had not informed others of her error, Mrs. May would not
have been able to make appropriate decisions
about the treatment that she needed as a result of the error. Heal
thcare providers are also obligated to assist
patients in making decisions, as the physician did in his care of
Mrs. May. The physician’s honest discussion
6/6/2017
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May2017/EthicalIssueswithM… 3/5
Medical Errors: Telling Your Story
Reporting Errors
with Mrs. May about the medication error and potential adverse
effects helped her to maintain trust in those
caring for her and follow their instructions for treatment so that
she could minimize harm from the error.
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
15. The principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence direct healthc
are providers to do what is best for patients
and avoid harm. This may create moral conflicts for healthcare
providers in terms of balancing projected
benefits with possible risk for the patient. Although there is a ra
nge of severity in errors, they all cause harm –
to the patient, to the person who made the error, and/or to the sy
stem (Kalra, Kalra, & Baniak,
2013).Healthcare providers should take necessary steps to mini
mize the harm caused by an error. Sarah may
have thought that informing Mrs. May of the error would cause
unnecessary worry and suffering but had she
not informed others of her error, Mrs. May would not have recei
ved important treatments to offset potential
harm.
Disclosure and Right to Knowledge
Healthcare providers have an ethical obligation to disclose infor
mation that patients need for informed decision
making. The patient’s bill of rights calls for full disclosure of a
medical error (Ghazal, Saleem, & Ariani, 2014).
Fortunately, in Sarah’s situation healthcare providers disclosed
the information needed to help Mrs. May make
decisions about her care, thus respecting her autonomy and decr
easing the potential for harm. Every institution
needs clear and detailed policies for disclosure of information a
bout medical errors.
Veracity
The principle of veracity requires healthcare personnel to provi
de comprehensive, accurate, and objective
information in a manner that helps patients understand the infor
mation. Telling the truth about medical errors
helps to establish trust. Healthcare providers’ careful communic
16. ation with Mrs. May helped to establish a sense
of trust that can be seen in the mutual respect that Sarah and Mr
s. May shared years after the unfortunate
incident.
Communication researchers suggest that the ways healthcare pro
viders 'story' their mistake experiences can
help to understand medical errors (Noland & Carmack, 2015).
Storytelling shifts thinking from ‘rational and scientific’ pattern
s to reflective thought that calls forth a detailed
context surrounding the experience. Sarah’s story illustrates the
importance of context as she remembers why
she did not record the medication she had administered to Mrs.
May. She remembers the lump forming in her
throat when she realized her error, her fear of losing her nursing
license, her gratitude for the kindness of her
nurse manager and the physician, and the trust that Mrs. May ha
d in her healthcare providers, even after the
error. Reflective thinking helps to uncover beliefs, values, and k
nowledge embedded in the experience (Noland
& Carmack, 2015). Storying an experience of a medical error he
lps the narrator and ‘listeners’ to come to
know, understand, and make sense of the experience.
The prevention of medical errors within an organization require
s systematic management strategies.
Healthcare providers need education to understand the importan
ce of reporting medical errors. Researchers in
a study of 289 Canadian nurses working in long-term care noted
that participants had different definitions of
what constitutes harm with a medical error; their perceptions of
harm influenced whether they reported the
error (Wagner, Damianakis, Pho, & Tourangeau, 2013). Because
of busy working conditions, these nurses
prioritized which errors to report. One participant stated, “If it’s
17. caused no harm, it’s no big deal!” (p.3).
Participants indicated overwhelmingly that they would like to re
ceive continuing education to help them learn
how to handle the 'after effects' of error occurrence. Nurses in a
ll settings need education and training to
develop a shared definition of harm and understand the process
for reporting errors.
Although fear of litigation is often cited as a barrier to disclosur
e by healthcare providers, there is no
established link between willingness to disclose medical errors
and the risk of litigation (Bonney, 2014). Sarah’s
story revealed multiple factors that contributed to her error, suc
h as a new medication and a system event that
delayed recording the medication. The culture of the organizatio
n, however, supported 'reporting' of her error.
A 'blame culture' is a major source of medical errors (Kalra et al
., 2013). Organizations must create an
environment where healthcare providers feel supported in report
ing, disclosing, and discussing errors.
Considerable research in recent years has focused on disclosure
of medical errors but has lacked
interdisciplinary dialogue (Hannawa, Beckman, Mazor, Paul, &
Ramsey, 2013). Research is needed that
incorporates disciplinary perspectives of professionals in health
care, law, communication, and ethics to help
6/6/2017
Ethics: Ethical Issues with Medical Errors: Shaping a Culture of
Safety in Healthcare
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Conclusion
Authors
References
healthcare providers understand and implement ethical practices
for prevention and management of medical
errors.
The American Nurses Association (ANA) defines a Culture of S
afety as a work culture in which healthcare
providers at all levels of the organization are committed to core
values and behaviors that emphasize safety
over competing goals (ANA, 2016). Literature related to medica
l errors suggests that most medical errors are
preventable (Bonney, 2014). The categories listed in the Box be
low reflect important ways that nurses can
contribute to prevention and management of medical errors (Nol
and & Carmack, 2015; Zikhani, 2016). As the
largest group of healthcare professionals, over 3 million strong,
registered nurses are in a unique position to
lead initiatives that promote a culture of safety (ANA, 2016).
Box. Strategies for Prevention and Management of Medical Erro
rs
Rules and Policies. Involve nurses in the development of clear a
nd detailed policies for creating a safer
environment in their organization.
Communication. Convey messages promptly and clearly. Hando
ff tools, such as SBAR or task debriefing,
are effective ways to reduce communication failures.
19. Checklists, Reminders, and Double Checks. Design checklists a
nd similar tools to reduce medical errors,
especially in situations where errors tend to occur.
Simplification, Standardization, and Organization. Break down
and standardize procedures and
organize care-implementation processes into simple steps.
Computerization and Automation. Identify best practices for usi
ng technologies, such as healthcare
informatics, to promote efficiency and accuracy and avoid error
s.
Forcing Function. Devise procedures that make it almost imposs
ible for errors to occur. For example,
prevent an individual from entering a wrong medication into the
computer or starting a process
without submitting a completed checklist.
Sharing Stories of Errors. Encourage students and practitioners t
o tell their stories of medical errors,
rather than hiding errors out of fear, and to listen to stories fro
m others. Knowing how others have
handled mistakes, or wish they had handled them, can help other
staff prevent and/or manage
healthcare errors.
Notes:
*Sarah and Mrs. May are pseudonyms used to protect the privac
y of individuals involved in this story.
**This story is adapted from the chapter, Do no harm, as report
ed in the book Defining moments: The courage
to be [Chapbooks]. The book was part of a class project and self
20. -published by Jeanne Sorrell. The copyright
date for this book is May 2001 and the copyright is held by Jean
ne Sorrell.
Jeanne Merkle Sorrell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Email: [email protected]
Jeanne Sorrell is former Senior Nurse Scientist, Nursing Resear
ch and Innovation, at the Cleveland Clinic in
Cleveland, OH, and Professor Emerita, George Mason Universit
y in Fairfax, VA. She earned a BSN from the
University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, MI, a MSN from the Univ
ersity of Wisconsin in Madison, WI, and a PhD
from George Mason University. Her scholarly interests focus on
philosophical inquiry, writing across the
curriculum, qualitative research, and ethical considerations in h
ealthcare.
American Nurses Association (ANA). (2016). American Nurses
Association calls for a culture of safety in all
health care settings. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.or
g/Call-for-Culture-of-Safety.html
Bonney, W. (2014). Medical errors: Moral and ethical considera
tions. Journal of Hospital Administration, 3(2),
80-88. doi:10.5430/jha.v3n2p80
Ghazal, L., Saleem, Z., & Ariani, G. (2014). A medical error: T
o disclose or not to disclose. Journal of Clinical
Research & Bioethics, 5(2). doi:10.4172/2155-9627.1000174
mailto:[email protected]
http://www.nursingworld.org/Call-for-Culture-of-Safety.html
6/6/2017
Ethics: Ethical Issues with Medical Errors: Shaping a Culture of
21. Safety in Healthcare
http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarket
place/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-22-2017/No2-
May2017/EthicalIssueswithM… 5/5
Hannawa, A. F., Beckman, H., Mazor, K. M., Paul, N., & Ramse
y, J. V. (2013). Building bridges: Future
directions for medical error disclosure research. Patient Educati
on and Counseling, 92, 319-327. doi:
10.1016/j.pec.2013.05.017.
Kalra, J., Kalra, N., &Baniak, N. (2013). Medical error, disclos
ure and patient safety: A global view of quality
care. Clinical Biochemistry, 46, 1161-1169. doi: 10.1016/j.clinb
iochem.2013.03.025.
Lachman, V. D. (2007). Patient safety: The ethical imperative.
MEDSURG Nursing, 16(6), 401-403.
Makary, M., & Daniels, M. (2016). Medical error –
The third leading cause of death in the U.S., British Medical
Journal, 353, 1-5. doi:10.1136/bmj.i213
McMains, V. (2016). Johns Hopkins study suggests medical erro
rs are third-leading cause of death in U.S. Johns
Hopkins Magazine. Retrieved from http://hub.jhu.edu/2016/05/0
3/medical-errors-third-leading-ca use-of-death/
Noland, C. M., &Carmack, J. (2015). Narrativizing nursing stud
ents’ experiences with medical errors during
clinicals. Qualitative Health Research, 25(10), 1423-1434. doi:
10.1177/1049732314562892.
Nolte, E., & McKee, M. (2011). Variations in amenable mortalit
y – Trends in 16 high-income nations. Health
24. [email protected]; [email protected]
2Centre for Health Governance, Law and Ethics, University of
Sydney, New Law Building, Camperdown,
NSW 2006, Australia. Email: [email protected]
3Office of the Chief Health Officer, NSW Ministry of Health,
73 Miller Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
4Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the range, frequency and management
of ethical issues encountered by clinicians working in
hospitals in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.
Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of a
convenience sample of 104 medical, nursing and allied health
professionals in two NSW hospitals.
Results.
Somerespondentsdidnotprovidedataforsomequestions,thereforeth
edenominatorislessthan105for
some items. Sixty-two (62/104; 60%) respondents reported
occasionally to often having ethical concerns. Forty-six
(46/105;
44%) reported often to occasionally having legal concerns. The
three most common responses to concerns were: talking to
colleagues (96/105; 91%); raising the issue in a group forum
(68/105; 65%); and consulting a relevant guideline (64/105;
61%). Most respondents were highly (65/99; 66%) or
moderately (33/99; 33%) satisfied with the ethical environment
of the
hospital. Twenty-two (22/98; 22%) were highly satisfied with
the ethical environment of their department and 74 (74/98;
76%) were moderately satisfied. Most (72/105; 69%)
respondents indicated that additional support in dealing with
ethical
25. issues would be helpful.
Conclusion. Clinicians reported frequently experiencing ethical
and legal uncertainty and concern. They usually
managedthisbytalkingwithcolleagues.Althoughthisapproachwasc
onsideredadequate,andtheethicsoftheirhospitalwas
reported to be satisfactory, most respondents indicated that
additional assistance with ethical and legal concerns would be
helpful. Clinical ethics support should be a priority of public
hospitals in NSW and elsewhere in Australia.
Whatis knownaboutthe topic? Clinicians working in hospitalsin
theUS, Canadaand UK have accessto ethics expertise
to help them manage ethical issues that arise in patient care.
How Australian clinicians currently manage the ethical issues
they face has not been investigated.
What does this paper add? This paper describes the types of
ethical issues faced by Australian clinicians, how they
manage these issues and whether they think ethics support
would be helpful.
What are the implications for practitioners? Clinicians
frequently encounter ethically and legally difficult decisions
and want additional ethics support. Helping clinicians to
provide ethically sound patient care should be a priority of
public
hospitals in NSW and elsewhere in Australia.
Received 14 February 2014, accepted 22 September 2014,
published online 17 December 2014
Journal compilation � AHHA 2015
www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ahr
CSIRO PUBLISHING
Australian Health Review, 2015, 39, 44–50
26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AH14034
HEALTH POLICY
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
Introduction
Clinical ethics support (CES) is the emerging field of theory
and practice concerned with enhancing the ethical quality or
‘ethicality’ of clinical practice within hospitals and other
health-
care institutions.1,2 ‘Ethical quality’ has several interrelated
meanings. It can mean that clinical practices are consistent with
social norms, such as patient autonomy; it can mean that ethical
conflicts over patient care are minimised or appropriately
resolved; it can mean that ‘moral distress’ among clinicians is
adequately managed; and it can mean that a health organisation
has an ethically reflective and engaged culture. With varying
emphases between individual services, these elements of ethical
quality are the main goals of CES.
CES is typically delivered by a multidisciplinary ethics com-
mittee, an individual ethicist or some combination of the two.
It aims to provide ‘expert’ ethical input into an organisation’s
policies and staff education, and assist with ethically difficult
decisions about patient care. CES was initially introduced to
help
resolve ethical dilemmas and conflict, but it has since evolved
to a more ambitious preventative model of fostering an ‘ethical
27. environment’, where the ethical aspects of patient care are
routinely and openly considered throughout an institution.3–5
CES services are an established feature of healthcare in the
US and Canada and are becoming so in the UK and elsewhere in
Europe and Asia.6–18 The growth of such services
internationally
is often taken to indicate a growing perceived need among
clinicians for assistance with the many ethical and legal issues
they face.14–17 Although clinicians have always faced complex
ethical decisions, the need for CES is driven by factors that
have
increased the ethical complexities of patient care, such as
greater
social andvalue plurality, technologicaladvancesand heightened
patient autonomy.19–21 Clinicians have traditionally dealt with
ethical issues by keeping their own counsel, turning to trusted
colleagues or professional codes of ethics or seeking guidance
from religious authorities.22 According to advocates of CES, it
is
no longer sufficient in a morally pluralistic world to rely on
professional opinion and codes to ensure ethically sound patient
care: ethical quality requires ethical expertise.23–26
CES services are currently available in some Australian
hospitals, but they have not been widely adopted. According
to the few available studies of such services in Australia, their
operation has contributed to better patient outcomes, clinician
satisfaction and improved ethics literacy across their host insti-
tution. 27–29 Given that observational and experimental studies
of
CES conducted in the US have also shown positive results,30–
35 it
is possible that many Australian clinicians and their patients are
missing out on valuable support. This can lead to conflict that is
avoidable orunresolved,moraluncertainty and distressandalack
28. of ethical scrutiny of clinical and administrative policies, pro-
cesses and decisions.
Herein we report the results of a survey that was conducted as
part of a project aimed at developing CES services within
public
hospitals in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The project
began with a qualitative study in one NSW public hospital,
which
found that most clinicians regarded their hospital ethical envi -
ronment as ‘mostly right’, but that difficult ethical issues fre-
quently arose and clinicians were receptive to the idea of
CES.36
The aim of the survey was to build on these findings by asking
clinicians in the same hospital and an additional NSW hospital
about the ethical issues they face, the ethical environment in
which they work and whether they supported the idea of addi -
tional ethics support.
Methods
The survey
We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample
ofclinicalstaff(medical,nursingand midwiferyandalliedhealth)
in two departments in two large NSW public hospitals. All data
were collected using a self-completed questionnaire. The ques-
tionnaire included both closed questions with fixed response
options and open-ended questions, and required, on average,
15–20 min to complete.
Respondents were asked how often they thought about the
ethical and legal implications of their clinical work, whether
they
had experienced uncertainty or concern about such issues in
29. specified situations during the previous 12 months, how often
they experienced uncertainty or concern about certain aspects of
patient care (e.g. aggressive treatment), their response to such
concern and the frequency and focus of discussions related to
ethical issues in their work.
Using a four-point Likert scale, we asked respondents to
indicate how strongly they agreed or disagreed with two sets of
statements. One focused on the ethical environment of their
hospital, the other on their department. Participants’ responses
toeach setofstatements were combinedto formaprimaryscale to
indicate their degree of satisfaction with these ethical environ-
ments. A total score across all items was calculated. Scores
were
divided into three equal strata: a score of 7–13 indicated low
satisfaction; a score of 14–20 indicated moderate satisfaction;
and a score of 21–28 indicated high satisfaction. To be deemed
highly satisfied, an individual would have agreed or strongly
agreed to most positively worded items. Each scale was
evaluated
using Cronbach’s a to determine whether it measured the same
underlying latent variable (i.e. degree of satisfaction).
The questionnaire also included open-ended questions asking
how clinical ethics could be improved at their hospital and
within
theirdepartment,and fixed-responsequestionsaboutexisting and
preferred means of ethics support. Demographic information
was
also solicited, including age, gender and profession.
Survey administration
Respondents could complete the survey online or as a pen-and-
paper questionnaire. The online survey was distributed via an
email from the research team that contained a hyperlink to the
30. questionnaire. The email assured anonymity, described the sur -
vey and provided an estimate of the time it would take to
complete. An email reminder was sent 2 weeks following the
initial mail out. The pen-and-paper questionnaire was
distributed
topotentialrespondentsinpersonbytheclinicalsupportofficeror
thenursingunitmanager.Clinicianswerealsoinvitedtocomplete
the survey at a pre-arranged meeting.
Data analysis
Data were summarised using descriptive statistics. Proportions
are shown as percentages rounded to the nearest whole number.
Responses were further analysed on the basis of gender, age,
The need for clinical ethics support Australian Health Review
45
profession and hospital. Associations were tested using Pearson
Chi-squared analysis and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence
intervals (CI). In some analyses, age and profession were
dichot-
omised (21–40 years vs >40 years and medical vs non-medical,
respectively). ORs are used to show significant associations,
and
we report only statistically significant associations (P � 0.05).
This study was approved by the Hunter New England Human
Research Ethics Committee (10/12/15/4.12) and the NSW Hu-
man Research Ethics Committee (HREC/10/HNE/373).
Results
From the two hospitals, 105 clinicians participated in the
31. survey.
The denominator is less than 105 for some items because: 1 –
answering was conditional on the basis of preceding question
(e.g. If Yes, then. . .?); and 2 – a small number of respondents
did
not provide data for some questions. Values are presented with
denominator.
Respondent characteristics are listed in Table 1.
Response rate
We were unable to determine how many clinicians received or
sighted the email invitation, or were made aware of the pen-
and-
paper survey, so were unable to calculate a response rate.
Do clinicians experience concern about ethical
and legal issues?
Over half (58/103; 56%) the respondents reported that i n the
past
12 months they had often considered the ethical implications of
their decisions, but a much smaller proportion reported having
often been uncertain or concerned about ethics (Table 2). Com-
bining ‘often’ and ‘occasionally’, over half (62/104; 60%) the
respondents reported being concerned about what is ethically
the
‘right thing to do’ and the majority (74/104; 71%) reported
being
concerned about the ethics of the decisions and actions of
others.
Respondents were also asked about the legal implications of
their decisions (Table 2). Less than half (44/104; 42%) reported
often thinking about the legal implications of their decisions.
32. Again, smaller numbers of respondents reported often being
uncertain or concerned. Combining ‘often’ and ‘occasional ly’,
46 (46/105; 44%) respondents reported that in the past 12
months
theyhad been concerned about what is legallythe right thing
todo
and 57 (57/105; 54%) reported being concerned about whether
what other clinicians were doing was legally right.
What situations are associated with ethical difficulties?
Respondents were given a list of situations and asked whether
they had experienced ethical and/or legal uncertainty or concern
relatedtoaparticularrelevantsituation.Experiencingbothethical
and legal uncertainty was the most commonly reported category
foreachsituation.Table3combinesthosereportingethicaland/or
legal concern in relevant situations. Concern in two situations
showed a significant difference according to age. Younger
respondents (21–40 years) were more likely to report ethical
and/or legal concern at a patient refusing recommended
treatment
than older respondents (86% vs 61%; OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.4–
11.5).
Younger respondents were less likely to report being concerned
about carrying out an advance directive (8% vs 35%; OR 0.2,
95% CI 0.3–0.9).
Respondents were asked about the specific causes for their
ethical concern or uncertainty. The most frequently indicated
cause(s) for concern were: (1) whether the patient is receiving
the
treatment they really want (63/102; 62%); (2) the quality of the
Table 1. Respondent characteristics (n = 105)
Note, seven respondents did not provide data for the first four
characteristics;
33. 13 did not provide data for the last. Unless indicated otherwise,
data show the
number of respondents in each group
Age (years)
Mean ± s.e.m. 43 ± 1
Range 21–70+
Years in profession
Mean 16.5 ± 1.2
Range 1–40+
Gender
Female 81
Male 17
Occupation
Medical 32
Nursing 45
Allied health 21
Area of employment
Oncology 30
Midwifery 23
Haematology 23
Obstetrics and gynaecology 10
MFM 2
Neonatology 1
Palliative care 1
Other 2
Table 2. Frequency of ethical uncertainty and concern
Data show the number of respondents in each group, with
percentages in parentheses
34. How often do you face a clinical situation where. . . Often
Occasionally Rarely Never
Ethical
. . .you will think about the ethical implications of your clinical
decisions 58 (56%) 36 (33%) 9 (9%) 0
. . .you are uncertain or concerned about what is ethically the
right thing to do 13 (12%) 49 (47%) 41 (39%) 1 (1%)
. . .you are uncertain or concerned about the ethics of the
decisions and actions of others 13 (12%) 61 (58%) 29 (28%) 1
(1%)
Legal
. . .you will think about the legal implications of your clinical
decisions 44 (42%) 34 (33%) 18 (17%) 8 (8%)
. . .you are uncertain or concerned about what is legally the
right thing to do? 12 (11%) 34 (32%) 47 (45%) 12 (11%)
. . .you are uncertain or concerned whether what others are
doing is legally right? 8 (8%) 49 (47%) 40 (38%) 8 (8%)
46 Australian Health Review E. Doran et al.
information the patient is being given, and how (62/103; 60%);
(3) whether the treatment is too aggressive (59/102; 58%);
(3) beingrestricted by resources in providing the care or
treatment
it was believed a patient needs (57/102; 56%); (4) patient pre-
ferences and whether choice is being respected (52/102; 49%);
(5) concern that the personal values of clinical staff may be
inappropriately influencing patient care (27/100; 27%); and
(6) concern regarding the appropriateness and quality of care
generally (22/101; 22%). There were no significant differences
according to gender, age, profession or hospital.
35. What are the most common ways of dealing
with ethical difficulties?
Respondents were asked what they do when they are uncertain
or
concerned about the ethical implications of a clinical situation.
Most (96/105; 91%) indicated they would ask for the opinions
of
colleagues; approximately two-thirds indicated they would raise
the issue in a group forum (68/105; 65%) or consult a relevant
guideline (64/105; 61%); 39 (39/105; 37%) indicated they
would
meet with the patient and/or family and allow them to decide;
29
(29/105; 28%) indicated they would consult with a clinical
ethics
committee or other source of ethics expertise; and 23 (23/105;
22%) indicated they would discuss the situation with their
partner
or close friend. There were no significant differences according
to
gender, age, profession or hospital.
What is the perceived adequacy of current ways
of dealing with ethical difficulties?
Respondents were asked ‘How often is what you usually do not
helpful in addressing your uncertainty or concern?’. Sixty-nine
(69/105; 66%) respondents indicated that their actions were
‘never’ or ‘rarely’ helpful, 18 (18/105; 17%) indicated that their
actions were ‘occasionally’ helpful and four (4/105; 4%)
reported
that their actions were ‘always’ helpful.
How do clinicians evaluate the ethical environment
of their hospital?
36. Respondents were asked to agree or disagree with set of state-
ments about their hospital. As indicated in Table 4, a large
majority of respondents agreed to strongly agreed with the
positive statements and disagreed with the single negative state-
ment (‘This hospital is too ready to accede to external politica l
demands’). The statements were scaled and a summary score
estimating the individual’s satisfaction with the ethics of their
hospital was derived (see Methods). The scale was evaluated
using Cronbach’s a (0.87). Sixty-five (65/99; 66%) respondents
indicated they were highly satisfied with the ethical
environment
of the hospital, whereas 33 (33/99; 33%) indicated moderate
satisfaction. Only one respondent indicated low satisfaction.
There were no significant differences between medical and
non-medical respondents or according to hospital.
How do clinicians evaluate the ethical environment
of their department?
Respondents were asked to indicate their agreement with a set
of
statements about their department (Table 4). The ethical envi -
ronment of the department was also explored by scaling the
statements and by estimating individual respondent satisfaction.
The scale was evaluated using Cronbach’s a (0.82). Twenty-two
respondents (22/98; 22%) indicated they were highly satisfied
with the ethical environment of their department and 74 (74/98;
76%) indicated moderate satisfaction.Two respondents indicated
low satisfaction. There were no significant differences between
medical and non-medical respondents or according to hospital.
Do clinicians indicate a need for clinical ethical support?
Respondents were asked whether they believed that clinicians
37. are
usually comfortable handling the more common clinical situa-
tions involving ethical issues. Most (71/105; 68%) answered
‘Yes’; nine (9%) answered ‘No’ and 17 (16%) answered ‘Don’t
know’. When they were asked ‘Are there some ethically
complex
or challenging situations where more support might be helpful?’
most (72/105; 69%) responded ‘Yes’. These respondents were
then asked to identify what they felt may be helpful.
What types of support are preferred?
Table 5 shows what types of support respondents indicated
would be most helpful. The three most commonly preferred
Table 3. Proportion of respondents reporting uncertainty or
concern in relevant situations
Data show the number of respondents in each group, with
percentages in parentheses
In the past 12 months did you experience uncertainty or concern
related
to the following situations?
Yes (ethically,
legally or both)
Neither
A patient refusing recommended treatment 67 (73%) 25 (27%)
Disagreement among staff about care or treatment 61 (70%) 26
(30%)
A patient requesting treatment of borderline necessity or benefit
58 (69%) 26 (31%)
Ordering and/or participating in aggressive treatment of a
terminally ill patient 40 (62%) 24 (38%)
38. A patient requesting treatment outside hospital guidelines 49
(60%) 33 (40%)
The handling of a medical error or incident 53 (58%) 39 (42%)
Making the decision to withdraw or withhold treatment 25
(43%) 33 (57%)
A request for late termination of pregnancy 18 (43%) 24 (57%)
A patient request to withhold information from his/her family
36 (42%) 49 (58%)
A family request to withhold information from a patient 30
(37%) 51 (63%)
Staff withholding information from a patient and/or family 19
(24%) 60 (76%)
Carrying out an Advanced Directive 12 (21%) 44 (79%)
Carrying out a Do Not Resuscitate order 11 (20%) 43 (80%)
The need for clinical ethics support Australian Health Review
47
types of support were protocols and guidelines (44/72; 61%),
having ethics or legal issues covered in routine clinical
meetings
(42/72; 58%) and having an ethics or legal expert available for
advice (39/72; 54%).
Discussion
Most of the clinicians surveyed for this study were sometimes
to
often troubled by the ethical and legal implications of their own
clinicaldecisionsandthoseoftheircolleagues.Respondentswere
most concerned about situations that are known to be ethically
and legally sensitive, such as end-of-life care, medical errors
and
patient privacy.37–42 Patient autonomy appeared to be the most
39. common source of concern. The five situations that were most
commonly reported to be troubling were (in rank order) a
patient
refusing recommended treatment, disagreement among staff,
a patient requesting a treatment of uncertain value, aggressive
treatment of a terminally ill patient and a patient requesting
treatment outside hospital guidelines. The first, third and last of
these situations are related to managing patient preferences and
choice.Patientautonomywasalsoprominentinwhatrespondents
indicated were the specific causes of their uncertainty and con-
cern: whether the care a patient is receiving is really what the
patient wants, concern about the information a patient is being
given and concern about patient preferences being respected and
staff inappropriately influencing care.
The majority of respondents appeared to be satisfied with the
ethical environment of their hospital and their department. At
the
hospital level, most respondents indicated being highly satisfied
that policies and procedures were ethically appropriate;
patients’
interests generally have priority and the values upheld at the
hospital mostly reflected their own personal and professional
values. Although fewer clinicians indicated being as highly
satisfied with their department as they were with the hospital,
most still indicated a general satisfaction with the ethics of their
department and that ethical issues are attended to appropriately,
openly and inclusively.
Most respondents indicated that they were generally comfort-
able dealing with the ethical issues they face and, similar to the
findingsofotherstudies,6,42 whentheyareuncertainorconcerned
Table 4. Respondents’ degree of satisfaction with the ethical
environment of their hospital and department
40. Data show the number of respondents in each group, with
percentages in parentheses
Statement Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Hospital
The policies and procedures of this hospital are generally
ethically appropriate 19 (19%) 76 (76%) 5 (5%) –
The interests of this hospital are rarely put before the interests
of the patient 14 (14%) 55 (56%) 27 (28%) 2 (2%)
Patients at this hospital are generally treated equally 23 (23%)
67 (68%) 8 (8%) 1 (1%)
The values upheld at this hospital mostly reflect my
professional values 14 (14%) 79 (80%) 5 (5%) 1 (1%)
The values upheld at this hospital mostly reflect my personal
values 12 (12%) 78 (79%) 8 (8%) 1 (1%)
My conscience is rarely troubled by the care patients receive at
this hospital 9 (9%) 79 (80%) 10 (10%) 1 (1%)
The values upheld at this hospital mostly reflect values of the
community 10 (10%) 71 (73%) 16 (16%) –
This hospital is too ready to accede to external political
demands 4 (4%) 43 (47%) 42 (46%) 3 (5%)
Department
When an ethical issue arises it will be openly discussed 24
(24%) 67 (68%) 7 (7%) –
If I am concerned that a patient’s best interest isn’t being met I
am able to air my view 23 (23%) 68 (69%) 6 (6%) 1 (1%)
Ethical issues are usually handled appropriately 18 (18%) 77
(79%) 3 (3%)
Ethical issues are often overlooked 1 (1%) 14 (14%) 73 (75%) 9
(9%)
We talk about ethics as much as is necessary 8 (8%) 72 (74%)
17 (18%) –
We could handle ethics issues better than we currently do 2
41. (2%) 47 (49%) 47 (49%) –
If an ethical issues arises all staff are able to voice their view 9
(9%) 67 (70%) 19 (20%) 1 (1%)
There should be more discussion of the ethical aspects of our
clinical practices 11 (12%) 54 (57%) 29 (31%) 1 (1%)
Table 5. Types of support respondents believed would be most
helpful
Data show the number of respondents in each group, with
percentages in parentheses
Types of support believed to be helpful with ethically complex
or challenging situations n = 72
Having protocols/guidelines in place that outline appropriate
responses to ethical/legal issues 44 (61%)
Having ethical/legal issues as a routine element of grand rounds
or morbidity and mortality meetings 42 (58%)
Having an individual ethics and/or legal expert available for
advice 41 (57%)
More ‘in-service’ training or education on the ethics and law of
patient care 39 (54%)
Having regular educational seminars on ethics and law 37 (51%)
Having a member(s) of the clinical team trained in ethics who
can provide ethical advice when needed 37 (51%)
Having an advisory group (made of clinicians, lawyers,
ethicists, patient representative) 34 (47%)
Having an internet based resource (storing relevant literature,
case studies, policies etc.) 33 (46%)
48 Australian Health Review E. Doran et al.
they are most likely to talk to their colleagues. Raising an issue
of concern at a group forum was also commonly reported, as
42. was consulting a relevant guideline. Although these actions
were
generally considered helpful, over two-thirds of respondents
indicated that additional clinical ethics or legal support would
behelpful.Protocolsandguidelines,havingclinicalethicsfeature
in routine clinical meetings, continuing education and training
and having an individual clinical ethics or legal expert available
for advice appeared to be most preferred options for further
support. A clinical ethics committee was among the least pre-
ferred options.
Although talking to colleagues or consulting a relevant guide-
line or policy can help address ethical uncertainty or concern, it
does indicate that clinicians are largely relying on traditional
approaches to dealing with ethical issues. As discussed in the
Introduction, these approaches are increasingly considered inad-
equateforensuringethicalqualityinthecontextofamoresocially
and morally diverse contemporary society. Given that the social
factors that make clinical work more ethically and legally com-
plex are evident in Australia, the scarcity of CES means most
Australian clinicians are currently left to navigate their way
through complex ethical issues with little specialised support.
Ethical tensions and difficulties that may arise anywhere in a
hospital (from the bedside to the boardroom) are not always
recognised and acted on as such and, even where recognised,
may
be considered too hard and avoided. Left unrecognised or over-
looked, ethical issues can block communication, create uncer -
tainty or distress about treatment goals and ultimately
undermine
qualitycare.Aclinicalethicssupportserviceprovidingassistance
with policy development, staff education and difficult cases can
foster an ethically aware environment where issues are
addressed
and uncertainty and distress minimised.
43. Clinician satisfaction with the ethical environment does not
indicate that ethical quality is consistently achieved. As one
prominent clinical ethicist has observed: ‘Doctors and other
healthcare professionals are seldom widely educated in ethics,
and no matter the length of their experience, they are by no
means
guaranteed to have ‘ethical perspicacity’.’43 The majority of
the
clinicians we surveyed appeared to recognise this by indicating
that additional support would be helpful in working through
ethical and legal concerns that face themin their day-to-day
work.
Limitations
Responses to this survey were drawn from a non-random sample
in which female respondents were clearly over-represented.
The findings are also susceptible to social desirability bias (i.e.
respondents may have tended to provide what they saw as the
most socially appropriate response, instead of what they truly
believe). These considerations reduce the generalisability of the
findings.
Conclusion
The results of our survey support our qualitative findings
reported
elsewhere,36 namely that most clinicians see the ethical
environ-
ment of their hospital and department as ‘mostly right’, that
troubling ethical and legal issues frequently arise and that,
although these are considered to be generally adequately man-
aged, further support in dealing with these issues would be
welcome. CES can take the form of an individual clinical
44. ethicist,
a multidisciplinary clinical ethics committee or a hybrid of the
two.Whichtypeofsupportisthemostsuitableandwhatfunctions
(e.g. case consultation) should be undertaken are questions that
require further investigation. Helping clinicians to provide eth-
ically sound patient care should be a priority of public hospitals
in
NSW and elsewhere in Australia.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the NSW Ministry of Health. The
authors acknow-
ledge the support of the Clinical Ethics Capacity Building
Project Reference
Group:MrTerryClout,DrJoMitchell,DrPeterSaul,MsSarahThackw
ayand
Professor William Walters.
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