Running head Relationship between mental illness and violent crim.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: Relationship between mental illness and violent crime 1
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime 2
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime
Ronald S. Dixon
Keiser University
MACJ-595
Dr. Rochelle Cobbs
July 29, 2018
Abstract
The numbers of violent crimes committed by mentally ill people has been on the rise since 1890s and these people have been admitted into correctional facilities or prisons. Due to this trend this research was conducted to find out if it is true and the reasons behind the trend. The trend also shows a big picture about criminal activities in people who have mental illness which is relative to the general population (Bonta, 1998).
Background and statement of the problem
The study was also done to find out whether there was any connection between mental illness and violent crime and give an explanation on why the number is on the rise in the recent years. Therefore, this means that this study will focus on doing an investigation on the rate of crime done by mentally ill people and the risk of committing violent crime among mentally ill people.
Primary research questions
1. Among mentally ill convicts, what is the rate of recidivism?
2. Is there a relationship between violent crime and mental illness?
3. Does being mentally ill increase the chances of one being a criminal? If yes how?
4. Why has the trend been on the rise?
Tools used in data collection
1. Questionnaires
2. Surveys
3. Records
4. Observations
Objectives of the study
The study was supposed to be a qualitative one that would find out whether there is a relationship existing between mentally illness and violent crime and try to come up with explanations why the rate has been on the rise and whether there is a risk of mentally ill people becoming criminals and how high that risk is. The study also looked at the risks that were involved in mentally ill people becoming criminals. It also looked at the recidivism among offenders who are mentally ill (Monahan, 1992). This was so as to come up with solutions to this phenomenon and come up with solutions that would lead to reduction of this number.
Importance of study
The importance of carrying out this research is to establish whether there is a relationship between mental illness and violent crime so as to be able to explain why the number is on the rise. And if there is a relationship then this would be important in coming up with solutions which will lead to the reduction of not only the number but also cases of violent crime in the country which will save the government a lot of money which is used in the conviction and admitting these people in correctional facilities (Fazel, 2009).
Topics of the literature to be reviewed
There are several topics which will be reviewed in the literature review of this research so as to give more information on the topic under study. This will be necessary because they are closely related topics which can shade some ligh ...
Data stratification is the process of partitioning the data into distinct and non-overlapping groups since the
study population consists of subpopulations that are of particular interest. In clinical data, once the data is
stratified into sub populations based on a significant stratifying factor, different risk factors can be
determined from each subpopulation. In this paper, the Fisher’s Exact Test is used to determine the
significant stratifying factors. The experiments are conducted on a simulated study and the Medical,
Epidemiological and Social Aspects of Aging (MESA) data constructed for prediction of urinary
incontinence. Results show that, smoking is the most significant stratifying factor of MESA data, showing
that the smokers and non-smokers indicates different risk factors towards urinary incontinence and should
be treated differently.
Megan St. JacquesAug 5, 2021 125 PMMegan St. JacquesLibertyAbramMartino96
Megan St. Jacques
Aug 5, 2021 1:25 PM
Megan St. Jacques
Liberty University
Discussion Board: Statistical Analysis
Dr. Gary Killam
August 8, 2021
Introduction
Descriptive statistics are used by researchers to help examine and explain research data that has been collected about any given topic (Vito & Higgins, 2016). More specifically, common descriptive statistics are mean, median, mode and variance (Vito & Higgins, 2016). Using these statistics, researchers are better able to analyze and interpret data they have collected by breaking the data down and using it to find meaningful trends in the findings. Those trends are used to improve the program or research topic. In terms of drug courts, descriptive statistics can be a vital tool to the implementation and improvement of the program.
Before the Implementation of Drug Court
Before implementation of drug court, there are a few descriptive measures that would be examined. First, the area that was implementing the drug court would need to gather data on the recidivism and overdose rate of individuals that the court would serve. After collecting the data, the researchers would take the mean, median and mode of the numbers to easier compare the data upon implementation of the program. As research has indicated, drug court programs are vital to getting individuals with substance abuse problems help as opposed to throwing them in jail to handle problems on their own (Robertson & Swartz, 2018). Ultimately, the more help individuals are given, the less likely their substance abuse problems are to continue in the future.
After the Implementation of Drug Court
After a substantial amount of time has passed, the researchers would again collect the number of overdoses and the recidivism rate in the area that participated in the drug court. Once the numbers were gathered, the mean, median and mode of that data would be gathered. To confirm that the drug court was successful, the numbers of the before and after would be compared. If the mean, median and mode of the data was significantly lower, it can be determined that the program was implemented properly and effective. However, if the numbers were the same or even higher, the program should be evaluated to determine what improvements could be made to better the results. For example, one research article indicates that research findings can help allocate resources to individuals who are participating in the drug court program (Shannon, et. al., 2018). Understanding this notion comes through analysis of data from drug courts.
Catholic Worldview
One of the main proponents of the criminal justice system is a belief in helping individuals, whether that is the criminal or the victim. As a passage in the Holy Bible states, “but to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased” (King James Bible, 1769/2021, Hebrews 13:16). Therefore, to live a way that would plea ...
Read Individuals with Serious Mental Illness in the Criminal Just.docxdanas19
Read "Individuals with Serious Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System: The Case of Richard P." located in this week's Electronic Reserve Readings.
Review UOP's Sample PowerPoint Presentation to guide you in creating an effective presentation.
As a Team, create a visually engaging 10- to 12-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation to describe the role of communication skills in handling the case.
Include speaker notes with each slide of your presentation that provides information on the topics below. Each topic should have at least two corresponding slides.
· Describe how you could use different communication models to assist in communicating with this offender.
· Describe how interpersonal communication skills and motivational interviewing could be used with this offender.
· Describe how you would take this offender's culture and mental capacity into consideration when communicating with him.
· Describe how the use of jargon may affect communicating with this offender.
Include a minimum of three reputable sources.
Format any citations in your presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Individuals With Serious Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System The Case of Richard P. Arthur J. Lurigio Loyola University Chicago, Illinois John Fallon Thresholds This paper presents a case study that illuminates the clinical and practical challenges that accompany the treatment of people with serious mental illness (SMI) and criminal involvement. We discuss the historical conditions that led to the influx of a large number of people with SMI into the criminal justice system. We discuss the case history of Richard P., which illustrates the use of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) to care for criminally involved people with SMI. We focus on the ACT model that was employed by Thresholds to treat Richard P. It was known as the Thresholds Jail Program. We track his progress in the program and explicate the case management considerations that are most salient in treating offenders with SMI. Keywords: criminalization, mental illness, crime, deinstitutionalization, mental health services, probation, ACT 1 Theoretical and Research Basis Fundamental changes in mental health policies and laws have brought criminal justice professionals into contact with the seriously mentally ill at every stage of the justice process: police arrest people with serious mental illness (SMI) because few other options are readily available to handle their disruptive public behaviors; jail and prison administrators strain to attend to the care and safety of the mentally ill; judges grapple with limited sentencing alternatives for individuals with SMI who fall outside of specific forensic categories (e.g., guilty but mentally ill); and probation and parole officers scramble to obtain scarce community services and treatments for people with SMI and attempt to fit them into standard correctional programs or monito.
O R I G I N A L P A P E RCharacteristics of Patients Refer.docxcherishwinsland
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Characteristics of Patients Referred to Psychiatric Emergency
Services by Crisis Intervention Team Police Officers
Beth Broussard • Joanne A. McGriff •
Berivan N. Demir Neubert • Barbara D’Orio •
Michael T. Compton
Received: 29 September 2009 / Accepted: 20 January 2010 / Published online: 7 February 2010
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) program
trains police officers in crisis intervention skills and local
psychiatric resources. Because the safety and appropriate-
ness of any new intervention is a crucial consideration, it is
necessary to ensure that CIT training does not result in
excessive or inappropriate referrals to psychiatric emer-
gency services (PES). Yet, aside from one prior report by
Strauss et al. (2005) in Louisville, Kentucky, little is known
about the comparability of patients referred to PES by CIT-
trained officers in relation to other modes of referral. The
research questions driving this retrospective chart review
of patients referred to PES were: (1) What types of patients
do CIT-trained officers refer to PES?, and (2) Do mean-
ingful differences exist between patients referred by family
members, non-CIT officers, and CIT-trained officers?
Select sociodemographic and clinical variables were
abstracted from the medical records of 300 patients during
an eight-month period and compared by mode of referral.
Differences across the three groups were found regarding:
race, whether or not the patient was held on the locked
observation unit, severe agitation, recent substance abuse,
global functioning, and unkempt or bizarre appearance.
However, there were virtually no differences between
patients referred by CIT-trained and non-CIT officers.
Thus, while there were some expected differences between
patients referred by law enforcement and those referred by
family members, CIT-trained officers appear to refer
individuals appropriately to PES, as evidenced by such
patients differing little from those referred by traditional,
non-CIT police officers. Trained officers do not have a
narrower view of people in need of emergency services
(i.e., bringing in more severely ill individuals), and they do
not have a broader view (i.e., bringing in those not in need
of emergency services). Although CIT training does not
appear to affect the type of individuals referred to PES,
future research should examine the effect of CIT training
on the frequency of referrals or proportion of subjects
encountered that are referred, which may be expected to
differ between CIT-trained and non-CIT officers.
Keywords Crisis intervention team � Law enforcement �
Police officers � Psychiatric emergency services
Introduction
As first responders in crisis situations involving persons
with serious mental illnesses, law enforcement officers are
often the principal source of referral to psychiatric emer-
gency services (PES) and play an .
Running head Relationship between mental illness and violent crim.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: Relationship between mental illness and violent crime 1
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime 2
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime
Ronald S. Dixon
Keiser University
MACJ-595
Dr. Rochelle Cobbs
July 29, 2018
Abstract
The numbers of violent crimes committed by mentally ill people has been on the rise since 1890s and these people have been admitted into correctional facilities or prisons. Due to this trend this research was conducted to find out if it is true and the reasons behind the trend. The trend also shows a big picture about criminal activities in people who have mental illness which is relative to the general population (Bonta, 1998).
Background and statement of the problem
The study was also done to find out whether there was any connection between mental illness and violent crime and give an explanation on why the number is on the rise in the recent years. Therefore, this means that this study will focus on doing an investigation on the rate of crime done by mentally ill people and the risk of committing violent crime among mentally ill people.
Primary research questions
1. Among mentally ill convicts, what is the rate of recidivism?
2. Is there a relationship between violent crime and mental illness?
3. Does being mentally ill increase the chances of one being a criminal? If yes how?
4. Why has the trend been on the rise?
Tools used in data collection
1. Questionnaires
2. Surveys
3. Records
4. Observations
Objectives of the study
The study was supposed to be a qualitative one that would find out whether there is a relationship existing between mentally illness and violent crime and try to come up with explanations why the rate has been on the rise and whether there is a risk of mentally ill people becoming criminals and how high that risk is. The study also looked at the risks that were involved in mentally ill people becoming criminals. It also looked at the recidivism among offenders who are mentally ill (Monahan, 1992). This was so as to come up with solutions to this phenomenon and come up with solutions that would lead to reduction of this number.
Importance of study
The importance of carrying out this research is to establish whether there is a relationship between mental illness and violent crime so as to be able to explain why the number is on the rise. And if there is a relationship then this would be important in coming up with solutions which will lead to the reduction of not only the number but also cases of violent crime in the country which will save the government a lot of money which is used in the conviction and admitting these people in correctional facilities (Fazel, 2009).
Topics of the literature to be reviewed
There are several topics which will be reviewed in the literature review of this research so as to give more information on the topic under study. This will be necessary because they are closely related topics which can shade some ligh ...
Data stratification is the process of partitioning the data into distinct and non-overlapping groups since the
study population consists of subpopulations that are of particular interest. In clinical data, once the data is
stratified into sub populations based on a significant stratifying factor, different risk factors can be
determined from each subpopulation. In this paper, the Fisher’s Exact Test is used to determine the
significant stratifying factors. The experiments are conducted on a simulated study and the Medical,
Epidemiological and Social Aspects of Aging (MESA) data constructed for prediction of urinary
incontinence. Results show that, smoking is the most significant stratifying factor of MESA data, showing
that the smokers and non-smokers indicates different risk factors towards urinary incontinence and should
be treated differently.
Megan St. JacquesAug 5, 2021 125 PMMegan St. JacquesLibertyAbramMartino96
Megan St. Jacques
Aug 5, 2021 1:25 PM
Megan St. Jacques
Liberty University
Discussion Board: Statistical Analysis
Dr. Gary Killam
August 8, 2021
Introduction
Descriptive statistics are used by researchers to help examine and explain research data that has been collected about any given topic (Vito & Higgins, 2016). More specifically, common descriptive statistics are mean, median, mode and variance (Vito & Higgins, 2016). Using these statistics, researchers are better able to analyze and interpret data they have collected by breaking the data down and using it to find meaningful trends in the findings. Those trends are used to improve the program or research topic. In terms of drug courts, descriptive statistics can be a vital tool to the implementation and improvement of the program.
Before the Implementation of Drug Court
Before implementation of drug court, there are a few descriptive measures that would be examined. First, the area that was implementing the drug court would need to gather data on the recidivism and overdose rate of individuals that the court would serve. After collecting the data, the researchers would take the mean, median and mode of the numbers to easier compare the data upon implementation of the program. As research has indicated, drug court programs are vital to getting individuals with substance abuse problems help as opposed to throwing them in jail to handle problems on their own (Robertson & Swartz, 2018). Ultimately, the more help individuals are given, the less likely their substance abuse problems are to continue in the future.
After the Implementation of Drug Court
After a substantial amount of time has passed, the researchers would again collect the number of overdoses and the recidivism rate in the area that participated in the drug court. Once the numbers were gathered, the mean, median and mode of that data would be gathered. To confirm that the drug court was successful, the numbers of the before and after would be compared. If the mean, median and mode of the data was significantly lower, it can be determined that the program was implemented properly and effective. However, if the numbers were the same or even higher, the program should be evaluated to determine what improvements could be made to better the results. For example, one research article indicates that research findings can help allocate resources to individuals who are participating in the drug court program (Shannon, et. al., 2018). Understanding this notion comes through analysis of data from drug courts.
Catholic Worldview
One of the main proponents of the criminal justice system is a belief in helping individuals, whether that is the criminal or the victim. As a passage in the Holy Bible states, “but to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased” (King James Bible, 1769/2021, Hebrews 13:16). Therefore, to live a way that would plea ...
Read Individuals with Serious Mental Illness in the Criminal Just.docxdanas19
Read "Individuals with Serious Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System: The Case of Richard P." located in this week's Electronic Reserve Readings.
Review UOP's Sample PowerPoint Presentation to guide you in creating an effective presentation.
As a Team, create a visually engaging 10- to 12-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation to describe the role of communication skills in handling the case.
Include speaker notes with each slide of your presentation that provides information on the topics below. Each topic should have at least two corresponding slides.
· Describe how you could use different communication models to assist in communicating with this offender.
· Describe how interpersonal communication skills and motivational interviewing could be used with this offender.
· Describe how you would take this offender's culture and mental capacity into consideration when communicating with him.
· Describe how the use of jargon may affect communicating with this offender.
Include a minimum of three reputable sources.
Format any citations in your presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Individuals With Serious Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System The Case of Richard P. Arthur J. Lurigio Loyola University Chicago, Illinois John Fallon Thresholds This paper presents a case study that illuminates the clinical and practical challenges that accompany the treatment of people with serious mental illness (SMI) and criminal involvement. We discuss the historical conditions that led to the influx of a large number of people with SMI into the criminal justice system. We discuss the case history of Richard P., which illustrates the use of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) to care for criminally involved people with SMI. We focus on the ACT model that was employed by Thresholds to treat Richard P. It was known as the Thresholds Jail Program. We track his progress in the program and explicate the case management considerations that are most salient in treating offenders with SMI. Keywords: criminalization, mental illness, crime, deinstitutionalization, mental health services, probation, ACT 1 Theoretical and Research Basis Fundamental changes in mental health policies and laws have brought criminal justice professionals into contact with the seriously mentally ill at every stage of the justice process: police arrest people with serious mental illness (SMI) because few other options are readily available to handle their disruptive public behaviors; jail and prison administrators strain to attend to the care and safety of the mentally ill; judges grapple with limited sentencing alternatives for individuals with SMI who fall outside of specific forensic categories (e.g., guilty but mentally ill); and probation and parole officers scramble to obtain scarce community services and treatments for people with SMI and attempt to fit them into standard correctional programs or monito.
O R I G I N A L P A P E RCharacteristics of Patients Refer.docxcherishwinsland
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Characteristics of Patients Referred to Psychiatric Emergency
Services by Crisis Intervention Team Police Officers
Beth Broussard • Joanne A. McGriff •
Berivan N. Demir Neubert • Barbara D’Orio •
Michael T. Compton
Received: 29 September 2009 / Accepted: 20 January 2010 / Published online: 7 February 2010
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) program
trains police officers in crisis intervention skills and local
psychiatric resources. Because the safety and appropriate-
ness of any new intervention is a crucial consideration, it is
necessary to ensure that CIT training does not result in
excessive or inappropriate referrals to psychiatric emer-
gency services (PES). Yet, aside from one prior report by
Strauss et al. (2005) in Louisville, Kentucky, little is known
about the comparability of patients referred to PES by CIT-
trained officers in relation to other modes of referral. The
research questions driving this retrospective chart review
of patients referred to PES were: (1) What types of patients
do CIT-trained officers refer to PES?, and (2) Do mean-
ingful differences exist between patients referred by family
members, non-CIT officers, and CIT-trained officers?
Select sociodemographic and clinical variables were
abstracted from the medical records of 300 patients during
an eight-month period and compared by mode of referral.
Differences across the three groups were found regarding:
race, whether or not the patient was held on the locked
observation unit, severe agitation, recent substance abuse,
global functioning, and unkempt or bizarre appearance.
However, there were virtually no differences between
patients referred by CIT-trained and non-CIT officers.
Thus, while there were some expected differences between
patients referred by law enforcement and those referred by
family members, CIT-trained officers appear to refer
individuals appropriately to PES, as evidenced by such
patients differing little from those referred by traditional,
non-CIT police officers. Trained officers do not have a
narrower view of people in need of emergency services
(i.e., bringing in more severely ill individuals), and they do
not have a broader view (i.e., bringing in those not in need
of emergency services). Although CIT training does not
appear to affect the type of individuals referred to PES,
future research should examine the effect of CIT training
on the frequency of referrals or proportion of subjects
encountered that are referred, which may be expected to
differ between CIT-trained and non-CIT officers.
Keywords Crisis intervention team � Law enforcement �
Police officers � Psychiatric emergency services
Introduction
As first responders in crisis situations involving persons
with serious mental illnesses, law enforcement officers are
often the principal source of referral to psychiatric emer-
gency services (PES) and play an .
Module 3 OverviewIn Module 2, you learned about police psy.docxraju957290
Module 3 Overview
In Module 2, you learned about police psychology and the roles and functions of mental health professionals working with law enforcement officers. You were introduced to investigative techniques such as interviewing, interrogation, and polygraphy examinations that officers employ during the course of their duties. In Module 3, you will learn about two areas closely related to police psychology: criminology and investigative psychology.
This module will focus on criminal profiling, the use of the polygraph and other lie detection techniques, forensic hypnosis, and the ways to enhance the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies. When studying criminal profiling and forensic hypnosis, direct your attention to their validity and accuracy and the potential for introducing false and misleading information into an investigation. You will examine the role of psychopathy in criminal behavior. Finally, this module will focus on various types of criminal acts, including violent crimes and sexual assault.
Many students and forensic psychology professionals alike have become increasingly interested in the process of criminal profiling—the process by which information pertaining to a crime is utilized in creating a description of the likely offender. In your first assignment, you will discuss the techniques involved in criminal profiling. In addition to discussing techniques, though, you will consider the issues of accuracy and validity in criminal profiling. Given that profiling has had some major failures—consider, for example, the misidentification that occurred in the Atlanta Bomber case (Dewan, 2005)—issues of validity are important to be kept in mind. Following from the issue of accuracy and validity is the courtroom admissibility of profiling data. If you are unsure of the accuracy of profiling data, would you recommend its use in a court of law? If so, under what circumstances would you allow or not allow its use.
Another investigative technique in which forensic professionals are involved is forensic hypnosis—the process of eliciting memories of an event or events while under hypnosis. In forensic hypnosis, as opposed to clinical hypnosis, an examiner attempts to elicit memories for the purposes of identification of subjects or for understanding details of a crime. In your assignment, you will discuss your understanding of forensic hypnosis. Like profiling, there are significant questions of accuracy and validity. In memory recall under the influence of hypnosis, there is a potential for recalling memories, which are inaccurate or patently false. Once again, this raises the issue of courtroom admissibility. In conducting research on the admissibility issue, you will find that courts have varied in how they have decided the admissibility of recovered or refreshed memories. As you work on your assignment, ask yourself whether you will be in favor of allowing recovered memories in court.
Fieldwork Observation
Another important activit ...
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and cognition reactivity, which can be contr.
The Mental Health of Federal Offenders A SummativeReview of.docxoreo10
The Mental Health of Federal Offenders: A Summative
Review of the Prevalence Literature*
Philip R. Magaletta,1 Pamela M. Diamond,2,5 Erik Dietz,3 and Stephen Jahnke4
To date, only a small number of government and peer-reviewed studies have examined the
mental health of federal offenders. Although these studies provide isolated bits of
information they have yet to be organized into a coherent body of knowledge from which
clinicians, administrators and policy makers can inform their work. As a first step in
constructing this knowledge and understanding the possible mental health needs of this
population (currently America’s largest correctional population), this paper delineates the
available government and peer-reviewed studies on federal offenders, highlights their
convergent findings, and suggests opportunities for growth in research, administration and
policy.
KEY WORDS: offenders; federal prisons; service utilization; diagnoses.
There is an increasing demand for effective,
empirically informed, prison-based mental health
services in America. It is a demand driven by the
needs of the offender population, the clinicians who
serve them, and the public’s expectation of
accountability. It is the product of multiple factors:
courts mandating that mentally ill persons receive
treatment while in custody; national mental health
screening and treatment standards being rigorously
applied; and increasingly porous boundaries be-
tween the mental health and criminal justice systems
(Fisher et al., 2002; Jemelka, Trupin, & Chiles,
1989). Furthermore, growth in the offender popu-
lation has remained mostly constant (Harrison &
Beck, 2005) and little debate remains that the
prevalence of mental illness in prison populations is
higher than that of the general population (Dia-
mond, Wang, Holzer, Thomas, & Cruser, 2001;
Jemelka et al., 1989). Finally, among community
mental health providers there is an increasing rec-
ognition that many patients have histories of crimi-
nality, incarceration, and prison-based mental health
treatment (Jemelka et al., 1989; Manderschied,
Gravesande, & Goldstrom, 2004; Morgan, Beer,
Fitzgerald, & Mandracchia, in press).
Far beyond the application of mental health
principles to those who ‘‘simply’’ happen to be
incarcerated, the provision of mental health services
in corrections remains a complex enterprise. It re-
quires strong clinicians, administrators who have a
keen and sensitive understanding of the multiple
systems comprising the correctional environment,
and policy makers who can draw upon an empirical
understanding of the population’s needs. To inform
the effective deployment of mental health resources
to this growing population it is imperative that this
*The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors (Philip
R. Magaletta and Erik Dietz) only and do not necessarily rep-
resent the policy or opinions of the Federal Bureau of Prisons,
the Department of Justice, or their academic affiliates.
1
Psycholo ...
Running head PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 1PHYSICIAN-ASSIST.docxjeanettehully
Running head: PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 1
PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 2
Physician-Assisted Suicide
The major I am pursuing is my Bachelors in Nursing, and with my persuasive essay I intend to convince healthcare providers in this persuasive essay that physician-assisted suicide (PAS) must be considered illegal and it should not be practiced in any hospital that values human life. I had to tell them while observing the ethical aspects and value of a human soul alongside the biblical worldview that physician assisted suicide is killing regardless of how you stage or justify the act. Doctors, before they start practicing their profession, make the vow of helping patients and help with the progression of medication. On the off chance that a patient is critically ill, they can be made comfortable with drugs like morphine that are deliberately given through IV or orally to help reduce or stop any pain or misery the patient is experiencing.
There are several reasons that support my argument. Some of them are positive while others are negative. But, since the benefits exceed the negative ones, this practice should be dismissed. For one, we ought not, as a rule, give physicians the privilege to help kill their patients. The entire history of medication has been one of improved healing or, in terminal cases, reduced pain; killing, which debases life to the point of liquidation, is the exact inverse of good and mindful medical care (Knaplund, 2010). To legalize suicide along these lines is to weaponize the therapeutic system against the very individuals to which it ought to be generally attentive. A second reason why PAS may sound interesting is that individuals believe that others ought to be put out of their misery in the event that they are in pain. Rather than having the doctors take the easy way out and simply recommend lethal drugs to the patient, I figure physicians should search for better approaches to relieve the pain. Another issue with allowing individuals to be prescribed lethal dosages of medication is that the prognosis the physician gave them could not be right. According to Brueck & Sulmasy (2019), PAS is practiced legally in three states only in the United States. Montana, Washington, and Oregon allow doctors to perform PAS under the guidelines of the Death with Dignity Act. The act contains stringent patient eligibility measures. For example, the Oregon Death with Dignity Act (ODDA) allows doctors to give a lethal dose of the drug to diagnosed fatally sick patients. The patients understand that this medication when taken will take their life within a couple of moments of taking the medication. All together for an individual to acquire this prescription as expressed before in the Death with Dignity Act, they must have a prognosis of a half-year or less, in which a patient would be considered Hospice or on Hospice care. Who is to state that what the physician or doctors said is 100 percent sure? It isn't, and ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and risk-need-responsivity theory published v...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Breach of probation is one of the most common judicial offences for those with FASD.
Risk assessments are carried out daily. The risk assessment tools that forensic psychiatry uses have never been validated for those with FASD: their cognitive, memory, information, and executive function disabilities are rarely taken into account.
This paper suggests ways to promote natural justice for those with FASD
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxrtodd599
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Yoan Collado
Carlos Albizu University
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and c.
Descriptive EpidemiologyHIVAIDS was first recognized as aemersonpearline
Descriptive Epidemiology
HIV/AIDS was first recognized as an epidemic in the United States in 1981. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, the life expectancy for infected persons was less than 7 years. Today, because of research and new treatment options, people who begin treatment soon after diagnosis can expect to live a nearly normal life span (Cairns, 2010). The HIV/AIDS epidemic was identified through descriptive epidemiology.
Descriptive epidemiologic studies are often conducted as precursors to analytic studies. Epidemiologic concepts are used to gather data to better understand and evaluate health trends in populations. Data such as characteristics of the persons affected, place where an incident occurred, and time of occurrence are collected and analyzed to look for patterns in an effort to identify emerging health problems.
In this Discussion, you will apply the epidemiologic concepts of time, place, and person to a specific population health problem.
To prepare:
Consider a variety of population health problems, and then select one on which to focus for this Discussion.
Identify a specific population affected by your selected health problem.
Research the patterns of the disease in your selected population using the epidemiologic characteristics of person, place, and time.
Explore three to five data sources presented in the Learning Resources that could aid you in describing the population and magnitude of the problem. Analyze the strengths and limitations of each data source.
Consider methods for obtaining raw data to determine the variables of person, place, and time for your health problem. Ask yourself: How would the methods I select influence the accuracy of case identification, definition, and diagnosis?
By tomorrow Wednesday 03/07/18 by 4pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with a minimum of THREE scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headers as numbered below:
Post
a cohesive response that addresses the following:
1) Evaluate your selected health problem in the population you identified by describing
THREE
to
FIVE
characteristics related to person, place, and time.
2) Appraise the data sources you utilized by outlining the
strengths
and
limitations
of each.
3) Discuss
TWO
methods you could use to collect raw data to determine the descriptive epidemiology of your health problem, determine how these methods would influence the completeness of case identification as well as the case definition/diagnostic criteria used.
Required Readings
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 3,
“Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology”
Chapter 4
, “Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time”
Chapter 5
, “Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology”
Chapter 3
examines several measu ...
PAGE
20
Dissertation Prospectus
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Submitted by:
The Prospectus Overview and Instructions
Prospectus Instructions:
1. Read the entire Prospectus Template to understand the requirements for writing your prospectus. Each section contains a narrative overview of what should be included in the section and a table with required criteria for each section. WRITE TO THE CRITERIA, as they will be used to assess the prospectus for overall quality and feasibility of your proposed research study.
2. As you draft each section, delete the narrative instructions and insert your work related to that section. Use the criterion table for each section to ensure that you address the requirements for that particular section. Do not delete/remove the criterion table as this is used by you and your committee to evaluate your prospectus.
3. Prior to submitting your prospectus for review by your chair or methodologist, use the criteria table for each section to complete a realistic self-evaluation, inserting what you believe is your score for each listed criterion into the Learner Self-Evaluation column. This is an exercise in self-evaluation and critical reflection, and to ensure that you completed all sections, addressing all required criteria for that section.
4. The scoring for the criteria ranges from a 0-3 as defined below. Complete a realistic and thoughtful evaluation of your work. Your chair and methodologist will also use the criterion tables to evaluate your work.
5. Your Prospectus should be no longer than 6-10 pages when the tables are deleted.
Score
Assessment
0
Item Not Present
1
Item is Present. Does Not Meet Expectations. Revisions are Required: Not all components are present. Large gaps are present in the components that leave the reader with significant questions. All items scored at 1 must be addressed by learner per reviewer comments.
2
Item is Acceptable. Meets Expectations.Some Revisions May Be Required Now or in the Future. Component is present and adequate. Small gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. Any item scored at 2 must be addressed by the learner per the reviewer comments.
3
Item Exceeds Expectations. No Revisions Required. Component is addressed clearly and comprehensively. No gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. No changes required.
Dissertation Prospectus
Introduction
Southern Texas encompasses different groups of people whose behavior, gender identity, and gender expression varies depending on cultural identity and norms. About a quarter of individuals in United States have a history or are experiencing a mental disorder with approximately 6% of the population having critical mental illness. These mental problems typically affect the general well-being of an individual. For instance, patients living with severe mental disorders are more likely to die in average of twenty-six years earlier than the average ...
After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, An Arresting Expe.docxdaniahendric
After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams, discuss the following prompts:
· How Important is it to use official crime data?
· What are some issues with using official crime data?
· What public policy changes could be made by relying upon the 2 articles?
According to the assigned textbook, official crime data within the criminal justice systems is those that derive from the normal function therein and official counts of crime data include that of police reports of offences and arrests, chargers filed by prosecutors, criminal complaints and indictments, imprisonment data and prison releases (Mosher, Miethe, & Hart, 2011). Official crime data such as the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) in which gathers data for agencies such as the FBI is extremely important because it complies data from different sources to be used by many different law enforcement agencies. It can be used to analyze different trends in crimes. Having all data complied can not only help law enforcement with research, it also saves time when needing time sensitive information and it helps with budget due to not having to use different resources to gather information.
Just like any other source and technology, official crime data systems are not perfect and have been criticized for underestimation of less serious crimes (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Some research argues that self-reporting data is more accurate than official crime data (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Regardless of some criticism, official crime data does provide helpful information to agencies such as where crimes can be increasing, decreasing and what steps to take and programs to implement in order to see what is working for the community. Official crime data can also be used to understand what changes need to be made to current policies. Society and communities are always changing and having a resource such as official crime data can help policy makes understand what in current policies are working for the community and what changes in policies and programs need to be made in order to better serve the community.
Being able to do research will allow policy makers within the criminal justice system to better understanding where there could be any gaps and discrepancies that may exist within the system and help come up with ways to improve that system. Both articles, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams discusses research conducted and its limitations. It is very important to understand the limitations that a study have in order to be able to duplicate the study with better outcomes and results. Both studies showed that there was a changes in criminal behavior when it resulted in immediate arrest, however, th ...
PAGE
20
Dissertation Prospectus
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Submitted by:
The Prospectus Overview and Instructions
Prospectus Instructions:
1. Read the entire Prospectus Template to understand the requirements for writing your prospectus. Each section contains a narrative overview of what should be included in the section and a table with required criteria for each section. WRITE TO THE CRITERIA, as they will be used to assess the prospectus for overall quality and feasibility of your proposed research study.
2. As you draft each section, delete the narrative instructions and insert your work related to that section. Use the criterion table for each section to ensure that you address the requirements for that particular section. Do not delete/remove the criterion table as this is used by you and your committee to evaluate your prospectus.
3. Prior to submitting your prospectus for review by your chair or methodologist, use the criteria table for each section to complete a realistic self-evaluation, inserting what you believe is your score for each listed criterion into the Learner Self-Evaluation column. This is an exercise in self-evaluation and critical reflection, and to ensure that you completed all sections, addressing all required criteria for that section.
4. The scoring for the criteria ranges from a 0-3 as defined below. Complete a realistic and thoughtful evaluation of your work. Your chair and methodologist will also use the criterion tables to evaluate your work.
5. Your Prospectus should be no longer than 6-10 pages when the tables are deleted.
0
Item Not Present
1
Item is Present. Does Not Meet Expectations. Revisions are Required: Not all components are present. Large gaps are present in the components that leave the reader with significant questions. All items scored at 1 must be addressed by learner per reviewer comments.
2
Item is Acceptable. Meets Expectations.Some Revisions May Be Required Now or in the Future. Component is present and adequate. Small gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. Any item scored at 2 must be addressed by the learner per the reviewer comments.
3
Item Exceeds Expectations. No Revisions Required. Component is addressed clearly and comprehensively. No gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. No changes required.
Dissertation Prospectus
Introduction
Southern Texas encompasses different groups of people whose behavior, gender identity, and gender expression varies depending on cultural identity and norms. About a quarter of individuals in United States have a history or are experiencing a mental disorder with approximately 6% of the population having critical mental illness. These mental problems typically affect the general well-being of an individual. For instance, patients living with severe mental disorders are more likely to die in average of twenty-six years earlier than the average life expectanc ...
Module 1 OverviewIn Module 1 readings, you will begin to l.docxraju957290
Module 1 Overview
In Module 1 readings, you will begin to learn about the major distinctions among the various definitions of forensic psychology. Which definition do you think makes the most sense? As you begin to consider the roles that forensic mental health professionals assume, it is important to remember that they work in service of the legal system. They need to provide information that is helpful to the legal system in fulfilling its duties. In order to better understand the relationship between the law and the work of forensic mental health professionals, you will begin to study landmark court decisions and their impact on forensic practice. You will begin to make plans for the fieldwork that you will conduct later in the course. For now, you will simply need to develop a list of potential field placements—places you would like to visit.
· Describe key processes and players within the legal and correctional systems.
· Define and analyze the impact of landmark case law on the practice of forensic psychology.
· Define key psycholegal concepts (e.g., competency, insanity, dangerousness) and the role of forensic mental health professionals and legal theory in relation to the application of these concepts.
· Identify and evaluate key data sources related to the populations served by the practice of forensic psychology (e.g., National Uniform Crime Reports, court decisions, statistics related to competence and sanity defenses, demographics of prison populations, etc.).
· Compare and contrast how forensic mental health professionals work within mental health, corporate, government, legal, and correctional systems.
· Examine sources of professional ethical standards (e.g., APA, ACA).
History of Forensic Psychology
Search your textbook for the important benchmarks in the history of forensic psychology. These benchmarks highlight the important trends that have continued to influence the field. Many of the trends started from seemingly small questions. Here is a good example. Suppose that I were to ask you to tell me what the weather was one week ago today. Can you recall the weather one week ago? In your recollection, how confident do you feel that what you recall is in fact accurate?
Questions such as these were of interest to J. McKeen Cattell. In 1893, Cattell performed an experiment that had implications for the psychology of eyewitness testimony (Psych Central, 2013). Cattell asked college students a variety of questions (e.g., the weather one week earlier) and asked them to rate how confident they felt about their answers. Cattell learned that just because people believe they had provided a correct answer or recollection, they were not always able to do so. Furthermore, Cattell learned that just because individuals rate themselves as confident in their answers, their confidence ratings do not necessarily reflect the accuracy of their answers. Can you see how this experiment had important implications for the courtroom?
...
Article
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of
Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex
Offender Treatment
Bitna Kim
1
, Peter J. Benekos
2
, and Alida V. Merlo
1
Abstract
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature
reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant
optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to com-
pare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly,
this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of
this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as ‘‘proven’’ or at least ‘‘promising,’’ while age
of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings
include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders,
and outlining future areas of research.
Keywords
offenders, sexual assault, recidivism, intervention
Introduction
The topic of sex offenders generally elicits fear and anxiety
from the public and contributes to punitive policies aimed at
harsh, exclusionary punishments. The perspective that commu-
nities need to be protected from sex offenders through incar-
ceration and surveillance often overshadows the prospects
that treatment can also provide public safety. In their study,
Kernsmith, Craun, and Foster (2009) found that citizen respon-
dents who reported higher levels of fear of sex offenders were
more supportive of registration requirements for sex offenders.
Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker (2007) also reported
that public perceptions of sex offenders reflect public anxiety
and support for community protection.
Although negative attitudes toward sex offenders are not
reflective of all countries, cultural differences and historical
context can account for less punitive public responses. For
example, McAlinden (2012) found that therapeutic interven-
tions for sex offenders were more prevalent in European coun-
tries than in England and Wales. She attributes this to a more
scientific and medical approach to sex offending across Europe
and less emphasis on ‘‘sexual abuse as a moral, legal, and social
problem’’ (p. 170). Nevertheless, the sex offender problem has
become more serious across Europe and policies reflect a shift
toward more punitive attitudes and sanctions (McAlinden,
2012). Not only in European countries but also in the United
States, one of the misgivings about how to respond to sex
offenders concerns the effectiveness of treatment.
In this article, the authors address the treatment issue by
updat.
Article
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of
Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex
Offender Treatment
Bitna Kim
1
, Peter J. Benekos
2
, and Alida V. Merlo
1
Abstract
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature
reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant
optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to com-
pare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly,
this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of
this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as ‘‘proven’’ or at least ‘‘promising,’’ while age
of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings
include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders,
and outlining future areas of research.
Keywords
offenders, sexual assault, recidivism, intervention
Introduction
The topic of sex offenders generally elicits fear and anxiety
from the public and contributes to punitive policies aimed at
harsh, exclusionary punishments. The perspective that commu-
nities need to be protected from sex offenders through incar-
ceration and surveillance often overshadows the prospects
that treatment can also provide public safety. In their study,
Kernsmith, Craun, and Foster (2009) found that citizen respon-
dents who reported higher levels of fear of sex offenders were
more supportive of registration requirements for sex offenders.
Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker (2007) also reported
that public perceptions of sex offenders reflect public anxiety
and support for community protection.
Although negative attitudes toward sex offenders are not
reflective of all countries, cultural differences and historical
context can account for less punitive public responses. For
example, McAlinden (2012) found that therapeutic interven-
tions for sex offenders were more prevalent in European coun-
tries than in England and Wales. She attributes this to a more
scientific and medical approach to sex offending across Europe
and less emphasis on ‘‘sexual abuse as a moral, legal, and social
problem’’ (p. 170). Nevertheless, the sex offender problem has
become more serious across Europe and policies reflect a shift
toward more punitive attitudes and sanctions (McAlinden,
2012). Not only in European countries but also in the United
States, one of the misgivings about how to respond to sex
offenders concerns the effectiveness of treatment.
In this article, the authors address the treatment issue by
updat.
Assist with first annotated bibliography. Assist with f.docxnormanibarber20063
Assist with first
annotated bibliography
.
Assist with first
annotated bibliography
.
(Thesis topic: Psychotherapy)
. Each submission must also include a brief critique of the source (e.g., how could the study be improved, criticism of the author(s) assertions, ideas for future studies, etc.).
summary of the article, including the purpose/hypothesis of the study, a statement about the participants and methods utilized in the study, results and implications for future research, as well as the methodological limitations/critique of the study.
.
Assistance needed with SQL commandsI need assistance with the quer.docxnormanibarber20063
Assistance needed with SQL commands
I need assistance with the query commands assigned to an assignment. I have the databases properly created and do not need assistance with the commands associated with creating the databases. Here is the complete assignment. I have attached the database information.
The structure of the movies database is as follows:
Director (
DIRNUB
, DIRNAME, DIRBORN, YR-DIRDIED)
STAR (
STARNUB
, STARNAME, BIRTHPLACE, STARBORN, YR-STARDIED)
MOVIE (
MVNUB
, MVTITLE, YRMDE, MVTYPE, CRIT, MPAA, NOMINATIONS, AWRD,
DIRNUB
)
MOVSTAR (
MVNUB
,
STARNUB
, AMTPAID)
MEMBER (
MMBNUB
, MMBNAME, MMBADD, MMBCITY, MMBST, NUMRENT, BONUS, JOINDATE)
TAPE (
TAPENUM,
MVNUB, PURDATE, TMSRNT,
MMBNUB
)
Create Video Store database as discussed in the class. Make sure to correct column widths/types before creating tables. Use SQL to form queries to produce the following reports
:
** List the names and numbers of directors whose names begin with the alphabet ‘K’.
List the tape no, movie title, and the membership number and name of members, who are currently borrowing tapes numbered below 20. Arrange the report in descending order by tape number.
List the names and respective numbers of stars and directors who have worked together.
** List the tape numbers for movies of movie type: ‘HORROR’.
List the name of the director who has received the maximum number of total awards considering all his/her movies: AWRD.
** List the names of all members who have not borrowed any movie currently.
List the movie type and number of tapes for each type in the database.
** For each movie list total how many times it has been rented: TMSRNT.
Report the total times rented (TMSRNT) for each movie type.
The database administrator discovers that the name of director whose number is 7 in the database should be spelt as ‘JOHNNY FORD’. Make corrections to the data.
Delete the movie number 14 and all its tapes. Print both tables to verify.
List all tape numbers and their movie titles, and indicate the member number and member name if the tape is currently rented out.
13. List all tape numbers, and also indicate the member’s city if a tape is currently rented out by a member.
14. Who is the youngest director?
How many movies did he/she direct?
15. Grant access to me (joshi) to your movstar table for select and update.
16. Create a unique index on movstar table.
17. For each movie type list the average age of movies given the current year is 2011.
18. ** Create a view MEMB_TAPES that includes the currently rented movies and the members who are renting them, include movie type.
19. ** Use the view MEMB_TAPES to find all currently rented “COMEDY” type movies and members who are renting them.
20. ** List all tape numbers, along with movie name and member name if rented out (leave member name blank if not rented out).
.
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In Module 2, you learned about police psychology and the roles and functions of mental health professionals working with law enforcement officers. You were introduced to investigative techniques such as interviewing, interrogation, and polygraphy examinations that officers employ during the course of their duties. In Module 3, you will learn about two areas closely related to police psychology: criminology and investigative psychology.
This module will focus on criminal profiling, the use of the polygraph and other lie detection techniques, forensic hypnosis, and the ways to enhance the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies. When studying criminal profiling and forensic hypnosis, direct your attention to their validity and accuracy and the potential for introducing false and misleading information into an investigation. You will examine the role of psychopathy in criminal behavior. Finally, this module will focus on various types of criminal acts, including violent crimes and sexual assault.
Many students and forensic psychology professionals alike have become increasingly interested in the process of criminal profiling—the process by which information pertaining to a crime is utilized in creating a description of the likely offender. In your first assignment, you will discuss the techniques involved in criminal profiling. In addition to discussing techniques, though, you will consider the issues of accuracy and validity in criminal profiling. Given that profiling has had some major failures—consider, for example, the misidentification that occurred in the Atlanta Bomber case (Dewan, 2005)—issues of validity are important to be kept in mind. Following from the issue of accuracy and validity is the courtroom admissibility of profiling data. If you are unsure of the accuracy of profiling data, would you recommend its use in a court of law? If so, under what circumstances would you allow or not allow its use.
Another investigative technique in which forensic professionals are involved is forensic hypnosis—the process of eliciting memories of an event or events while under hypnosis. In forensic hypnosis, as opposed to clinical hypnosis, an examiner attempts to elicit memories for the purposes of identification of subjects or for understanding details of a crime. In your assignment, you will discuss your understanding of forensic hypnosis. Like profiling, there are significant questions of accuracy and validity. In memory recall under the influence of hypnosis, there is a potential for recalling memories, which are inaccurate or patently false. Once again, this raises the issue of courtroom admissibility. In conducting research on the admissibility issue, you will find that courts have varied in how they have decided the admissibility of recovered or refreshed memories. As you work on your assignment, ask yourself whether you will be in favor of allowing recovered memories in court.
Fieldwork Observation
Another important activit ...
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and cognition reactivity, which can be contr.
The Mental Health of Federal Offenders A SummativeReview of.docxoreo10
The Mental Health of Federal Offenders: A Summative
Review of the Prevalence Literature*
Philip R. Magaletta,1 Pamela M. Diamond,2,5 Erik Dietz,3 and Stephen Jahnke4
To date, only a small number of government and peer-reviewed studies have examined the
mental health of federal offenders. Although these studies provide isolated bits of
information they have yet to be organized into a coherent body of knowledge from which
clinicians, administrators and policy makers can inform their work. As a first step in
constructing this knowledge and understanding the possible mental health needs of this
population (currently America’s largest correctional population), this paper delineates the
available government and peer-reviewed studies on federal offenders, highlights their
convergent findings, and suggests opportunities for growth in research, administration and
policy.
KEY WORDS: offenders; federal prisons; service utilization; diagnoses.
There is an increasing demand for effective,
empirically informed, prison-based mental health
services in America. It is a demand driven by the
needs of the offender population, the clinicians who
serve them, and the public’s expectation of
accountability. It is the product of multiple factors:
courts mandating that mentally ill persons receive
treatment while in custody; national mental health
screening and treatment standards being rigorously
applied; and increasingly porous boundaries be-
tween the mental health and criminal justice systems
(Fisher et al., 2002; Jemelka, Trupin, & Chiles,
1989). Furthermore, growth in the offender popu-
lation has remained mostly constant (Harrison &
Beck, 2005) and little debate remains that the
prevalence of mental illness in prison populations is
higher than that of the general population (Dia-
mond, Wang, Holzer, Thomas, & Cruser, 2001;
Jemelka et al., 1989). Finally, among community
mental health providers there is an increasing rec-
ognition that many patients have histories of crimi-
nality, incarceration, and prison-based mental health
treatment (Jemelka et al., 1989; Manderschied,
Gravesande, & Goldstrom, 2004; Morgan, Beer,
Fitzgerald, & Mandracchia, in press).
Far beyond the application of mental health
principles to those who ‘‘simply’’ happen to be
incarcerated, the provision of mental health services
in corrections remains a complex enterprise. It re-
quires strong clinicians, administrators who have a
keen and sensitive understanding of the multiple
systems comprising the correctional environment,
and policy makers who can draw upon an empirical
understanding of the population’s needs. To inform
the effective deployment of mental health resources
to this growing population it is imperative that this
*The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors (Philip
R. Magaletta and Erik Dietz) only and do not necessarily rep-
resent the policy or opinions of the Federal Bureau of Prisons,
the Department of Justice, or their academic affiliates.
1
Psycholo ...
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PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 2
Physician-Assisted Suicide
The major I am pursuing is my Bachelors in Nursing, and with my persuasive essay I intend to convince healthcare providers in this persuasive essay that physician-assisted suicide (PAS) must be considered illegal and it should not be practiced in any hospital that values human life. I had to tell them while observing the ethical aspects and value of a human soul alongside the biblical worldview that physician assisted suicide is killing regardless of how you stage or justify the act. Doctors, before they start practicing their profession, make the vow of helping patients and help with the progression of medication. On the off chance that a patient is critically ill, they can be made comfortable with drugs like morphine that are deliberately given through IV or orally to help reduce or stop any pain or misery the patient is experiencing.
There are several reasons that support my argument. Some of them are positive while others are negative. But, since the benefits exceed the negative ones, this practice should be dismissed. For one, we ought not, as a rule, give physicians the privilege to help kill their patients. The entire history of medication has been one of improved healing or, in terminal cases, reduced pain; killing, which debases life to the point of liquidation, is the exact inverse of good and mindful medical care (Knaplund, 2010). To legalize suicide along these lines is to weaponize the therapeutic system against the very individuals to which it ought to be generally attentive. A second reason why PAS may sound interesting is that individuals believe that others ought to be put out of their misery in the event that they are in pain. Rather than having the doctors take the easy way out and simply recommend lethal drugs to the patient, I figure physicians should search for better approaches to relieve the pain. Another issue with allowing individuals to be prescribed lethal dosages of medication is that the prognosis the physician gave them could not be right. According to Brueck & Sulmasy (2019), PAS is practiced legally in three states only in the United States. Montana, Washington, and Oregon allow doctors to perform PAS under the guidelines of the Death with Dignity Act. The act contains stringent patient eligibility measures. For example, the Oregon Death with Dignity Act (ODDA) allows doctors to give a lethal dose of the drug to diagnosed fatally sick patients. The patients understand that this medication when taken will take their life within a couple of moments of taking the medication. All together for an individual to acquire this prescription as expressed before in the Death with Dignity Act, they must have a prognosis of a half-year or less, in which a patient would be considered Hospice or on Hospice care. Who is to state that what the physician or doctors said is 100 percent sure? It isn't, and ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and risk-need-responsivity theory published v...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Breach of probation is one of the most common judicial offences for those with FASD.
Risk assessments are carried out daily. The risk assessment tools that forensic psychiatry uses have never been validated for those with FASD: their cognitive, memory, information, and executive function disabilities are rarely taken into account.
This paper suggests ways to promote natural justice for those with FASD
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxrtodd599
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Yoan Collado
Carlos Albizu University
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and c.
Descriptive EpidemiologyHIVAIDS was first recognized as aemersonpearline
Descriptive Epidemiology
HIV/AIDS was first recognized as an epidemic in the United States in 1981. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, the life expectancy for infected persons was less than 7 years. Today, because of research and new treatment options, people who begin treatment soon after diagnosis can expect to live a nearly normal life span (Cairns, 2010). The HIV/AIDS epidemic was identified through descriptive epidemiology.
Descriptive epidemiologic studies are often conducted as precursors to analytic studies. Epidemiologic concepts are used to gather data to better understand and evaluate health trends in populations. Data such as characteristics of the persons affected, place where an incident occurred, and time of occurrence are collected and analyzed to look for patterns in an effort to identify emerging health problems.
In this Discussion, you will apply the epidemiologic concepts of time, place, and person to a specific population health problem.
To prepare:
Consider a variety of population health problems, and then select one on which to focus for this Discussion.
Identify a specific population affected by your selected health problem.
Research the patterns of the disease in your selected population using the epidemiologic characteristics of person, place, and time.
Explore three to five data sources presented in the Learning Resources that could aid you in describing the population and magnitude of the problem. Analyze the strengths and limitations of each data source.
Consider methods for obtaining raw data to determine the variables of person, place, and time for your health problem. Ask yourself: How would the methods I select influence the accuracy of case identification, definition, and diagnosis?
By tomorrow Wednesday 03/07/18 by 4pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with a minimum of THREE scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headers as numbered below:
Post
a cohesive response that addresses the following:
1) Evaluate your selected health problem in the population you identified by describing
THREE
to
FIVE
characteristics related to person, place, and time.
2) Appraise the data sources you utilized by outlining the
strengths
and
limitations
of each.
3) Discuss
TWO
methods you could use to collect raw data to determine the descriptive epidemiology of your health problem, determine how these methods would influence the completeness of case identification as well as the case definition/diagnostic criteria used.
Required Readings
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 3,
“Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology”
Chapter 4
, “Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time”
Chapter 5
, “Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology”
Chapter 3
examines several measu ...
PAGE
20
Dissertation Prospectus
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Submitted by:
The Prospectus Overview and Instructions
Prospectus Instructions:
1. Read the entire Prospectus Template to understand the requirements for writing your prospectus. Each section contains a narrative overview of what should be included in the section and a table with required criteria for each section. WRITE TO THE CRITERIA, as they will be used to assess the prospectus for overall quality and feasibility of your proposed research study.
2. As you draft each section, delete the narrative instructions and insert your work related to that section. Use the criterion table for each section to ensure that you address the requirements for that particular section. Do not delete/remove the criterion table as this is used by you and your committee to evaluate your prospectus.
3. Prior to submitting your prospectus for review by your chair or methodologist, use the criteria table for each section to complete a realistic self-evaluation, inserting what you believe is your score for each listed criterion into the Learner Self-Evaluation column. This is an exercise in self-evaluation and critical reflection, and to ensure that you completed all sections, addressing all required criteria for that section.
4. The scoring for the criteria ranges from a 0-3 as defined below. Complete a realistic and thoughtful evaluation of your work. Your chair and methodologist will also use the criterion tables to evaluate your work.
5. Your Prospectus should be no longer than 6-10 pages when the tables are deleted.
Score
Assessment
0
Item Not Present
1
Item is Present. Does Not Meet Expectations. Revisions are Required: Not all components are present. Large gaps are present in the components that leave the reader with significant questions. All items scored at 1 must be addressed by learner per reviewer comments.
2
Item is Acceptable. Meets Expectations.Some Revisions May Be Required Now or in the Future. Component is present and adequate. Small gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. Any item scored at 2 must be addressed by the learner per the reviewer comments.
3
Item Exceeds Expectations. No Revisions Required. Component is addressed clearly and comprehensively. No gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. No changes required.
Dissertation Prospectus
Introduction
Southern Texas encompasses different groups of people whose behavior, gender identity, and gender expression varies depending on cultural identity and norms. About a quarter of individuals in United States have a history or are experiencing a mental disorder with approximately 6% of the population having critical mental illness. These mental problems typically affect the general well-being of an individual. For instance, patients living with severe mental disorders are more likely to die in average of twenty-six years earlier than the average ...
After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, An Arresting Expe.docxdaniahendric
After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams, discuss the following prompts:
· How Important is it to use official crime data?
· What are some issues with using official crime data?
· What public policy changes could be made by relying upon the 2 articles?
According to the assigned textbook, official crime data within the criminal justice systems is those that derive from the normal function therein and official counts of crime data include that of police reports of offences and arrests, chargers filed by prosecutors, criminal complaints and indictments, imprisonment data and prison releases (Mosher, Miethe, & Hart, 2011). Official crime data such as the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) in which gathers data for agencies such as the FBI is extremely important because it complies data from different sources to be used by many different law enforcement agencies. It can be used to analyze different trends in crimes. Having all data complied can not only help law enforcement with research, it also saves time when needing time sensitive information and it helps with budget due to not having to use different resources to gather information.
Just like any other source and technology, official crime data systems are not perfect and have been criticized for underestimation of less serious crimes (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Some research argues that self-reporting data is more accurate than official crime data (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Regardless of some criticism, official crime data does provide helpful information to agencies such as where crimes can be increasing, decreasing and what steps to take and programs to implement in order to see what is working for the community. Official crime data can also be used to understand what changes need to be made to current policies. Society and communities are always changing and having a resource such as official crime data can help policy makes understand what in current policies are working for the community and what changes in policies and programs need to be made in order to better serve the community.
Being able to do research will allow policy makers within the criminal justice system to better understanding where there could be any gaps and discrepancies that may exist within the system and help come up with ways to improve that system. Both articles, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams discusses research conducted and its limitations. It is very important to understand the limitations that a study have in order to be able to duplicate the study with better outcomes and results. Both studies showed that there was a changes in criminal behavior when it resulted in immediate arrest, however, th ...
PAGE
20
Dissertation Prospectus
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Submitted by:
The Prospectus Overview and Instructions
Prospectus Instructions:
1. Read the entire Prospectus Template to understand the requirements for writing your prospectus. Each section contains a narrative overview of what should be included in the section and a table with required criteria for each section. WRITE TO THE CRITERIA, as they will be used to assess the prospectus for overall quality and feasibility of your proposed research study.
2. As you draft each section, delete the narrative instructions and insert your work related to that section. Use the criterion table for each section to ensure that you address the requirements for that particular section. Do not delete/remove the criterion table as this is used by you and your committee to evaluate your prospectus.
3. Prior to submitting your prospectus for review by your chair or methodologist, use the criteria table for each section to complete a realistic self-evaluation, inserting what you believe is your score for each listed criterion into the Learner Self-Evaluation column. This is an exercise in self-evaluation and critical reflection, and to ensure that you completed all sections, addressing all required criteria for that section.
4. The scoring for the criteria ranges from a 0-3 as defined below. Complete a realistic and thoughtful evaluation of your work. Your chair and methodologist will also use the criterion tables to evaluate your work.
5. Your Prospectus should be no longer than 6-10 pages when the tables are deleted.
0
Item Not Present
1
Item is Present. Does Not Meet Expectations. Revisions are Required: Not all components are present. Large gaps are present in the components that leave the reader with significant questions. All items scored at 1 must be addressed by learner per reviewer comments.
2
Item is Acceptable. Meets Expectations.Some Revisions May Be Required Now or in the Future. Component is present and adequate. Small gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. Any item scored at 2 must be addressed by the learner per the reviewer comments.
3
Item Exceeds Expectations. No Revisions Required. Component is addressed clearly and comprehensively. No gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. No changes required.
Dissertation Prospectus
Introduction
Southern Texas encompasses different groups of people whose behavior, gender identity, and gender expression varies depending on cultural identity and norms. About a quarter of individuals in United States have a history or are experiencing a mental disorder with approximately 6% of the population having critical mental illness. These mental problems typically affect the general well-being of an individual. For instance, patients living with severe mental disorders are more likely to die in average of twenty-six years earlier than the average life expectanc ...
Module 1 OverviewIn Module 1 readings, you will begin to l.docxraju957290
Module 1 Overview
In Module 1 readings, you will begin to learn about the major distinctions among the various definitions of forensic psychology. Which definition do you think makes the most sense? As you begin to consider the roles that forensic mental health professionals assume, it is important to remember that they work in service of the legal system. They need to provide information that is helpful to the legal system in fulfilling its duties. In order to better understand the relationship between the law and the work of forensic mental health professionals, you will begin to study landmark court decisions and their impact on forensic practice. You will begin to make plans for the fieldwork that you will conduct later in the course. For now, you will simply need to develop a list of potential field placements—places you would like to visit.
· Describe key processes and players within the legal and correctional systems.
· Define and analyze the impact of landmark case law on the practice of forensic psychology.
· Define key psycholegal concepts (e.g., competency, insanity, dangerousness) and the role of forensic mental health professionals and legal theory in relation to the application of these concepts.
· Identify and evaluate key data sources related to the populations served by the practice of forensic psychology (e.g., National Uniform Crime Reports, court decisions, statistics related to competence and sanity defenses, demographics of prison populations, etc.).
· Compare and contrast how forensic mental health professionals work within mental health, corporate, government, legal, and correctional systems.
· Examine sources of professional ethical standards (e.g., APA, ACA).
History of Forensic Psychology
Search your textbook for the important benchmarks in the history of forensic psychology. These benchmarks highlight the important trends that have continued to influence the field. Many of the trends started from seemingly small questions. Here is a good example. Suppose that I were to ask you to tell me what the weather was one week ago today. Can you recall the weather one week ago? In your recollection, how confident do you feel that what you recall is in fact accurate?
Questions such as these were of interest to J. McKeen Cattell. In 1893, Cattell performed an experiment that had implications for the psychology of eyewitness testimony (Psych Central, 2013). Cattell asked college students a variety of questions (e.g., the weather one week earlier) and asked them to rate how confident they felt about their answers. Cattell learned that just because people believe they had provided a correct answer or recollection, they were not always able to do so. Furthermore, Cattell learned that just because individuals rate themselves as confident in their answers, their confidence ratings do not necessarily reflect the accuracy of their answers. Can you see how this experiment had important implications for the courtroom?
...
Article
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of
Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex
Offender Treatment
Bitna Kim
1
, Peter J. Benekos
2
, and Alida V. Merlo
1
Abstract
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature
reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant
optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to com-
pare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly,
this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of
this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as ‘‘proven’’ or at least ‘‘promising,’’ while age
of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings
include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders,
and outlining future areas of research.
Keywords
offenders, sexual assault, recidivism, intervention
Introduction
The topic of sex offenders generally elicits fear and anxiety
from the public and contributes to punitive policies aimed at
harsh, exclusionary punishments. The perspective that commu-
nities need to be protected from sex offenders through incar-
ceration and surveillance often overshadows the prospects
that treatment can also provide public safety. In their study,
Kernsmith, Craun, and Foster (2009) found that citizen respon-
dents who reported higher levels of fear of sex offenders were
more supportive of registration requirements for sex offenders.
Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker (2007) also reported
that public perceptions of sex offenders reflect public anxiety
and support for community protection.
Although negative attitudes toward sex offenders are not
reflective of all countries, cultural differences and historical
context can account for less punitive public responses. For
example, McAlinden (2012) found that therapeutic interven-
tions for sex offenders were more prevalent in European coun-
tries than in England and Wales. She attributes this to a more
scientific and medical approach to sex offending across Europe
and less emphasis on ‘‘sexual abuse as a moral, legal, and social
problem’’ (p. 170). Nevertheless, the sex offender problem has
become more serious across Europe and policies reflect a shift
toward more punitive attitudes and sanctions (McAlinden,
2012). Not only in European countries but also in the United
States, one of the misgivings about how to respond to sex
offenders concerns the effectiveness of treatment.
In this article, the authors address the treatment issue by
updat.
Article
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of
Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex
Offender Treatment
Bitna Kim
1
, Peter J. Benekos
2
, and Alida V. Merlo
1
Abstract
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature
reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant
optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to com-
pare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly,
this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of
this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as ‘‘proven’’ or at least ‘‘promising,’’ while age
of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings
include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders,
and outlining future areas of research.
Keywords
offenders, sexual assault, recidivism, intervention
Introduction
The topic of sex offenders generally elicits fear and anxiety
from the public and contributes to punitive policies aimed at
harsh, exclusionary punishments. The perspective that commu-
nities need to be protected from sex offenders through incar-
ceration and surveillance often overshadows the prospects
that treatment can also provide public safety. In their study,
Kernsmith, Craun, and Foster (2009) found that citizen respon-
dents who reported higher levels of fear of sex offenders were
more supportive of registration requirements for sex offenders.
Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker (2007) also reported
that public perceptions of sex offenders reflect public anxiety
and support for community protection.
Although negative attitudes toward sex offenders are not
reflective of all countries, cultural differences and historical
context can account for less punitive public responses. For
example, McAlinden (2012) found that therapeutic interven-
tions for sex offenders were more prevalent in European coun-
tries than in England and Wales. She attributes this to a more
scientific and medical approach to sex offending across Europe
and less emphasis on ‘‘sexual abuse as a moral, legal, and social
problem’’ (p. 170). Nevertheless, the sex offender problem has
become more serious across Europe and policies reflect a shift
toward more punitive attitudes and sanctions (McAlinden,
2012). Not only in European countries but also in the United
States, one of the misgivings about how to respond to sex
offenders concerns the effectiveness of treatment.
In this article, the authors address the treatment issue by
updat.
Similar to International Journal ofOffender Therapy andComparative .docx (20)
Assist with first annotated bibliography. Assist with f.docxnormanibarber20063
Assist with first
annotated bibliography
.
Assist with first
annotated bibliography
.
(Thesis topic: Psychotherapy)
. Each submission must also include a brief critique of the source (e.g., how could the study be improved, criticism of the author(s) assertions, ideas for future studies, etc.).
summary of the article, including the purpose/hypothesis of the study, a statement about the participants and methods utilized in the study, results and implications for future research, as well as the methodological limitations/critique of the study.
.
Assistance needed with SQL commandsI need assistance with the quer.docxnormanibarber20063
Assistance needed with SQL commands
I need assistance with the query commands assigned to an assignment. I have the databases properly created and do not need assistance with the commands associated with creating the databases. Here is the complete assignment. I have attached the database information.
The structure of the movies database is as follows:
Director (
DIRNUB
, DIRNAME, DIRBORN, YR-DIRDIED)
STAR (
STARNUB
, STARNAME, BIRTHPLACE, STARBORN, YR-STARDIED)
MOVIE (
MVNUB
, MVTITLE, YRMDE, MVTYPE, CRIT, MPAA, NOMINATIONS, AWRD,
DIRNUB
)
MOVSTAR (
MVNUB
,
STARNUB
, AMTPAID)
MEMBER (
MMBNUB
, MMBNAME, MMBADD, MMBCITY, MMBST, NUMRENT, BONUS, JOINDATE)
TAPE (
TAPENUM,
MVNUB, PURDATE, TMSRNT,
MMBNUB
)
Create Video Store database as discussed in the class. Make sure to correct column widths/types before creating tables. Use SQL to form queries to produce the following reports
:
** List the names and numbers of directors whose names begin with the alphabet ‘K’.
List the tape no, movie title, and the membership number and name of members, who are currently borrowing tapes numbered below 20. Arrange the report in descending order by tape number.
List the names and respective numbers of stars and directors who have worked together.
** List the tape numbers for movies of movie type: ‘HORROR’.
List the name of the director who has received the maximum number of total awards considering all his/her movies: AWRD.
** List the names of all members who have not borrowed any movie currently.
List the movie type and number of tapes for each type in the database.
** For each movie list total how many times it has been rented: TMSRNT.
Report the total times rented (TMSRNT) for each movie type.
The database administrator discovers that the name of director whose number is 7 in the database should be spelt as ‘JOHNNY FORD’. Make corrections to the data.
Delete the movie number 14 and all its tapes. Print both tables to verify.
List all tape numbers and their movie titles, and indicate the member number and member name if the tape is currently rented out.
13. List all tape numbers, and also indicate the member’s city if a tape is currently rented out by a member.
14. Who is the youngest director?
How many movies did he/she direct?
15. Grant access to me (joshi) to your movstar table for select and update.
16. Create a unique index on movstar table.
17. For each movie type list the average age of movies given the current year is 2011.
18. ** Create a view MEMB_TAPES that includes the currently rented movies and the members who are renting them, include movie type.
19. ** Use the view MEMB_TAPES to find all currently rented “COMEDY” type movies and members who are renting them.
20. ** List all tape numbers, along with movie name and member name if rented out (leave member name blank if not rented out).
.
assingment Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or .docxnormanibarber20063
assingment
Assignment: Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief
It may seem to you that healthcare has been a national topic of debate among political leaders for as long as you can remember.
Healthcare has been a policy item and a topic of debate not only in recent times but as far back as the administration of the second U.S. president, John Adams. In 1798, Adams signed legislation requiring that 20 cents per month of a sailor’s paycheck be set aside for covering their medical bills. This represented the first major piece of U.S. healthcare legislation, and the topic of healthcare has been woven into presidential agendas and political debate ever since.
As a healthcare professional, you may be called upon to provide expertise, guidance and/or opinions on healthcare matters as they are debated for inclusion into new policy. You may also be involved in planning new organizational policy and responses to changes in legislation. For all of these reasons you should be prepared to speak to national healthcare issues making the news.
In this Assignment, you will analyze recent presidential healthcare agendas. You also will prepare a fact sheet to communicate the importance of a healthcare issue and the impact on this issue of recent or proposed policy.
To Prepare:
Review the agenda priorities of the
current/sitting U.S. president and the two previous presidential administrations.
Select an issue related to healthcare that was addressed by each of the last three U.S. presidential administrations.
Reflect on the focus of their respective agendas, including the allocation of financial resources for addressing the healthcare issue you selected.
Consider how you would communicate the importance of a healthcare issue to a legislator/policymaker or a member of their staff for inclusion on an agenda.
The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Comparison Grid, 1-Page Analysis, and 1-page Fact Sheet)
Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid
Use the Agenda Comparison Grid Template found in the Learning Resources and complete the Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid based on the current/sitting U.S. president and the two previous presidential administrations and their agendas related to the public health concern you selected. Be sure to address the following:
Identify and provide a brief description of the population health concern you selected and the factors that contribute to it.
Describe the administrative agenda focus related to the issue you selected.
Identify the allocations of financial and other resources that the current and two previous presidents dedicated to this issue.
Explain how each of the presidential administrations approached the issue.
Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis
Using the information you recorded in Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid on the template, complete the Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis portion of the template, by addressing the following:
Which administrative agency would most likely be respons.
Assimilate the lessons learned from the dream sequences in Defense o.docxnormanibarber20063
Assimilate the lessons learned from the dream sequences in Defense of Duffer's Drift.
The Lieutenant's dream sequences help him understand his tactical problem and make decisions when faced with a new problem. The Lieutenant had virtually no knowledge of the terrain, the weather, civilians, enemy, etc. If an intelligence section had been made available to the Lieutenant, how might have he used such a staff to help him avoid the painful (and deadly) consequences of poor decision making in his dream sequences?
.
Assignmnt-500 words with 2 referencesRecognizing the fa.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignmnt:-
500 words with 2 references
Recognizing the fact usernames passwords are the weakest link in an organization’s security system because username and password are shareable, and most passwords and usernames are vulnerable and ready to be cracked with a variety of methods using adopting a record number of devices and platforms connected to the Internet of Things daily and at an alarming rate.
Provide the all-inclusive and systematic narratives of the impact of physical biometric operations on the current and future generation.
500 words with 2 references
Discussion:-
Discussion
Effective and efficient use of biometric technology will play a key role in automating method of identifying living persons based on individual physiological and behavioral characteristics.
Provide the comprehensive narratives on the advantages and disadvantages of a physical biometric system?
.
Assignmnt-700 words with 3 referencesToday, there is a crisi.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignmnt-700 words with 3 references
Today, there is a crisis about organizations’ inability to resolve the age-old problem of how to control the abuse of trust and confidence given to authorized officials to freely logon onto the organization’s system, Many such officials , turn around to betray the organization by committing cybercrimes. Vulnerability stems from interactions and communications among several system components and categorized as deficiency, weakness and security cavity on
network data center.
To what extent do internal threats constitute a key factor against any organization’s ability to battle insider threats caused by people who abuse assigned privilege?
What is the most effective mechanism for organizations to combat internal threats?
Why should disgruntled employees must be trained on the danger of throwing wastepaper and electronic media in a bin within and outside the facility?
Discussion:
400 words with 2 references
Per Fennelly (2017-182), “Why do Employees steal?” employee stealing is a multiple part operation.
Most organizations are often intolerant and impatient to verify employee’s identity and background and establish trust due to the time-consuming nature of daily assignments.
Most organizations often ignore to establish and adopt on-board ecological waste management action plans to deal with discarded materials, shredded left-over documents and magnetic media and placing fragments in isolated location.
Nonetheless, organizations must learn to support and train employers who are assigned to work and protect the organization data center, facilities and resources. Large segments of any organizations’ facility managers are often none-aggressive and choose short cuts in discharging assigned services by posting passwords on the screen and leaving confidential documents lying out on the table and uploading same document to associates, husbands, loved ones and competitors. Most authorized users within the organization are often the puniest linkage in any security operation.
Per Fennelly (2017-182), “Why do Employees steal?”
employee stealing is a multiple part operation.
Disgruntled employees can install sniffers on organizations’ data file server via polite phone calls
They can gain required user identification and password to access the organization’s secured data center.
Most organization retain an employee on the same salary for twenty years and they pay new a newly hired employee the salary of the actively existing employee.
Most organizations often ignore to establish and adopt on-board ecological waste management action plans to deal with discarded materials, shredded left-over documents and magnetic media and placing fragments in isolated location.
.
Assignment For Paper #2, you will pick two poems on a similar th.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
For Paper #2, you will pick two poems on a similar theme to
compare and contrast
. Your paper will explain how the poems use some of the poetic devices we’ve been discussing to express distinct attitudes towards their common subject. It will point out the
similarities and differences
in the ways the two poems do
this
. Therefore, you will need to compare and contrast the general tones of the poems as well as how they use poetic devices to create those tones. Poetic devices you might want to consider include diction, imagery, figurative language, sound (including rhyme, alliteration, assonance, rhythm, and meter), and form.
Your
audience
for this paper is other students in the class who have read these poems. You can assume that your reader has the poems in front of him or her, so you don’t need to quote the whole poem, though a brief paraphrase might be useful. You will need to quote specific lines, phrases, or words in order to point out specific features of the poems. Your
purpose
is to help your reader see the
differences and similarities
in the two poems and, consequently, to better understand how each one works to create its particular effects or meanings.
Your paper should be
800 – 1000 words long, typed and double-spaced, with 1” margins all around
.
Use of secondary sources (other than our own textbook) is not allowed
for this assignment. If you have questions about the poem, ask other students or the instructor.
Here are some
suggested topics
:
1. Compare and contrast the ways Whitman’s “To a Locomotive in
Winter
” (p. 504) and Dickinson’s “I like to see it lap the Miles” (p. 504-05) represent their common subject: a locomotive. What claims does each poem make about the locomotive? What tone or attitude is taken towards the locomotive? How does each poem use specific poetic devices to create its tone?
2. Compare and contrast the ways Lovelace’s “To
Lucasta
” (p. 521) and Owens’ “
Dulce
et
Decorum
Est
” (p. 521-22) represent their common subject: war. What claims does each poem make about war? What tone or attitude is taken towards war? How does each poem use specific poetic devices to create its tone?
3. Compare and contrast the ways
any two
love poems in our reading represent their common subject. What claims does each poem make about love? What tone or attitude is taken towards love? How does each poem use specific poetic devices to create its tone? (Please check the two poems you pick with the instructor before proceeding.)
4. Compare and contrast the ways
any two
of the following poems represent God:
·
Donne’s “Batter my Heart, Three-
Personed
God” (p. 531),
·
Hopkins’ “God’s Grandeur” (p. 624),
·
Herbert’s “Easter Wings” (p. 676),
·
Blake’s “The
Tyger
” (p. 824-25).
What claims does each poem make about God? What tone or attitude is taken towards God? How does each poem use specific poetic devices to create its tone?
5. Compare and contrast the ways.
Assignment Write an essay comparingcontrasting two thingspeople.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
Write an essay comparing/contrasting two things/people/places/ideas, etc. This should not simply be a list of their similarities and differences, but a cohesive essay written in paragraph form with a thesis, introduction, body, and conclusion.
Remember, a compare/contrast thesis can be formulated in one of the following ways:
1) One thing is better than another
2) Two things that seem to be similar are actually different
3) Two things that seem different are actually similar
Parameters:
*Typed
*Double-Spaced
*Times New Roman
*12 Point Font
*1 Inch Margin
*3 pages (not even a word shorter)
*2 outside sources
.
Assignment Travel Journal to Points of Interest from the Early Midd.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment :Travel Journal to Points of Interest from the Early Middle Ages, Romanesque, and Gothic World
Travel Journal to Points of Interest from the Early Middle Ages, Romanesque, and Gothic World
Travel was one of the social characteristics that helped shape the Early Middle Ages and the Romanesque period—either to the Middle East to fight in the Crusades or throughout Europe as part of extensive pilgrimages.
For this assignment, put yourself in the place of a person living during this time who traveled extensively throughout Europe by selecting six pieces of art or architecture that you found personally to be the most interesting and important examples that date from this period in history. You should have 2 examples from each of the time periods specific to the Middle Ages: two examples from the Early Middle ages, two that represent the Romanesque, and two that represent Gothic art.
Your objects need to date between 400 CE and 1300 CE—the time span that encompasses the Early Middle Ages, Romanesque, and Gothic periods.
You are going to create a travel journal and itinerary for other students who will travel with you to your points of interest. Create a PowerPoint presentation of seven slides, including an introduction, your five destinations, and a conclusion. On each slide, include the image of the artwork or architecture, and the following information about the image:
Its location
Its name
The period of time it was created
Three interesting points about the artwork/building
What people viewing the image could learn about the Early Middle Ages, the Romanesque period, or Gothic art and architecture.
Why you selected this image
THIS MUST BE FOLLOWED
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Selected two images representative of the early Middle Ages style, from between 400 CE and 1000 CE.
10
Provided location, name, and period of time created for the early Middle Ages images.
12
Explained why you selected each early Middle Ages image, and offered three interesting points about each image and what people could learn from viewing each image.
15
Selected two images representative of the Romanesque style, from between 1000 CE and 1100 CE.
10
Provided location, name, and period of time created for the Romanesque style images.
12
Explained why you selected each Romanesque style image, and offered three interesting points about each image and what people could learn from viewing each image.
15
Selected two images representative of the Gothic style, from between 1100 CE and 1300 CE.
10
Provided location, name, and period of time created for the Gothic style images.
12
Explained why you selected each Gothic style image, and offered three interesting points about each image and what people could learn from viewing each image.
15
The PowerPoint presentation meets length requirements and contains correct spelling and grammar.
.
Assignment What are the factors that influence the selection of .docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment
What are the factors that influence the selection of access control software and/ or hardware? Discuss all aspects of access control systems.
DQ requirement:
initial posting to be between 200-to-300 words.
All initial posts must contain a properly formatted in-text citation and scholarly reference.
Reply post 100-to-150 words.
No plagarism
.
Assignment Write a research paper that contains the following.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
Write a research paper that contains the following:
Discuss the visual assets such as charts, interactive controls, and annotations that will occupy space in your work.
Discuss the best way to use space in terms of position, size, and shape of every visible property.
Data representation techniques that display overlapping connections also introduce the need to contemplate value sorting in the z-dimension, discuss which connections will be above and which will be below and why. Show example using any chart or diagram of your choice.
Your research paper should be at least 3 pages (800 words) excluding cover page and reference page. It should be double-spaced, have at least 2 APA references, and typed in Times New Roman 12 font. Include a cover page and a table of content.
.
Assignment Talk to friends, family, potential beneficiaries abou.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment
Talk to friends, family, potential beneficiaries about your idea. Do they agree that you deeply understand what the proposed beneficiaries are doing currently to manage/endure their problem? Explain. What are your proposed beneficiaries doing currently to manage/endure their problem? How would you get buy-in from others to sign on to your proposed Beneficiary Experience table (reference Chapter 4)? Include research to support your social entrepreneurship idea.
Minimum 2 pages
Minimum 2 scholarly sources
APA formatted
.
Assignment The objective of assignment is to provide a Power .docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
The objective of assignment is to provide a
Power Point Presentation
about
all vaccines including the Flu vaccine in the pediatric population
. Your primary goal as a
Family Nurse Practitioner
is to educate parents about the importance of vaccination and understanding their beliefs and preference by being cultural sensitive in regards this controversial topic. This is an individual presentation and must include
a minimum of 8 slides with a maximum of 10 slides
.
This presentation must include a “Voice Presentation”. Please, this part includes
as a note in each slide
, so I can read it. Thank you.
and the following headings:
*Voice attached in all slides. Please use notes, so I can read it.
ALL REFERENCES FROM USA and within 5 years.
1.
Introduction
(Clearly identifies the topic and Establishes goals and objectives of presentation)
2.
Clinical Guidelines Evidence Based Practice per CDC
– (Presents an insightful and through analysis of the issue (s) identified. Excellent Clinical guidelines)
3.
Population and Risk Factors
(The population is identified and addressed as well the topic(s) and issue(s)
4.
Body and Content
: (Makes appropriate and powerful connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied. Very creative and Supports the information with strong arguments and evidence.
5.
Education
– (Presents detailed, realistic, and appropriate recommendations and education including parents/patients)
6.
Conclusion
. Excellent Conclusion clearly supported by the information presented
.
Assignment During the on-ground, residency portion of Skill.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
During the on-ground, residency portion of Skills Lab II, you will have attended sessions covering topics relevant to advanced clinical social work practice. During Skills Lab II, you join with a group of three to four students to present a clinical case. You will create your own case—this case will be a situation you have faced in practice or one you create. During the presentation, you and each group member are expected to demonstrate knowledge, awareness, and skills appropriate to a concentration-year master’s student.
The presentation should include the following:
· The identification of the individual/family or group with background information including:
o Presenting problem or concern
o History of the presenting problem
o Social history
o Family history
o Previous interventions
· Your assessment of the client/family/group
· Your engagement of the client/family/group
o Specify the specific social work practice skills that were or would be used in your engagement.
This is the right up about this project
Tiffany, a 17-year-old African American female resides in Huston Texas with her mother (48 years old) and 2 brothers (20 years old and 10 years old). Tiffany was raised by her mother. Her father went to prison for selling drugs when Tiffany was 5 years old. Tiffany has been having trouble sleeping, her grades have dropped, she is no longer interested in sports or her after school club activities. Tiffany is also afraid to go outside and she does not want to leave her mother’s side. Tiffany reports she gets nervous and has heart palpitations when she sees a police car or hears police sirens. Tiffany’s mother is concerned about the sudden change of behavior in her daughter and thus, took her in to see a therapist.
Tiffany was very active in school. She had good grades, active in sports and after school clubs. The teachers spoke very highly of Tiffany, however, expressed concerns to her mother when they noticed a change in her grades. Additionally, the school staff noticed Tiffany withdrawing from her friends appeared to be isolating herself from others. Tiffany and her family were active within their church community. Tiffany and her family live in a low-income community. Tiffany’s mother does work full time, however, she still receives SNAP and Medicaid services. They also live in Section 8 housing. Tiffany lives in a community with a high crime rate. She often witnesses and hears stories of police brutality. Tiffany’s mother had to explain to her children how to respond to a police officer with they are ever stopped. Tiffany’s other brother has a history of police involvement.
.
Assignment PurposeThe first part of this assignment will assist.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment Purpose:
The first part of this assignment will assist you in identifying a topic which you will work with for subsequent activities in the course. The second part of the assignment helps you articulate what constitutes plagiarism.
Part 1:
In this course you will be using a variety of resources and research tools. This activity will guide you in formulating a topic to use for later assignments in this course.
1. What is something you are curious about? What is something you see out in the world that you want to know more about? Perhaps think of health, business, or socio-cultural issues. Write it here:
_______________________________________________________________________
(Need help selecting a topic? Review the Research Topic Starting Points for EN 104, EN 106, EN 111, and EN 116 guide from the Herzing University Library. Browse some of the resources linked there for generating topic ideas. http://herzing.libguides.com/research_topic_starting_points)
2. Create a Mind Map for your topic in the Credo Reference Database available through the Herzing University Library. You can access the link to that database and view a brief tutorial in the Research Topics Starting Points guide at http://herzing.libguides.com/research_topic_starting_pointsIf you need assistance using this tool, contact the Herzing University Librarians using the contact information in that guide. You might need to play around with how you word your topic.
Did the Mind Map help you narrow your topic? Describe your experience with the Mind Map feature and indicate your narrowed topic:
3. Write at least three research questions related to your topic and circle or somehow indicate the one you are most interested in answering:
4. Create a thesis statement for your research project. Be sure it meets the characteristics of a “strong” thesis statement as described in the reading for this unit.
Characteristics of a Strong Thesis Statement
· Answers the research question and is adequate for the assignment.
· Takes a position – doesn’t just state facts.
· It is specific and provable.
· It passes the “so what?” test.
Include your thesis statement here:
Part 2:
The following paragraph is from this source:Spiranec, S., &Mihaela, B. Z. (2010). Information literacy 2.0: Hype or discourse refinement? Journal of Documentation, 66(1), 140-153. doi:http://dx.doi.org.prx-herzing.lirn.net/10.1108/00220411011016407
Web 2.0 is currently changing what it means to be an information literate person or community…. The erosion did not begin with Web 2.0 but had started considerably earlier and became evident with the first web document without an identifiable author or indication of origin. Generally, this erosion comes naturally with the advancement towards electronic environments. In the era of print culture the information context was based on textual permanence, unity and identifiable authorship, and was therefore stable. The appearance of Web 1.0 has already undermined .
Assignment PowerPoint Based on what you have learned so .docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
PowerPoint:
Based on what you have learned so far in this course, create a PowerPoint presentation that addresses each of the following points. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each bullet point. Use clear headings that allow your professor to know which bullet you are addressing on the slides in your presentation. Support your content with at least four (4) citations throughout your presentation. Make sure to reference the citations using the APA writing style for the presentation. Include a slide for your references at the end. Follow best practices for PowerPoint presentations related to text size, color, images, effects, wordiness, and multimedia enhancements.
Title Slide (1 slide)
At each stage of development, culture can have a distinct impact on basic aspects of life. Based on your reading thus far, describe how cultural influences impact development throughout the lifespan. Include the following aspects of life:
Cognition (2-3 slides)
Acceptance of cultural traditions (2-3 slides)
Biological health (2-3 slides)
Personality(2-3 slides)
Relationships (2-3 slides)
References (1 slide)
Each slide should have a graphic and very few words. In a separate Word file, create a script to use when giving this presentation (about 50 words per content slide - 500 words total). Submit both files to the dropbox.
.
Assignment In essay format, please answer the following quest.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment: In essay format, please answer the following questions:
On your second In-Class Assignment, which was on John Stuart Mill's freedom of thought and discussion, you were asked to provide your own opinion on any moral issue.
1) Your task is to write an essay
DEFENDING
the
the OPPOSITE opinion.
2) Please structure your essay in the following format: (SEE ATTACHED FILE FOR MORE DETAILS ON WHAT EACH OF THESE MEAN)
I. Introduction/Thesis Statement
II. Body - Include at least two reasons why one would support this position
III. Counter-Argument - What is the argument against that position?
IV. Reply to Counter-Argument - Why could the counter-argument be wrong?
V. Conclusion
.
Assignment Name:
Unit 2 Discussion Board
Deliverable Length:
150-500 words (not including references) 2 Peer Responses
Details:
The Discussion Board (DB) is part of the core of online learning. Classroom discussion in an online environment requires the active participation of students and the instructor to create robust interaction and dialogue. Every student is expected to create an original response to the open-ended DB question as well as engage in dialogue by responding to posts created by others throughout the week. At the end of each unit, DB participation will be assessed based on both level of engagement and the quality of the contribution to the discussion.
At a minimum, each student will be expected to post an original and thoughtful response to the DB question and contribute to the weekly dialogue by responding to at least two other posts from students. The first contribution must be posted before midnight (Central Time) on Wednesday of each week. Two additional responses are required after Wednesday of each week. Students are highly encouraged to engage on the Discussion Board early and often, as that is the primary way the university tracks class attendance and participation.
The purpose of the Discussion Board is to allow students to learn through sharing ideas and experiences as they relate to course content and the DB question. Because it is not possible to engage in two-way dialogue after a conversation has ended, no posts to the DB will be accepted after the end of each unit.
A. Questions for weekly discussions and conversations (not part of the required Discussion Board assignment)
These questions can serve as the starting point for your discussions during the week. They are “thought starters,” so that you can explore some ideas associated with the discussion board and unit topics. Answers are not required, and should not be submitted with your required assignment. Answers are not graded.
1. What images do we use today that originated from creations by early civilizations for religious ceremonies?
2. What historical art images do we use today, from creations by early civilizations, for cultural celebrations?
B. Required Discussion Board assignment.
From the list below, choose one Greek work of art and one Roman work of art and
compare and contrast
them according to the criteria listed:
Greek Art
Roman Art
The
Doryphoros
(Polykleitos, 450 BCE)
Augustus of Primaporta
(c. 20 BCE)
The Laocoon Group
(1
st
Century, CE)
Marcus Agrippa with Imperial Family
(South frieze from the Ara Pacis, 13-9 CE)
Nike of Samothrace
(c. 190 BCE)
She-Wolf
(c. 500 BCE)
The Temple of Athena
(427–424 BCE)
The Colosseum
(72–80 CE)
The Parthenon
(447–438 BCE)
The Arch of Constantine
(313 CE)
Answer the following list of questions in a comparative essay to evaluate your choices. Be sure to introduce the works you have chosen.
What is the FORM of the work?
Is it a two-dimensional or three-dimensional work of art?
What materials are us.
Assignment In essay format, please answer the following questions.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment: In essay format, please answer the following questions:
1) Briefly summarize Stirner's Egoism.
2) Look at some contemporary moral issues in the news, either current or past, and apply his Egoist theory to the issue. How would he view the issue?
3) Do you agree with the way Stirner would view the issue? Why or why not?
All together, the answers must total up to about 500-700 words. Assignments
MUST
have the following format: Name, Class, and Essay Subject & Date in the upper left hand corner.
Double Spaced
, 12pt Times New Roman or Arial font. If you use outside sources, it must include a works cited page.
.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. and practitioners need a variety of methods in their toolbox to
maximize their
ability to identify mental illness depending on available
resources and needs. Yet, the
benefits and costs of utilizing these different approaches have
yet to be explored in
the criminal justice literature. To begin exploring the utility of
the different methods
of case identification, we review the most commonly used
approaches to identifying
people with mental illnesses and end with a detailed
examination of the use of
behavior health records. The use of behavioral health records is
a case identification
method that has gained emerging support in criminal justice
research in recent years.
Keywords
mental illness, measurement, behavioral health
Arrest and incarceration are a pervasive reality for people with
mental illnesses
(Ditton, 1999; James & Glaze, 2006; Steadman, Osher, Robbins,
Case, & Samuels,
2009; Teplin, 1984). However, wide variation exists in the
estimates of the percentage
1University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
2University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Corresponding Author:
Melissa S. Morabito, School of Criminology and Justice
Studies, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 113
Wilder St., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
Email: [email protected]
608823 IJOXXX10.1177/0306624X15608823International
3. Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
CriminologyMorabito and Wilson
research-article2015
mailto:[email protected]
http://sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
hrrp://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15608823
http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ijo
920 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology 61(8)
of people with mental illnesses who become involved in the
criminal justice system.
Some variation in estimates is understandable because different
segments of the sys-
tem have contact with varying subsets of this population. For
example, police officers
interact with a much broader subset of the population than
prosecutors or correctional
officers. Nevertheless, unexplained differences exist across
estimates made within the
same component of the criminal justice system and within the
same geographic areas
(see Ditton, 1999; Steadman et al., 2009). These differences
make measurement and
planning challenging for practitioners and policy makers.
One of the first researchers to question this inconsistency in
estimates identified
two methodological issues as potential causes for the variation:
(a) the definition of
mental illness used in research and (b) the methods used to
identify cases for study
(Teplin, 1983). Since Teplin’s initial work, researchers have
4. begun to address how the
lack of a standardized definition can affect estimates of those
with mental illnesses
who become involved in the criminal justice system (hereafter,
justice-involved per-
sons with mental illnesses; Draine, Wilson, & Pogorzelski,
2007; Roesch, Ogloff, &
Eaves, 1995; Teplin, 1990). However, the criminal justice
literature has not yet exam-
ined other issues affecting estimates of this population,
including the different meth-
ods of case identification used to formulate estimates of the rate
of mental disorders in
justice-involved populations, or a cost-benefit analysis of each
method.
To fill this gap, this article explores the utility of different
methods of case identifi-
cation, reviewing the case identification methods most
commonly used to identify
justice-involved persons with mental illnesses within the
different criminal justice set-
tings (e.g., police, courts, corrections). These case
identification methods include
diagnostic interviews, participant observation, and self-report
surveys.
Case Identification Methods Commonly Used to Establish
Estimates
Criminal justice agencies must identify people with mental
illnesses under their super-
vision or jurisdiction for two main reasons. First, it is
imperative to have a general
estimate of the proportion of individuals in their care with
mental illness to make deci-
5. sions about the allocation of resources. Second, the estimates of
the number of indi-
viduals with specific mental health diagnoses is also crucial,
because it facilitates
communication and coordination with the community-based
public mental health sys-
tem, which is responsible for treating people with the most
serious mental illnesses. To
identify justice-involved persons with mental illnesses in
various criminal justice set-
tings, researchers and policy makers must first establish a
protocol for defining mental
illness. A critical component of this decision-making process
centers on the research-
er’s selection of the diagnoses or behaviors included in this
definition. For example,
academic researchers whose interest is in understanding the
scope of issues facing
prison populations might include a broad range of mental health
diagnoses in their
definition of mental illness. In contrast, jail administrators who
want to effectively
target the jail’s limited resources might establish a narrow
definition of mental illness
that includes only those diagnoses that will identify inmates
with the most serious and
Morabito and Wilson 921
persistent mental illnesses. Once a definition of mental illness
is established, research-
ers must then select a method for identifying people who meet
the criteria established
by the definition (i.e., a case identification method).
6. Table 1 provides a comparison of the three case identification
methods most fre-
quently used to establish rates of justice-involved persons with
mental illnesses by
some of the most cited studies in the literature.1 The first two
columns organize the
three methods by the criminal justice setting, and the rows
document some of the most
frequently cited estimates of the rates of justice involvement
among people with seri-
ous mental illnesses, organized by setting and case
identification method. The third
column compares the rates of mental illness. As illustrated by
this table, substantial
variation exists between both between- and within-case
identification methods. As
previously noted, some variation in estimates is to be expected
because of differences
in the volume of contact and nature of involvement in different
criminal justice set-
tings. However, Table 1 shows that considerable variation also
exists in estimates gen-
erated using the same case identification methods, within the
same criminal justice
setting. This point is best illustrated in the differences in
estimates associated with
Steadman et al. (2009), Teplin (1990), and Teplin, Abram, and
McClelland (1996).
These studies used diagnostic interviews to identify individuals
with the most severe
forms of mental illness. Yet, when compared, these estimates
show a difference of 16
Table 1. Case Identification Methods.
7. Criminal
justice setting
Case identification
method
% of population
with mental illness Source
Police Police contacts
Observational 5.90 Teplin (1984)
Observational 3.60 Engel and Silver (2001)
2.70
Jail Jail detainees
Diagnostic interview 6.36 (men with
current diagnosis)
Teplin (1990)
9.48 (men with
lifetime disorder)
Diagnostic interview 15.0 (women with
current diagnosis)
Teplin, Abram, and
McClelland (1996)
18.5 (women with
lifetime disorder)
Self-report survey 16.0 Ditton (1999)
Self-report survey 64.20 James and Glaze (2006)
Diagnostic interview 14.50 (men) Steadman, Osher, Robbins,
8. Case, and Samuels (2009)
31.0 (women)
Prison Prison inmates
Self-report survey 16.20 Ditton (1999)
Self-report survey 56.20 James and Glaze (2006)
922 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology 61(8)
percentage points in the number of women with a current mental
health diagnosis in
the two studies and a difference of 7 percentage points among
men.
The literature contains a growing number of explanations for
these variations in
rates. Some explanations focus on the lack of precision in
certain case identification
methods, such as self-report surveys. Other explanations focus
on variability in the
definitions of what factors are considered as indicators of
mental illness in the case
identification process (Steadman et al., 2009; Teplin, 1983).
Other explanations have
pointed to the possibility that estimates deviate, given the
naturally occurring temporal
and geographic variations that occur within the populations
being studied (Steadman
et al., 2009). The accuracy of these proffered explanations
cannot be established
because the existing data do not provide answers as to the
extent of variation in rates
of involvement is attributable to the factors described above.
9. However, the fact remains
that policy makers and program developers need estimates of
the number of justice-
involved persons with mental illnesses that are stable and
consistent (i.e., reliable).
Reliable estimates of both those generally involved in criminal
justice as well as esti-
mates of those under the jurisdiction of localities are required to
develop programs of
appropriate scale and with adequate resources to meet the needs
of this population. In
addition, due to the focus on people with the most severe and
persistent mental ill-
nesses (i.e., schizophrenia spectrum and major affective
disorders), in the United
States’s public mental health system, these estimates will be
most useful if they are
also diagnostically specific. Given that none of the case
identification methods in cur-
rent use offers a guarantee of a reliable estimate (see Table 1),
we examine the strengths
and weaknesses of each method.
Diagnostic Interview
The diagnostic interview is commonly used in psychiatric
research to identify people
with mental illnesses for research purposes. The wide
acceptance of this approach as
one the most empirically defensible ways to estimate the rate of
mental illnesses has
led to the diagnostic interview being regarded as the gold
standard in research involv-
ing psychiatric diagnoses (Draine et al., 2007; Nordgaard,
Revsbech, Saebye, &
Parnas, 2012). The instruments used for diagnostic interviews in
10. research settings are
structured, empirically validated instruments intended to
identify mental health diag-
noses in study populations.
One of the most widely cited studies that used a diagnostic
interview to identify
justice-involved persons with mental illnesses was conducted by
Teplin and her asso-
ciates in Chicago during the 1980s. This study yielded several
publications that exam-
ined the rate of men and women with serious mental illnesses in
the jail system (Teplin,
1990; Teplin et al., 1996). The researchers drew a random
sample of individuals
admitted to the Cook County Correctional Facility in Chicago
and then used the
National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview
Schedule, Version III, a
structured diagnostic assessment tool designed specifically to
identify people with a
range of psychiatric disorders (Robins, Helzer, Croughan, &
Ratcliff, 1981). As Table 1
illustrates, Teplin and colleagues found that approximately
9.5% of men and 18.5% of
Morabito and Wilson 923
women entering this correctional facility met the diagnostic
criteria of having a severe
mental illness during their lifetime2 (Teplin, 1990; Teplin et al.,
1996).
One of the more recent studies to use the structured diagnostic
11. interview to investi-
gate rates of mental disorders in the criminal justice population
was conducted by
Steadman et al. (2009), using samples of inmates recently
admitted in five county jails
in Maryland and New York. These samples of inmates were
screened for mental disor-
ders using the SCID—Structured Clinical Interview for the
Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American
Psychiatric Association
[APA], 1994; First, Gibbon, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001), which
is a revised version of
the instrument used by Teplin and colleagues (1996). Steadman
et al. found that 14.5%
of the men and 31% of the women had a current serious mental
illness.
Using structured clinical interviews as a method of case
identification poses limita-
tions because different diagnostic interviews are available, and
each require substantial
resources and have different levels of precision and diagnostic
accuracy (Rogers,
Sewell, Ustad, Reinhardt, & Edwards, 1995; Teplin & Swartz,
1989). The SCID (First
et al., 2001) has been used in numerous studies and found to be
an accurate measure of
psychiatric diagnoses (Basco et al., 2000; Fennig, Craig,
Lavelle, Kovasznay, &
Bromet, 1994; Lobbestael, Leurgans, & Arntz, 2010). The SCID
is designed to provide
diagnostic information related to the full range of Axis I (i.e.,
schizophrenia and major
depressive disorder) diagnoses. This diagnostic tool has
recently been updated to ensure
12. alignment with the diagnostic categories found in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; APA, 2013). There is also
a separate version of
this diagnostic tool, called the SCID-II that assesses Axis II
(anti-social personality
disorder or paranoid personality disorder) diagnoses that are
present in DSM-IV (APA,
1994). The SCID-II is currently being revised to ensure
alignment with the DSM-5 and
is expected to be available in fall of 2015 (www.scid4.org). To
use any of the SCID
interviews, staff must purchase and complete training developed
specifically for this
diagnostic interview. The SCID was developed for use with
clinicians and other mental
health professionals (www.scid4.org). It can also be
administered by research assis-
tants, without prior clinical experience; however, these
individuals are likely to require
more training before they can begin using this interview
(www.scid4.org).
Diagnostic interviews provide the diagnostic specificity needed
to identify people
in the justice system with a wide range of psychiatric disorders,
while also providing
the information needed to identify the subset of individuals with
psychiatric disorders
who will need services from the public mental health system.
However, this precision
comes at an expense. Diagnostic instruments, such as the SCID,
represent a time-
consuming, resource-intensive method of case identification.
For example, the SCID
is administered as a one-on-one interview that requires an
13. average of 90 min to com-
plete (Lecrubier et al., 1997). Moreover, it is recommended that
interviewers adminis-
tering the SCID complete SCID-specific training that takes at
least 20 hr to complete
(http://www.scid4.org/faq/scidfaq.html).
The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI;
Lecrubier et al., 1997)
is a short diagnostic interview that was designed to be an
alternative to longer diagnos-
tic interviews such as the SCID (Sheehan et al., 1998). It is
reported to be one of the
www.scid4.org
www.scid4.org
www.scid4.org
www.scid4.org
924 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology 61(8)
most widely used psychiatric diagnostic assessment tools
(Medical-outcomes.com).
The accuracy rates of the MINI have been found comparable
with those of longer
diagnostic interviews such as the SCID (Lecrubier et al., 1997).
However, two major
differences exist between the MINI and other longer diagnostic
interviews such as the
SCID: administration time and diagnostic range. The MINI is
completed in 15 to 20
min (Lecrubier et al., 1997). However, as compared with the
SCID’s capacity to assess
all DSM’s major mental health diagnoses, the MINI assesses a
14. smaller range of diag-
noses, with the capacity to identify only 17 psychiatric and
substance use diagnoses
(Lecrubier et al., 1997). The MINI’s diagnostic range does
include major affective
disorders and schizophrenia. In addition, the MINI has not been
updated to align with
the diagnostic categories in the DSM-5, and its diagnostic
capacity is largely limited to
current disorders, rather than a comprehensive assessment of
current and lifetime dis-
orders. Despite these limitations, the relatively shorter format
of the MINI makes it a
more feasible and readily administered diagnostic instrument in
many situations.
Similar to the SCID and other diagnostic instruments, the MINI
requires face-to-
face interviews conducted by researchers who are trained in the
administration of the
MINI. However, despite its shortened length, conducting
diagnostic interviews of any
type can exceed the available time, expertise, and financial
resources of many criminal
justice agencies.3 Even when such resources are available,
diagnostic interviews might
not be a feasible method of case identification, especially in
settings where even short
interviews might not be possible because the person with a
suspected mental illness is
not interested in being interviewed and cannot be compelled to
stay because he or she
is not in police custody (e.g., police stations, courts). This
limitation suggests that
using diagnostic interviews to identify justice-involved persons
with mental disorders
15. will be restricted to a few well-funded studies in sites that can
accommodate interview
formats (e.g., jails, prisons).
Participant Observation
Participant observation is one of the more popular methods used
to identify police
interactions involving people with mental disorders (Denzin,
1989). In studies using
this method, researchers with diagnostic training accompany
police officers on patrol
and observe and track the number and context of police–citizen
interactions that
involve people with mental disorders (Engel & Silver, 2001;
Novak & Engel, 2005;
Teplin, 1984). In Teplin’s (1984) seminal study of people with
mental illnesses
involved in police–citizen interactions, the observers used a
structured clinical check-
list designed to identify behaviors associated with diagnosable
mental disorders. This
checklist enabled the trained observers to make a clinically
informed assessment of
mental illness independent of the officers’ determination of
mental illness status.
Results indicated that 5.9% of police–suspect encounters
involved a person with a
serious mental illness (Teplin, 1984).
In a test of Teplin’s (1984) research, Engel and Silver (2001)
examined police–citizen
interactions involving people with mental illness. Engel and
Silver’s study included a
reanalysis of data collected in two earlier studies: the Project on
Policing Neighborhoods
16. Morabito and Wilson 925
(POPN; see Parks, Mastrofski, & DeJong, 1999) and the Police
Services Study (Engel
& Silver, 2001). These studies examined police–citizen
interactions in five metropoli-
tan areas, and both studies used trained observers who
accompanied officers during
their shift (Parks et al., 1999). However, in the studies analyzed
by Engel and Silver,
the observation method differed from the method used in other
studies. Rather than
identifying suspects with mental illnesses, the intent of the
observations in these stud-
ies was to identify situations in which officers were likely to
perceive of the suspects
as mentally ill. Therefore, rather than a clinical-diagnostic
checklist, these observers
used a rating sheet to identify behaviors generally considered
indicative of a mental
illness (Engel & Silver, 2001). The analytic results showed that
3.6% of police con-
tacts in the POPN Study and 2.7% of contacts in the Police
Services Study involved a
suspect with a mental illness.
These participant-observation studies have greatly advanced the
field, in increasing
knowledge of the rates of contact between police and people
with mental illnesses.
However, these studies also vary widely in their estimates of the
number of people
with mental illnesses involved in the criminal justice system.
17. Even the researchers
noted that the variation in estimates across studies was likely
explained by the diverse
methods used to identify mental illness (Engel & Silver, 2001).
The small number of
contacts involving persons with mental illness found in both
studies (2.7%-3.6%;
Engel & Silver, 2001; Teplin, 1984; 5.9%) questions whether
future efforts should use
these resource-intensive methods of case identification.
The use of trained observers for identification is both a strength
and weakness. As
compared with relying on police officers’ assessments of a
suspect’s mental status, the
trained observers can increase the number of contacts correctly
identified as involving
a person with mental illness. The observers’ training enables
them to identify nuances
in symptomatic behavior that are likely to be overlooked by
police officers without
this specialized training. However, even trained observers tend
to under-identify cases
because the symptoms of mental illness are cyclical, meaning
those with mental ill-
nesses might not be symptomatic at the time of a police
encounter. Furthermore, men-
tal illness may be masked by substance abuse—a difficult
relationship for untrained
observers to untangle. Another weakness associated with the use
of trained observers
is the significant expense incurred. Similar to the resource-
intensive diagnostic inter-
view, the costs associated with participant-observation
techniques for case identifica-
tion typically restrict this method to large-scale publically
18. funded studies investigating
various aspects of police behavior (Engel & Silver, 2001; Novak
& Engel, 2005).
Survey
Survey methods have also been applied to case identification to
generate estimates of
the number of justice-involved persons with mental illnesses
(Ditton, 1999; James &
Glaze, 2006). For example, a study conducted by James and
Glaze (2006) with two
nationally representative samples used a survey to assess the
rates of mental health
problems among jail and prison inmates. To identify inmates
with mental health prob-
lems, the survey included items from a structured clinical
interview organized into a
926 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology 61(8)
self-administered questionnaire. The survey items asked inmates
about mental health
symptoms they had experienced over the past 12 months but did
not collect data on
symptom severity or duration. Moreover, the survey did not
collect data that would
allow researchers to rule out symptoms caused by issues other
than mental illness,
such as substance use or other medical conditions (Steadman et
al., 2009). James and
Glaze found that 56% of state prisoners and 64% of local jail
inmates had mental
19. health problems.
Although James and Glaze (2006) found that more than half of
prison and jail
inmates had mental health problems, an earlier study conducted
by Ditton (1999)
reported a significantly lower rate of mental illness among
inmates. Similar to James
and Glaze’s study design, Ditton’s study also used a self-report
survey with a nation-
ally representative sample of jail and prison inmates, but found
that only 16% of the
sample reported a mental illness. The difference in the estimates
between these two
studies is likely the result of the different methods used to
identify mental illness.
James and Glaze used self-reports of symptoms (but did not
account for duration or
severity or symptom-related issues, such as substance use or
medical conditions),
whereas Ditton’s survey assessed presence of mental illness
based on inmates’ self-
reports of mental or emotional problem or an overnight stay in a
psychiatric facility.
Ditton’s survey has been criticized by scholars who consider the
items to be an overly
broad indicator of serious mental illness (Draine et al., 2007).
Self-reported data collected through surveys are a relatively
inexpensive way to
estimate the rates of involvement of persons with mental
illnesses in the criminal jus-
tice system. As compared with diagnostic interviews and
observational methods, the
survey method requires fewer resources to collect data. For
example, using self-
20. administered surveys does not require trained interviewers to
administer the survey,
thus, this method substantially reduces costs associated with
data collection. In turn,
the lower costs of the survey method allow researchers to assess
larger study samples
in shorter periods.
Nevertheless, surveys have substantial limitations. Surveys
must rely on less accu-
rate and often overly broad indicators of mental illness because
the interview format
of the survey does not allow for clinically based assessments of
specific mental health
disorders (Teplin, 1983). This lack of clinical precision in case
identification will skew
the estimates of mental illness in ways that are difficult to
predict. Surveys could use
brief screening tools, such as the Symptom Checklist–90 (SCL-
90; Derogatis & Unger,
2010), to identify people who are present with symptoms that
may be associated with
mental illness. However, screening tools are designed to act as
triage tools that identify
individuals who require further evaluation. Even when used in
conjunction with other
indicators such as receipt of outpatient treatment or a stay in a
psychiatric hospital,
these indicators lack the diagnostic specificity needed to
identify individuals with the
mental health disorders that are the focus of most treatment in
the criminal justice and
mental health system. In addition, self-report survey data are
often rife with missing
data, which further degrades the quality of information
collected. Therefore, although
21. surveys offer a less expensive and more expedient method of
case identification, the
overly broad indicators of mental illness and missing data
associated with this case
Morabito and Wilson 927
identification method make the use of this method problematic
in differentiating the
most serious and entrenched forms of mental illness from
behaviors associated with
situational or personality problems.
Using Behavioral Health Records (BHR) in the Case
Identification Process
In recent years, researchers have increasingly used BHR to
identify justice-involved
persons with mental illness (Baillargeon et al., 2010; Draine,
Blank Wilson, Metraux,
Hadley, & Evans, 2010; Morrissey, Cuddeback, Cuellar, &
Steadman, 2007; Morrissey
et al., 2006; Wilson, Draine, Hadley, Metraux, & Evans, 2011).
The BHR used in these
studies have typically involved insurance reimbursement claims
or treatment records
compiled during routine treatment. The steps involved in this
method of case identifi-
cation are outlined in Table 2. This table shows that this method
of case identification
involves a two-step process. Each step includes an outline of
key decisions that need
to be addressed when engaging this case identification method,
which are discussed
22. further in the text below. However, this method of visual
display is not meant to imply
that these decisions are sequential in nature. Rather, as the
discussion below shows,
many decisions are inter-related and so need to be dealt with
accordingly.
Establish a Pool of Potential Cases
As outlined in Table 2, the first step of this case identification
method involves
developing a pool of potential cases. In this case identification
method, administra-
tive records are used to develop the pool by identifying
individuals who have
involvement with both the criminal justice and mental health
systems. To develop
Table 2. The Case Identification Process Using BHR.
1. Establish a pool of
potential cases
Select data files that can identify individuals who are involved
in
both the criminal justice system and mental health services.
Define the window of observation that will be used for each
data
file during the matching process.
Select a matching procedure to identify individuals who are
present in both data files.
2. Identify cases where
individuals have a
23. mental illness
Select BHR that can identify individuals with qualifying
mental health diagnoses from the pool of potentially eligible
cases.
Identify specific mental health diagnoses that will be searched
for
in the behavior health records.
Define the window of observation that BHR will be searched
for
qualifying mental health diagnoses.
Develop procedures to address situations where individuals
have
multiple mental health diagnoses.
Note. BHR = behavioral health records.
928 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology 61(8)
the pool, researchers must have access to two types of records:
criminal justice con-
tact (e.g., police, courts, or jail/prison records) and BHR. At
this step, in the case
identification process, it is important to consider that the
matching process is most
feasible when both data files are stored in electronic format and
include at least one
common unique identifier for each person (e.g., social security
number, the person’s
first and last names).
24. Researchers must also define the window of observation that
will be used when
comparing records between data files. This involves
determining the specific time
period that data will be extracted from each file for the
matching process. For example,
researchers could use police records for all arrests that occurred
in 2010 in a particular
jurisdiction and Medicaid eligibility files for all individuals
enrolled in Medicaid dur-
ing the same time period. However, if researchers are concerned
that a person’s pres-
ence in one data set is related in some way to their presence in
the second data set, the
time periods of observation for each data set could vary to
account for this problem.
For example, admission to jail or prison can affect a person’s
eligibility for Medicaid.
So, if a researcher was using records of jail admissions in the
matching process, they
could choose to vary the time periods used in the window of
observation for each data
set to account for this potential problem. In this example, the
study team might decide
to use all jail admissions in 2010 and Medicaid eligibility
records for 2009.
The other important decision that researchers need to make
during this step in the
case identification process is the type of matching procedure
that will be used to com-
pare records across data files. There are two matching
procedures that are generally
used in this process: deterministic and probabilistic matching
procedures. Deterministic
25. matching procedures identify individuals across multiple data
sets by comparing cases
using a unique identifier, such as social security number, in
each data set. In this
method, the unique identifier must be exactly the same in both
data sets for a match to
be identified. Probabilistic matching procedures identify
individuals across multiple
data sets by comparing cases using multiple unique identifiers
in each data set. During
this matching process, an algorithm is used to assign each
unique identifier with a
weight that indicates how closely the unique identifier matches
in the two data sets. A
sum of these weights is then used to indicate the likelihood that
a match exists between
the two records.
Deterministic matching procedures are an expedient method for
matching
records; however, this method of matching cases can encounter
challenges when
used with criminal justice records because these records often
have inaccurate or
missing data. However, recent studies have overcome this
problem by incorporating
probabilistic matching procedures into the case identification
process. For example,
the Link King program (http://www.the-link-
king.com/download.html; Campbell,
Deck, & Krupski, 2008), which is a public domain software,
increases the accuracy
of the matching process by using a combination of deterministic
and probabilistic
matching procedures. The inclusion of probabilistic matching
procedures in the case
26. identification process allows programs such as Link King to
address missing data,
misspellings, or other errors in data entry, as well as the use of
aliases or nicknames
(Campbell et al., 2008).
http://www.the-link-king.com/download.html
Morabito and Wilson 929
Identifying Case Where Individuals Have a Mental Illness
Once the researcher has established a pool of potential cases by
executing the match-
ing process described above, the next step in the case
identification process focuses on
identifying cases where a mental illness is present. This step in
the case identification
process involves a number of key decision points that require
consideration. Chief
among these decisions is locating a record source that contains
the diagnostic informa-
tion needed to identify people with qualifying mental health
diagnoses.
Several different types of BHR can be used during this step in
the case identifica-
tion process. For example, Medicaid reimbursement claims for
mental health services
have been used, as have prison treatment records documenting
evaluations conducted
as follow-up with all inmates whose intake screeners indicated
that they were in need
of a mental health evaluation.
27. Although some scholars have expressed concerns regarding the
reliability of diag-
noses obtained from administrative records, research has
demonstrated a comparable
reliability of diagnoses in records, such as Medicaid insurance
claims and diagnoses
obtained in routine clinical practice (Rothbard, Kuno, Hadley,
& Dogin, 2004).
However, much remains unknown about the consistency and
accuracy of the mental
health diagnoses recorded in other BHR, such as those
maintained by correctional
facilities.
In addition to selecting a record source to identify cases that
have mental health
diagnoses, it is also necessary to specify what mental health
diagnoses are being
searched for in these records. When selecting mental health
diagnoses, it is important
to work with individuals who have knowledge of the record
source and how it is used
in practice, so that the study team understands the range of
diagnostic information
contained in the records. Once this information is obtained, the
number of diagnoses
included in the definition has little impact on the time involved
in extracting this infor-
mation from the records, so the team can include as many or as
few diagnoses as they
need at this stage in the case identification process.
As in the previous step, it is also necessary to identify the
window of observation
that will be used to extract diagnostic information from the
identified record sources.
28. Establishing this window requires that the specific time period
that the records will be
searched for diagnostic information will be defined ahead of
time. Similar to the selec-
tion of mental health diagnoses, it is important for researchers
to work with individuals
with a working knowledge of the record source to ensure that
there is equivalence of
diagnostic information contained in the records during the time
period that the records
are being searched.
It is also important for researchers to try and identify any
contextual or situational
factors that need be considered when selecting the time period
for observation. For
example, researchers may consider selecting a window of
observation that falls before
the time period used in the first step of the case identification
process to ensure that
mental health diagnoses identified during this step were
received before the person’s
contact with the criminal justice used in the first step of the
case identification
process.
930 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology 61(8)
In this method of case identification, researchers also have
flexibility in how they
set the beginning and end date for the window of observation.
This can be useful when
trying to identify populations of consumers who may have
29. sporadic contact with the
service provider completing the BHR. In cases such as this, a
longer window of obser-
vation may be used to adjust for gaps in service. However, in
other cases when a
record source such as prison classification records are being
used, a shorter window of
observation may be used because diagnostic information is
being pulled from records
related to a more systematic and reliable evaluation process.
The last important decision that has to be made during this step
in case identifica-
tion process is how to address situations where individuals have
more than one quali-
fying mental health diagnosis in their record. Researchers have
not yet reached
consensus on how to address this issue. Some studies address
the issue of dual or
multiple diagnoses by collapsing individual mental health
diagnoses of interest into a
broader indicator variable such as serious mental illnesses. This
variable includes all
individuals whose treatment records indicate at least one of the
qualifying diagnoses
(Draine et al., 2010; Morrissey et al., 2007; Morrissey et al.,
2006; Wilson et al.,
2011). Although this approach avoids supplanting clinical
judgment as to which diag-
nosis is “primary,” it comes at the expense of organizing people
into mutually exclu-
sive categories based on specific mental health diagnoses.
Other methods have been developed to address the issue of
individual cases with
multiple diagnoses. For example, some studies have used the
30. most frequently occur-
ring diagnosis as the diagnosis of record (Becker, Andel, Boaz,
& Constantine, 2011),
whereas others have relied on the diagnosis assigned during a
stay in an inpatient
psychiatric hospital (McCabe et al., 2012). Still, other
researchers have chosen to use
the diagnosis recorded during the prison intake screening and
classification process
(Baillargeon, Binswanger, Penn, Williams, & Murray, 2009;
Baillargeon et al., 2010;
Baillargeon, Williams, et al., 2009). Currently, no data are
available to assess the rela-
tive reliability of the different approaches to assigning
diagnoses during the case iden-
tification process. However, at a minimum, the different ways
in which diagnostic
information is dealt with during the case identification process
has implications for the
comparability of these estimates that must be considered in
future research efforts.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the BHR Case Identification
Method
The relatively low cost of using BHR to identify justice-
involved persons with mental
illnesses is a particular strength of this method, hereafter
referred to as the BHR case
identification. Unlike the case identification methods
traditionally used to estimate the
rates of mental illnesses in criminal justice settings, BHR case
identification is the
only method that does not use primary data collection. Instead,
BHR case identifica-
tion uses existing data, requiring only that the data be
31. abstracted, coordinated, and
formatted for analysis. The BHR case identification method
substantially reduces the
time involved in generating data. However, this method requires
not only that project
personnel have substantive knowledge of the data used in
identification process but
also that project personnel have the computing capabilities to
abstract and organize the
Morabito and Wilson 931
data for analysis. Even so, the overall time and resources
needed for BHR case identi-
fication are far lower than those associated with the methods
involving primary data
collection.
As mentioned previously, the levels of accuracy in BHR case
identification are
commensurate with traditional clinical interviews conducted by
service providers. The
recent development of techniques such as the Link King
algorithm have strengthened
the accuracy and comprehensiveness of BHR case identification
by lessening the
potential for undercounts that can occur when deterministic
matching procedures are
used alone with administrative data (Campbell et al., 2008).
Equally important, the BHR case identification method is
associated with other
strengths that aid the case identification process. By using
existing data sets (e.g.,
32. criminal justice records, insurance claims, other health records),
the BHR case identi-
fication method allows researchers and policy makers to
capitalize on the growing
volume of data stored in digital formats. For example, the
Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act (ACA; 2010) requires the use of electronic
health care records,
and a provision in the American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act (ARRA; 2009)
funded the conversion of many existing health records to
electronic format. These
policies have created access to unprecedented levels of
electronic health records,
which enable researchers to include service-use analyses with
case identification
efforts at little to no additional costs. Furthermore, BHR case
identification provides
flexibility in the type and number of mental health diagnoses
used to identify cases
without increasing the costs. The cost-savings represents a
significant advantage over
primary data collection methods (e.g., diagnostic interviews), in
which each diagnos-
tic module increases the time and costs of obtaining the data.
Despite these appealing strengths, BHR case identification also
has limitations that
must be considered. First, this method provides estimates only
of persons with an iden-
tified mental illness. Relying on BHR means that the estimates
include only those per-
sons who have received treatment for mental illness. People
who have not received
behavioral health services or who have private insurance are not
included in the esti-
33. mates; therefore, this method can potentially produce an
undercount of those with men-
tal illnesses. Some researchers have sought to address this issue
by using longer “look
back” periods when examining BHR as a way of including cases
with sporadic or low
levels of receipt of mental health services (Draine et al., 2010;
Wilson et al., 2011).
Nevertheless, even these larger data windows cannot account
for people who have not
received any type of formal diagnosis or treatment or those with
private insurance.
Next, the BHR case identification method has variable utility
for different criminal
justice agencies. This approach may be more prohibitive for
some agencies such as
police because it requires a great deal of resources and could
not be done as often. It is
more feasible for other agencies with available records. For
example, jail and prison
personnel could use the BHR method to get estimates and last
known diagnoses for
current inmates. This information could guide the use of
resources and current treat-
ment planning. For police, however, who deal with many people
with mental illnesses
in short interactions, the BHR method would not be feasible for
immediate planning.
This approach could provide retrospective data for policing and
help paint a picture of
932 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology 61(8)
34. the populations with which they interact which could be useful
for future planning.
Although police are competent at identifying mental illness
when a citizen is symptom-
atic (Fry, O’Riordan, & Geanellos, 2002), they may be
undercounting interactions with
this population because people with mental illnesses are not
symptomatic all the time.
Another limitation of BHR case identification is related to the
security and privacy
concerns that must be addressed when matching criminal justice
data with BHR. For
example, legislation such as the Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act
(HIPPA; 1996) strictly controls the sharing of health records.
University researchers have
worked through their institutional review boards to address the
privacy concerns when
dealing with protected health data. However, initiatives such as
the National Institutes of
Health (NIH) Big Data Knowledge project (BD2K; NIH, n.d.)
are developing mecha-
nisms that will allow localities to share protected data both
within and across systems.
Initiatives such as BD2K are also creating new funding
opportunities that researchers and
policy makers can capitalize on to develop the data and resource
infrastructure needed to
use electronic records in the case identification process (NIH,
n.d.). Finally, it is possible
that states’ efforts to move Medicaid populations into private
sector managed care cover-
age, could decrease the accessibility of Medicaid data.
However, at least two of the stud-
35. ies cited in this article were conducted in states that had already
transitioned the
management of Medicaid to managed care entities (Becker et
al., 2011; Blank Wilson,
Draine, Hadley, & Metraux, 2011), thus it is reasonable to
expect that even in this sce-
nario, private corporations will still be required to submit these
data to the state.
Discussion
Within the criminal justice field, there is near universal
agreement that people with
mental illnesses are overrepresented in the criminal justice
system (e.g., see Ditton,
1999; James & Glaze, 2006; Steadman et al., 2009). However,
the same research
shows that the extent of involvement varies. Even estimates of
the rates of involve-
ment of people with mental illnesses in the criminal justice
system formulated using
the most rigorous method of case identification (i.e., diagnostic
interview) vary based
on geographic locations where the estimates were made
(Steadman et al., 2009). This
point underscores the critical importance of formulating
estimates of the justice-system
involvement of people with mental illnesses that are specific to
the locality that will
provide and develop services for this population.
Until recently, developing locally specific estimates of justice-
involved persons
with mental illnesses was beyond the reach of most localities
because of the high
expense and high level of research expertise needed to
36. accomplish the task. However,
the BHR case identification method offers practitioners and
policy makers a viable
method for examining rates of involvement on a local level.
Although this method has
limitations—particularly that it excludes people who were
previously undiagnosed
and those with private insurance, BHR case identification offers
the benefit of provid-
ing estimates of justice-system involved populations with
mental illnesses that are
derived from provider-reported diagnostic data, and at a fraction
of the cost of con-
ducting diagnostic interviews.
Morabito and Wilson 933
We hope the discussion of the methods presented in this article
will guide practitioners
and policy makers who are considering the use of BHR in the
case identification process.
For practitioners, using systematic, data-driven methods to
determine local rates of
involvement of people with mental illnesses maximizes the
chances of services and
resources being appropriately distributed. For example, police
departments must decide
which partnerships to pursue and trainings to use, correctional
institutions must determine
which medication and treatment services will be available to
inmates, and reentry person-
nel must link newly released offenders with the appropriate
mental health services.
Personnel, access, and service availability are all based on
37. estimates of the number of
people in need of these services. This approach is not the
answer for every agency in
every situation but may be useful for some. For some criminal
justice agencies, this may
be the only way to screen large populations such as arrestees
and jail inmates.
Researchers have taken diverse approaches to identifying people
with mental ill-
ness who are involved in various criminal justice settings.
Given the nature of police
work, including the brevity of many police–citizen encounters,
researchers have relied
on trained observers to identify which of these encounters
involved a person with
mental illness (Engel & Silver, 2001; Teplin, 1984). Although
the courts and jail set-
tings have provided researchers with better access to justice-
involved populations,
these research efforts have lacked a standardized definition of
mental illness and used
multiple methods to identify people with mental illness,
resulting in wide variability in
estimated numbers of this population. However, the recent
societal-level investments
in digitizing medical records (American Recovery and
Reinvestment act (ARRA:
2009) combined with the new mandate to use electronic records
in health care settings
(ACA, 2010) are creating volumes of digital data that can be
used to identify individu-
als across all levels of involvement in the criminal justice
system. The availability of
these new data sources has coincided with significant public
investment in developing
38. technological resources to mine these data resources; this
intersection of data access
availability of new methods will create opportunities for
researchers to explore the
involvement of people with mental illnesses at all points of the
criminal justice system.
Although a discussion of the full range of implications of the
“big data revolution” on
research with justice-involved people with mental illnesses is
beyond the scope of this
article, the resources generated by these efforts address
limitations of the case identi-
fication methods that have prohibited use of big data in the past.
The criminal justice field is entering a research era that is likely
to be defined by the
big data revolution, wherein large administrative data sources
will become the primary
data source for many studies, especially research on health and
health care services use
(NIH, n.d.). However, this data revolution also offers criminal
justice practitioners and
policy makers the infrastructure needed to use existing data to
guide real-time decisions
regarding mental health services that require additional
development and testing. Part
of such exploration should involve tests of the accuracy of the
BHR case identification
method as reliable information is needed, but for it to be useful
for service planning in
the public mental health system, it also has to be diagnostically
specific. However,
these tests should involve real-world considerations—such as
cost-benefit analysis of
increased accuracy or improved diagnostic precision—compared
across case
39. 934 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology 61(8)
identification methods to enable practitioners and policy makers
to use the data to make
the best decisions possible based on the needs and resources
present in their specific
localities. Finally, these are not always mutually exclusive
methods. The best way to
capture the rate of mental illness including the previously
undiagnosed may be some
combination of these approaches. For example, it may be useful
to merge jail and prison
classification records with BHR or to conduct a brief survey of
inmates to identify the
undiagnosed. It is true that only direct screening can catch the
undiagnosed and the
truly unidentified, but given the resources required to conduct
diagnostic interviews,
this method cannot be used in a wide-scale manner. A
combination of these methods
could widen the net and include more people who are in need of
treatment.
Conclusion
Researchers and practitioners must consider the positive and
negative aspects of every
method of case identification. Estimates of mental illness in
criminal justice popula-
tions are crucial to making public policy decisions regarding
funding for programs
such as Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT), mental health courts,
40. and reentry programs.
Such programs and the criminal justice knowledge base would
benefit significantly if
the same method was used to measure the extent of involvement
of people with mental
illnesses at all points in the criminal justice system. Although
every police–citizen
encounter does not lead to an arrest and jail time, and every jail
detainee is not sen-
tenced to prison, some overlap does exist among these
populations.
We have demonstrated the wide variation that exists in
estimates of mental illness
within some criminal justice settings. Notably, even the most
conservative rates dem-
onstrate that a large number of people with mental illnesses
become involved with the
criminal justice system, and such involvement occurs at
disproportionately higher
rates than community samples (Teplin, 1990; Teplin et al.,
1996). Thus, it is important
for local jurisdictions to understand the size of the population
they are trying to
address, especially given that recent estimates have been shown
to vary substantially
across local jurisdictions (Steadman et al., 2009).
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship,
and/or publication of this article.
Funding
41. The author(s) received no financial support for the research,
authorship, and/or publication of
this article.
Notes
1. Based on Google Scholar counts, the studies that had the
most citations of rates of involve-
ment were included in the table. This list is not meant to be
inclusive of all studies that esti-
mated rates of involvement of mental illness in criminal justice
populations. These studies
Morabito and Wilson 935
are not meant to be the most recent or most rigorous in the
field, rather they are indicative of
the research that is most utilized in the field.
2. For serious mental illnesses, a diagnosis at any point in the
lifetime of the individual will be
important information for criminal justice personnel because
individuals with these diagno-
ses require ongoing treatment to support the management of
these disorders and alleviation
of symptoms during active stages of the disorders.
3. Ideally, a mental health clinician with training in interpreting
these measures would conduct
these interviews or would supervise non-mental health
professionals.
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51. States, with more arriving after the Haitian earthquake in 2010.
Their numbers may exceed 1.5 million. Most live in NYC, FL,
Boston, Chicago, and CAMost come here for better economic
opportunities and political freedom
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Overview ContinuedHaitians are a mix of Arawak Indian,
Spanish, French, and African Black resulting in sharp class
stratification and color consciousness1791 ended slavery in
Haiti
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Communications Languages are primarily Creole (for the poor)
and French (wealthier) and English although many speak all
three languagesBlack, mulatto, or white and colors in-
betweenMost Blacks are poor and underprivileged
*
52. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
OverviewEarly immigration to the United States was the
wealthier groups for education, followed by general
immigration after 1920 and the United States occupation of
HaitiAfter 1964, Duvalier became president for life, mass
exodus because of oppression politically and economically
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Overview Continued1980 immigration with the Mariel Boat Lift
from Cuba brought first legal and then the Boat People from
Haiti. Many had left Haiti to Cuba in previous generations and
this group joined in coming to the United States.Resulted in
Cuban-Haitian entrant: status pending
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Overview ContinuedFrench model of education with liberal arts,
philosophy, classics, and languages—Latin and Greek and de-
emphasizes technical and vocational training and the social and
physical sciences Educated Haitians are multilingualOnly 15%
to 20% receive an education—high illiteracy rates
53. *
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
CommunicationsFrench and Creole official languages15% speak
French, 100% speak CreoleOral communication patterns to pass
on culture through proverbs and storytellingSmile timidly to
hide lack of education and understandingNod of the head does
not mean “I understand”
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Communications ContinuedMost are private individuals who do
not want friends or family to interpret for them Traditional
Haitians do not usually maintain eye contactTouching is
commonWomen may hold hands while walking in public
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
54. Communications ContinuedMost are present oriented out of
necessity, the past is cherished and the future is predetermined
—many remain rather fatalisticPunctuality is not valued—
flexible time is the norm
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Communications ContinuedFirst and middle name are usually
hyphenatedWoman takes her husband’s name upon marriageLast
names are usually French or Arabic in originFormality in name
is the norm
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family RolesMatriarchal or shared decision-making is the
norm—although there are variationsMale is the primary
breadwinner Concept of machismo prevailsNot uncommon to
have more than one mistress or for women male partners
*
55. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family Roles ContinuedChildren are valued and expected to be
well behaved—otherwise physical punishment may be usedMost
feel US society is too permissiveBoys are given more freedom
and permissive behaviorGirls cannot go out alone until age 17+
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family Roles ContinuedNuclear, consanguine, and affinal
relatives are the normFamily lineage is what denotes respect,
not moneyChildren expected to care for parents when self-care
is a concern
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family Roles ContinuedSingle parenting is well
acceptedHomosexuality is taboo—if known, total denial from
both sidesMistress supports her children with little to no
financial help
*
56. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
ClickerCheck
The nurse is providing insulin injection instructions to Mrs.
Paul, a 44-year-old Haitian. When the nurse asks her if she
understands the instructions, she nods. To assure understanding,
the nurse should
Ask her to repeat the instructions.
Give her written instruction to ensure.
Have her demonstrate an injection.
Give the instructions to a family member.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Correct Answer
Correct answer: C
The best way to assure understanding is for the patient to
demonstrate the injection.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
57. Health ConditionsCholera, parasitosis, and malaria without
malaria control measuresHepatitis, tuberculosis, venereal
disease have high ratesMost test positive for TBC because of
Bacille bilie de Calmette-Guerin vaccinationsHigh rates of
diabetes and hypertension
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
NutritionFor many, food means survivalPrefer eating at home
and dislike fast foodWhen hospitalized, many prefer to fast
rather than eat hospital foodDislike yogurt, runny eggs, and
cottage cheeseStaples are rice and beans, plantains, salad
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Nutrition ContinuedLists of foods are in the Haitian--American
chapterFoods are classified as cold (fret) and hot (cho), acid and
non-acid, and heavy and lightMust balance fret and cho foods or
illness occurs
*
58. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Nutrition ContinuedCough medicines are hot, laxatives are
coldAvoid citrus, causes acneAfter ironing do not open
refrigerator doorDo not shower when you are hotDo not put
warm feet directly on the cold floor
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Nutrition ContinuedDiet high in carbohydrates and fatBeing
overweight is seen as positiveMajor portion of meat protein is
given to men
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
PregnancyPregnancy is not an illness so why seek prenatal
careSpicy foods will cause the fetus to be irritableVegetables
and red fruits build blood for the fetusIncreased salivation—
“use a spit cup”
59. *
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Pregnancy ContinuedPrefer natural childbirth, although
changing somewhat in the United StatesMen usually not present
during labor—female family members are preferredDress
warmly and stay in bed 2 to 3 days after birth and use an
abdominal binder to close the bones so cold air does not enter
and cause illness
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
PostpartumThree baths postpartum, more difficult in the United
StatesAvoid food believed to increase vaginal discharge—lima
beans, okra, mushroomsOther foods are strength
foodsBreastfeeding is encouragedAll infants receive lok to help
meconium pass
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
60. ClickerCheck
Most Haitians practice the hot and cold dichotomy of foods.
This is know in Haitian Creole as
a. Yin and yang.
b. Calor y frio.
c. Fret and cho.
d. Am and duong.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Correct Answer
Correct answer: C
Fret and cho are the Haitian Creole words for hot and cold.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Death RitualsPrefer to die at homeDeath watch by family who
brings religious pictures and have bedside prayerMale kinsman
responsible for funeral arrangements, notifying all family
members, and coordinating the servicePreburial veye to
celebrate deceased’s life
*
61. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Death Rituals ContinuedSeven consecutive days of prayer in the
home to help the passage of the soul into the next lifeBelieve in
resurrection so no cremationAutopsy may relieve fear of
deceased becoming a zombie
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
SpiritualityFamily is the center of lifeCatholicism is the
primary religion of HaitiReligious practices combined with
voodooismLoa, the gods or spirits, believed to receive powers
from God can provide protection and wealth
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare PracticesGood health is balance between hot and
cold, eat well, be plump, pray, be free of pain, eat and sleep
right, and exerciseIllness is seen as punishment and comes of
two types—natural and supernaturalNatural illnesses of two
62. types—short duration caused by environmental factors
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare Practices ContinuedNatural longer term illness due
to disequilibria between hot and cold and bone
displacementSupernatural illnesses are caused by angry spirits,
which are placated by ceremonial feastsGas is a major cause of
illness and can be in any part of the body
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare Practices ContinuedCertain foods can dispel
gasPostpartum more susceptible to gasTraditional Haitians have
a low pain (doule) threshold and is difficult to assess because of
vague terms used to describe painInjections are preferred to oral
medications
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
63. 4th Edition
Healthcare Practices ContinuedCondition is deemed very
serious if oxygen is neededSpecial diet for physical weakness—
vitamins, liver, pigeon meat, leafy green vegetables, and cow’s
feetSezisman, similar to susto or magical fright, is caused by
unexpected bad news and fright
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare Practices ContinuedStrong stigma with mental
illnessSelf-treat and self-medicate or take friends medicineMay
bring medicines from HaitiCultural bound illness—oppression
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Barriers Delay seeking care because of self-careNo health
insuranceView that Western medicine does not understand
voodooismLanguage difficultiesVery reluctant to receive blood
transfusions or engage in organ donation
*
65. 75% under the age of 30Much diversity in Iran (Persia) among
its inhabitants and also much diversity among Iranians in the
United States
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Overview/Heritage ContinuedThe reform institutions of current
Iran are colored by religious traditions and ideology of
Islam.Current industrialization of Iran has been from the
outside, not from the inside and is due to the oil production
industry.Political instability continues with clashes between
conservatives and liberals.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Overview/Heritage ContinuedFirst wave of immigration
between 1950 and 1970 were mostly students and professionals
from the social elite and many stayed in the United
States.Second wave between 1970 and 1978 were varied in their
background, but most were still affluent and urban and came for
education and to be with family.
*
66. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Overview/Heritage ContinuedNot a major influence in the
United States because they did not live in ethnic enclaves and
assimilated into the United States culture easilyThe third wave
of immigration began in 1979 at the time of the Islamic
revolution and included voluntary and involuntary political
exiles and others who come for economic and personal security
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Overview/Heritage ContinuedThe hostage crisis between 1979
and 1981 increased ethnic tension of Iranians in the United
StatesMany are unable to find work in the United States that is
compatible with their education in IranMost highly educated
immigrant group in the United States
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
CommunicationsFarsi (Persian) is the national language of Iran
67. but half speak another language with the educated group
speaking three or more languages, including EnglishInvasions
by numerous other nations have caused a mistrust and suspicion
of foreigners resulting in not sharing one’s feeling with
strangers
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Communications ContinuedTell stories rather than being blunt
and to the point in conversations leading to politeness and
sometimes disguised as modestyHierarchical relationships
dictate politeness and social communication resulting in a
public self and a personal self
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Communications ContinuedFamily affairs remain within the
familySelf-control is valued and therefore do not show anger or
emotionsMen can show affection for men and women for women
in public, but not men and womenStand close in conversations,
regardless of social status between conversants
*
68. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Communications ContinuedMaintain intense eye contact
between intimates, but avoid eye contact with superiors and
eldersExpressive gesturingBalance in temporalityClock time is
meaningless, even with appointments unless well acculturated
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Communications ContinuedFormality in addressing each other
unless close friendsMore traditional men do not mention their
wives’ names in publicMan should wait for woman to extend
her hand for a greeting
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Name FormatOrder of the name is the same as the Western
method with the given name followed by the
surname.Traditional women do not take their husband’s last
name although some in the United States and elsewhere may
69. upon immigration.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family RolesSociety is patriarchal and hierarchicalOldest son
takes over if father is not present or unable to carry out
decision-makingMale children are more desirable than female
children—true in other cultures as well
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family Roles ContinuedMen deal with finance and matters
outside the home.Women care for the home and children.Before
1960s social reform, women were legally expected to be
obedient and submissive to their husbands.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family Roles ContinuedMarry early and have children. New law
70. says women cannot marry until age 14—was 12 and marriages
may still be arranged, but less so in the United StatesRespect
elders and never speak rudely to themChildren rarely left with
babysitters
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family Roles ContinuedTraditional do not allow dating; women
are expected to remain virgins until married, but not menStrong
intergenerational ties and family life together or nearbyMay
dress conservatively outside the home but less so while at home
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Family Roles ContinuedDivorce uncommon in Iran and carries a
stigma—if divorce, it is the woman’s fault, never the man’s—
varies in the United StatesPregnancy before marriage can have
devastating outcomes and is not talked about, it does not
happen—it is just taken care ofGay and lesbianism highly
stigmatized and is a capital crime punishable by death in Iran
*
71. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Biocultural EcologyWide variations in skin color, hair color,
and eye color and depends on heritage from previous
domination by other countries and culturesCommon illnesses in
Iran include malaria, hypertension, meningitis, hookworms, and
parasitosis
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Biocultural Ecology ContinuedGreat numbers with genetic
disorders brought on by close sanguinity marriages resulting in
blindness, epilepsy, anemias, hemophiliasGlucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase deficiency —fava bean allergies can cause
hemolytic crisis
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Nutrition Food is a symbol of hospitality; serve the best food
for guests who are expected to eat several servings.Polite to
refuse snacks and beverages when first offered—accept it on the
72. third offeringRarely eat fast food; fresh food is greatly
preferred, and many hours are spent preparing meals
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Nutrition ContinuedStrict Muslims avoid pork and alcohol and
meat must be prepared with ritual slaughter called halal.Food
should be eaten with the right hand (clean hand) and food
should be passed with the right hand or both hands.Traditional
prefer family to bring food from home if hospitalized.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Nutrition ContinuedBalance food between garm (hot) and sard
(cold) —if balance does not occur, one may become “chilled” or
“overheated.”Women are more susceptible to these conditions
than are men.Newer immigrants may have protein and vitamin
deficiencies.
*
73. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Childbearing FamilyMenstruating women are not allowed to
touch holy objects, have intercourse, exercise, or shower.Iran is
changing from openly discouraging birth control to now
cautiously and secretly encouraging birth control because of the
population explosion.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Childbearing Family ContinuedCravings must be satisfied
because the fetus needs the craved foodAvoid fried foods or
foods that cause gasEat lots of fruits and vegetablesBalance
garm and sard foodsPregnant woman should not work after the
sixth month
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Childbearing Family ContinuedThe father should not be present
at birth in the traditional family30- to 40-day postpartum period
where other women are to care for the new motherRitual bath
after this period so religious obligations can continueEat
different foods if a boy baby versus girl babyEat an herbal
74. extract (taranjebin) to have a boy
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Death RitualsOkay to begin life support, but usually not okay to
end life supportMultiple family members come to bedside of the
dying person and recite/read prayersBed should be turned to
face MeccaMore traditional want to return to Iran to die
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Death Rituals ContinuedEven though death is seen as a
beginning, not an end, mourning and grief are displayed openly
and even dramatically to encourage letting goAfter death,
relatives and friends gather on days 3, 7, and 40 to pray and
grieve with family and friends
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
75. Death Rituals ContinuedAll wear black for mourning and
women should not wear makeupOn the anniversary of the death,
family and friends again gather to express grief and pay respect
to their loved one
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Death Rituals ContinuedRitual body washing by another Muslim
after death and dressed in a white shroud; body orifices stuffed
with cotton and ritual prayers said during the cleansingIf non-
Muslim, touch the body only with glovesNo embalming in Iran
nor is cremation practiced
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Spirituality Specific Muslim practices include praying 5 times
each day and need privacy and ritual washing before
prayerDuring Ramadan, fasting from sunup to sundown unless
pregnant or illFamily relationships and friendships are primary
sources of strength
*
76. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Spirituality ContinuedSadness is valued and a sad person is
considered to be deep, thoughtful, and sensitiveGod’s Will and
power over one’s fate fosters passivity and dependence
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
ClickerCheck
A 76 year old Iranian, Muslim male is in the process of dying
after a long debilitating illness. The nurse would
Have his Imam visit.
Make sure no one touches him with bare hands.
Turn him to face Mecca.
Place him in a supine position.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Correct Answer
Correct answer: C
77. At the time of death, the dying person should be positioned to
face Mecca. This can be accomplished by moving the bed or at a
minimum of turning the patient’s face towards Mecca.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare PracticesCombination of humoral medicine, Islam,
and biomedical practicesHumoral medicine—illness is caused
from an imbalance in wet and dry and hot and cold forcesSacred
men are able to healEvil eye is alive and well
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare Practices ContinuedGood health is a daily way of
lifeSeek care immediately and shop around for the right
treatmentUse traditional herbs and over-the-counter medicine to
relieve symptoms and seek care provider to determine the
cureAble to purchase a wide variety of drugs over-the-counter
in Iran and bring them to the United States
*
78. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare Practices ContinuedNarahati—general term to
express unpleasant emotional or physical illnesses and
somatization is common and accepted and can be treated
religiously or medically, depending on what the cause might
beGhalbam gerefteh—distress of the heart—is an expression of
emotional turmoil or homesickness
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare Practices ContinuedVarious remedies for the evil
eye and dependent on the age and family of the person
afflictedLanguage can be a barrier to care for someDescriptions
of conditions may be different from the US descriptionMany do
not have health insurance
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare Practices ContinuedConcept of insurance may not be
known to someUsually very expressive with pain and
discomfortMental illness is highly stigmatized and may hinder
79. other family members from marriagePrefer drugs, the stronger
the better, and prefer IV over IM, and IM over pillsThe more
invasive, the better
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare PractitionersOrgan donations and transplantations
may be seen as a business transactionFolk or religious
practitioner used for narahatisMost respected biomedical
practitioner is a middle-aged male with a title and white
hairFirm believers in high technology
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Healthcare Practitioners ContinuedNurses are usually afforded
little respect—partially because of trainingPhysicians are on
top—all other healthcare providers take a lesser position If self-
care is encouraged, it may be seen as non-caring
*
80. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
ClickerCheck
Mrs. Said is brought to the nurse practitioner by her daughter
because she has naharati. The nurse recognizes this condition as
Equivalent to congestive heart failure.
Generalized distress.
Generalized weakness of aging.
Abdominal pain.
*
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Correct Answer
Correct answer: B
Naharati is generalized distress that can be brought on by stress,
anxiety, homesickness, or other things that can cause emotional
turmoil.
*