This document summarizes a study that modeled water yield, sedimentation, and flood dynamics in two sub-basins in the Volta River Basin in Ghana. The study:
1) Used a hydrological model to simulate water and sediment yields in the Zebilla catchment and estimate the average annual water yield is 1.4 billion cubic meters, with 0.16 billion cubic meters generated within the basin.
2) Estimated the average annual sediment yield for the Zebilla catchment is 3.4 tons/hectare per year, with cropland and woodland contributing 4.7 tons/hectare per year.
3) Calculated the average sediment yield deposited in
Subsidence is one of the major environmental issues related to underground mining industry. This presentation gives an insight to causes, nature, effect of subsidence and some mitigation measures.
A presentation given by a group of students of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
This presentation discussed with different physiolgical factors of drug absorption, structure of membrane the drug crosses, different transport mechanism etc
SOLID DISPERSION
Definition: The technology is the science of dispersing one or more active ingredients in an inert matrix in the solid stage.
Need of solid dispersion:
Increases Oral bioavailability of a drug
Increased dissolution rate.
Enhanced release of drugs from ointment.
Improved the solubility & stability.
The concept of solid dispersion was originally proposed by Sekiguchi & obi.
Increasing the dissolution, absorption & therapeutic efficacy of drugs in dosage forms.
Increasing solubility in water.
Improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs.
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Holader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By M. Harunur Rashid, Faruk Hossain, Deb Kumar Nath, Parimal Chandra Sarker, AKM Ferdous, Timothy Russel
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
Subsidence is one of the major environmental issues related to underground mining industry. This presentation gives an insight to causes, nature, effect of subsidence and some mitigation measures.
A presentation given by a group of students of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
This presentation discussed with different physiolgical factors of drug absorption, structure of membrane the drug crosses, different transport mechanism etc
SOLID DISPERSION
Definition: The technology is the science of dispersing one or more active ingredients in an inert matrix in the solid stage.
Need of solid dispersion:
Increases Oral bioavailability of a drug
Increased dissolution rate.
Enhanced release of drugs from ointment.
Improved the solubility & stability.
The concept of solid dispersion was originally proposed by Sekiguchi & obi.
Increasing the dissolution, absorption & therapeutic efficacy of drugs in dosage forms.
Increasing solubility in water.
Improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs.
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Holader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By J. Bhattacharya, M.K. Mondal, E. Humphreys, M.H. Rashid, P.L.C. Paul, S.P. Ritu
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By M. Maniruzzaman, J.C. Bisawas, M.A.I. Khan, G.W. Sarker, S.S. Haque, J.K. Biswas, M.H. Sarker, M.A. Rashid, N.U. Sekhar, A. Nemes, S. Xenarios, J. Deelstra
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By M. Harunur Rashid, Faruk Hossain, Deb Kumar Nath, Parimal Chandra Sarker, AKM Ferdous, Timothy Russel
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Camelia Dewan, Marie-Charlotte Buisson and Aditi Mukherji
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Urs Schulthess, Timothy J. Krupnik, Zia Uddin Ahmed, Andy J. McDonald
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Parvesh Kr Chandna, Andy Nelson, Zahirul Khan, Moqbul Hossain, Sohel Rana, Fazlur Rashid, M. Mondal, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By Parvesh Kumar Chandna, Andy Nelson, Sohel Rana, Marie-Charlotte Buisson, Sam Mohanty, Nazneed Sultana, Deepak Sethi, T.P. Tuong
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By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Howlader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman (Wheat Research Centre, BARI)
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By Sanjida P. Ritu, M.K. Mondal, T.P. Tuong, S.U. Talukdar, E. Humphreys
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By Kazi Ahmed Kabir, S.B. Saha, Manjurul Karim, Craig A. Meisner, Michael J. Phillips
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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By S.B. Saha, K.A. Kabir, M.K. Mondal, M. Karim, P.L.C. Paul, M. Phillips, E. Humphreys, T.P. Tuong
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By Shankar K Biswas, Tausif Ahmed Qurashi
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By Subhra Bikash Bhattacharyya, Tapas Kumar Ghoshal, Jitendra Kumar Sundaray (Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India)
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http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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3. Social aspects of IWRM
‐ Tool: Companion modeling
‐ Methodology: Stakeholders identify a collective challenge and use
conceptual frameworks to identify their systems in a play fashion
‐ Collective identification of social and ecological dynamics
‐ Outcome: Identification of a shared representation of issues at stake
(actors, resources, dynamics and relationships) through local
stakeholder consultation
5. Modeling Water/Sediment Yields
‐ Study catchment in Ghana (Zebilla: 1,695 km2) ‐
‐ Modeling conducted to include
upstream inputs to‐ and downstream sinks
from study area
6. Model Calibration and Validation
Calibration results 16
Simulated Measured R2=0.84
Annual Total Water Yield (mm)
for Yakala 14
NSE=0.77
12 PBIAS= 6.3%
10
8
6
4
2
Conditions for successful calib. 0
R2 > 0.6 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
NSE > 0.50 Year
PBIAS is + 25%
(Santhi et al., 2001; Moriasi et al., 2007) 8 R2=0.72
Simulated Measured NSE=0.68
Monthly Total Water Yield (mm)
7 PBIAS= 12.6%
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
janv.‐80 janv.‐81 janv.‐82 janv.‐83 janv.‐84 janv.‐85
Calibration Years
6
7. Model Calibration and Validation
70 R2=0.83
Simulated Measured NSE=0.82
Monthly Total Water Yield (mm)
60
PBIAS= 4.4%
50
40
30
20
10
Calibration and 0
validation results
for Nawuni Calibration Months
70
R2=0.82
Monthly Total Water Yield (mm)
60 Simulated Measured NSE=0.78
PBIAS= 15.5%
50
40
30
20
10
0
Validation Months
7
8. Key water Yield Results
Methodology: Simulated discharge in ‘cms’ was converted to ‘cmy’
Outcome: Estimate of water fluxes that can be imported into WEAP
for allocation to the different water users in the basin
Mean annual water yield: 1.4 Billion m3 of which 0.16 Billion m3 is generated
within the basin. The remaining 90% is generated upstream of the basin.
4500 900
Zebila water yield Total water yield
4000 800
Annual Water Yield (Mm3)
3500 700
Total Water Yield (Mm3)
3000 600
2500 500
2000 400
1500 300
1000 200
500 100
0 0
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
9. Sediment Yield Estimation
‐ Methodology: Empirical relationship between water discharge and sediment
concentration yields sediment discharge.
‐ Sediment discharge is used to simulate and calibrate sediment transport (t/day)
in the catchment; yield is computed as a function of study area t/ha
‐ Outcome: Estimate of sediment yields permits scenarios for interventions to
mitigate problem e.g. grass strips
Calibration and
validation
Results for
Nawuni
10. Sediment Yield Estimation
‐ Average annual sediment yield for Zebila catchment: 3.4 t/ha/yr
‐ Sediment yield by land use type: Cropland/woodland, Savanna
Land use Cropland/woodland Savanna
Sediment (t/ha/yr) 4.7 2.1
Contribution to sedimentation (%) 69 31
‐ Average sediment yield in reservoirs in Zebila catchment: 0.012 t/ha/yr (2035 t/yr)
‐ Global average sediment yield: 15 t/ha/yr
‐ Average for Africa: 9 t/ha/yr
12. Characterizing Flood Risk
Produce a
Generate Daily synthetic
Historical Rainfall streamflow record
(1961-2003) by reanalysis
Determine locations
where bankfull storage
Is exceeded
?
Compute Bankfull
storage
13. Next Steps
Sediment modeling
o Model scenarios of interventions e.g., introducing grass
strips to ascertain impacts on erosion and sedimentation
Flood modeling
o Conduct data processing module, water balance routines
and flow routing modules
o Generate flood hazard map
14. Concluding Remarks
‐ Modeling tools are useful for studying sedimentation/erosion and
flooding dynamics within the framework of Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM)
‐ Estimates indicate that 90% of the sub‐basin water resources are from
upstream sources which signifies implications for upstream‐
downstream collaboration on IWRM issues
‐ Sedimentation control through interventions ensures that:
‐ Reservoirs are not subjected to uncontrollable siltation levels
‐ Storage capacity of reservoirs is lengthened and they are used
more productively which
‐ Enhances community water provision and livelihoods in the Basin
15. Concluding Remarks‐ 2
‐ Flood hazard modeling is far advanced. When completed the
generated hazard maps will inform decision making regarding land use
planning in the study catchment. This will help reduce vulnerability to
flooding disasters.
‐ Results from sedimentation and flood modeling feed into multi‐
stakeholder platform for policy and IWRM interventions