Course in general linguistics
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The document summarizes key chapters from Ferdinand de Saussure's book "Course in General Linguistics". [1] It introduces the concepts of the sign, signified, and signifier and the principles that the relationship between them is arbitrary and linear. [2] It discusses linguistic value from conceptual and material viewpoints, noting that value comes from differences within the language system. [3] It defines syntagmatic and associative relations, giving examples of each.
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Discourse analysis is the study of written and spoken language use beyond the sentence level. It examines how language is used in a social context and how it relates to other factors like culture. There are different types of discourse including narrative, descriptive, persuasive, argumentative, and expository. Oral discourse involves spoken communication while written discourse conveys meaning through written language. Some key differences between oral and written discourse are that oral discourse allows for nonverbal cues and can be more spontaneous while written discourse provides more structure and cannot be changed once published.
Coherence and cohesion
Discourse analysis considers language use beyond the sentence level and in its full social context. It examines how texts are structured through cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to linguistic connections between parts of a text, while coherence is the meaningful unity created in the reader's mind. Discourse analysis also looks at spoken and written styles, genres, and conversation structure through phenomena like turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and back-channeling. Background knowledge and expectations also influence how a text is understood.
Unit 2: Spinning webs of meaning, language and social reality
This document provides an overview of a university course on critical literacy and interaction. It discusses several key topics:
- The relationship between identity, communication, and how we negotiate our identities through communication with others.
- The role of language and meaning-making in shaping our understanding of self and reality. Meaning is negotiated through social interactions and messages that help form our identities.
- An introduction to semiology, the study of signs and meanings. It explains concepts like the signifier, signified, and how we make meaning through a shared system of symbols and signs.
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Seminar applied linguistics
The document discusses the interactionist approach to second language acquisition (SLA). It explains that the interactionist approach focuses on how social interaction and modified input through negotiation of meaning promotes language acquisition. The interaction hypothesis posits that interactional modification makes input comprehensible, comprehensible input promotes acquisition, and therefore interactional modification promotes acquisition. The document also provides a critical review of some key aspects of the interactionist perspective, such as the role of modified input and the importance of social context in SLA.
Criteria of the System of Communication.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication according to rules. It has several key characteristics: it is arbitrary, a social phenomenon, symbolic, vocal, not instinctive but conventional, productive, a system of communication, unique, complex and modifiable. The basic building blocks of language are phonemes, morphemes, and grammar. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound, morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, and grammar establishes rules for combining these elements into sentences.
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What is Linguistics? Why is linguistics called the scientific study of Language? Definition of Linguistics. Characteristics of human language,
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This document introduces several key concepts and approaches in linguistics and sociolinguistics. It defines language and discusses how language is a social construct. It also discusses the difference between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to language, how standard languages emerge, and the notions of speech community, monolingualism/multilingualism, and diglossia. Key terms introduced include signifier, signified, linguistic relativity, prescriptivism, descriptivism, standardization, and speech community.
Ways of knowing language summary
This document discusses several key aspects of language:
1. Language is rule-governed through grammar and vocabulary. Rules help determine meaning and structure.
2. Language is intended for communication, though not all communication is linguistic. Language conveys intended meanings.
3. Language is creative and open-ended. Its rules allow for new sentences and an infinite number of grammatically correct combinations, adding new words over time.
4. The nature and meaning of language involves interpretation and is problematic due to vagueness, ambiguity, and metaphorical/ironic uses that add layers of possible meanings.
Discourse analysis
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis and different approaches to analyzing discourse. It discusses how discourse analysis examines both spoken and written language in their social contexts. Several key approaches are described, including conversation analysis, variation theory, systemic functional linguistics, and critical discourse analysis. The document also compares differences between spoken and written language at the levels of grammar and vocabulary choice.
CH 1 What is Linguistics-PPT.pdf
This chapter discusses linguistics. It also examines the scopes of linguistics as well as exploring its roles and benefits for language teachers.
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Unit 2: Spinning webs of meaning, language and social reality
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- 1. Course in General Linguistics Ferdinand de Saussure Class Discussion
- 2. Chapter I • Sign, Signified, Signifier Sign is the whole entity of signified and signifier (the concept and the sound-image) Signified is the concept that exists in the real world Signifier is the sound-image represented in the language • Principle I: Language is arbitrary. No direct relationship between the signified and the signifier (the concept and the sound-image) Challenges: Onomatopoeia (e.g. knock-knock, tick-tock), Interjection (e.g. ouch!, ssshh!) • Principle II: The relationship between signified and signifier is linear. We hardly separate them. • Opinion? Agree
- 3. Chapter IV • Linguistic Value 1. Language as organized thought coupled with sound a. The relationship between the concept and sound-image is integrated b. Linguistics deals with the form, not substance 2.Linguistic Value from a Conceptual Viewpoint a. A linguistic value exists due to other linguistic values within the language system 3.Linguistic Value from a Material Viewpoint The phonic differences in a language distinguish one linguistic value to another 4.The Sign Considered Its Totality: Language is all about differences. One linguistic unit shall have value only if it is contrasted with another Opinion/Your Own Examples
- 4. Chapter V • Syntagmatic Relation is a relation that ties together the different parts of the combination of linguistic units Examples: Contre Tous (against all), Contremaitre (foreman) • Associative Relation is a relationship of linguistic units that have something in common Examples: Instruction, education, organization, association, communication, complication, etc have an associative relation Opinion? Agree/Disagree