This document discusses how country of origin affects consumer purchasing decisions for NWP's natural skincare products. It aims to understand how country of origin impacts sales in both domestic and international markets. The literature review discusses how country of origin forms consumers' perceptions of product quality and influences purchase decisions. Pursuing growth strategies focused predominantly on country of origin could provide competitive advantages by leveraging positive country stereotypes, but there are also pitfalls like overreliance on country image at the expense of other product attributes. The document will provide recommendations to help increase NWP's sales and market share through effective use of country of origin.
Secondary Brand Association - Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Buil...TanveerHossainRayvee
Leveraging Secondary Brand Association to build Brand Equity. Brand Association is very essential to build brand equity as it helps the audience to recall about the brand. For example, Close up reminds us about fresh breathing.
Secondary Brand Association - Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Buil...TanveerHossainRayvee
Leveraging Secondary Brand Association to build Brand Equity. Brand Association is very essential to build brand equity as it helps the audience to recall about the brand. For example, Close up reminds us about fresh breathing.
This ten-year company report and 3-year marketing plan for Lobel Company has been created by its three managers to deliver to the company’s CEO a summary of the outstanding performance of Lobel, as well as a proposed marketing plan with future directions. Lobel was launched ten periods ago and has experienced great demand for its offerings. Research proved that the target market of Nutrites and Clinites consumers would like to buy our cosmetics and supplements contrary to other companies’ products. The marketing environment has been very receptive to the Lobel’s high-quality products. Over the next three years, Lobel can increase its distribution, offer improved products, and win new customers.
Dove: Using Consumer Psychology to Understand Buyer BehaviourSofia Fominova
The report analyses Dove’s products and advertising campaigns, to 1) understand the product involvement level and studying consumers’ motivations behind purchases, 2) conduct an in-depth STP analysis, and, 3) apply relevant consumer psychology theories to thoroughly understand the aspects of Dove’s consumer behaviour.
L’Oreal’s methods have brought it profitable results so far, we believe a shift in focus of the segmentation to age and gender can be considered to prolong its success. Although L’Oreal has always practiced differentiated marketing strategy to target several market segments, we think there is a segmentwhich has been largely neglected: If tapped, L’Oreal could see massive profits and success in India. In thiscase we believe L’Oreal should target the Men.
Literature Review: The Country of Origin Image Affecting Consumers’ Purchase ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The country of origin image is considered as one of
the most important factor for consumers when they make a
purchase decision. A lot of marketers and scholars have
researched this factor from different perspectives. The
country of origin image may ease consumers’ evaluation of the
product when they would like to buy unknown product from
foreign country. In addition, many aspects can affect country
of origin image and the latter can make an impact on
consumers’ perception of goods. The purpose of the paper to
review existing literature for more accurate understanding of
the “country origin image” factor and to analyze its effect on
consumers’ purchase decision. This study explores
consumers’ perception about country’s image from different
kind of variables additionally by giving examples to make it
clearer for readers. This study also shares the personal
opinion about future concept of “country of origin image” as a
factor consumers’ purchase behavior.
Top journals (all business disciplines combined) Academy ofTakishaPeck109
Top journals (all business disciplines combined)
Academy of Management Journal
Academy of Management Review
Accounting Review
ACM Transactions on Information Systems
Administrative Science Quarterly
Contemporary Accounting Research
European Journal of Information Systems
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Information Systems
Information Systems Research
International Journal of Research in Marketing
Journal of Accounting and Economics
Journal of Accounting Research
Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Journal of Consumer Research
Journal of Finance
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis
Journal of Financial Economics
Journal of Financial Intermediation
Journal of International Business Studies
Journal of Marketing
Journal of Marketing Research
Journal of Operations Management
Journal of Strategic Information Systems
Management Science
Manufacturing and Service Operations Management
Marketing Science
MIS Quarterly
Organization Science
Production and Operations Management
Review of Accounting Studies
Review of Financial Studies
Strategic Management Journal
VLDB Journal
Very good journals (split per discipline):
Accounting:
Abacus
Accounting and Business Research
Accounting, Organizations and Society
Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory
European Accounting Review
Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance
Journal of the American Taxation Association
Journal of Business Finance and Accounting
Journal of Management Accounting Research
Management Accounting Research
Information Management:
ACM Transactions on the Web
CAiSE Proceedings
Communications of the ACM
Data and Knowledge Engineering
Decision Support Systems
ECIS Proceedings
Electronic Markets
IEEE Software
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Information and Management
Information and Software Technology
Information Systems Journal
International Journal of Electronic Commerce
Journal of Group Decision and Negotiation
Journal of Information Technology
Journal of MIS
World Wide Web Journal
Finance:
Finance and Stochastics
Financial Management
Journal of Banking and Finance
Journal of Computational Finance
Journal of Corporate Finance
Journal of Empirical Finance
Journal of International Money and Finance
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
Mathematical Finance
Review of Finance
Marketing:
Industrial Marketing Management
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
Journal of Advertising
Journal of Business Research
Journal of Consumer Psychology
Journal of Product Innovation Management
Journal of Retailing
Marketing Letters
Psychology & Marketing
Quantitative Marketing and Economics
Organization:
International Journal of Industrial Organization
Journal of Management
Journal of Management Studies
Journal of Transport Economics and Policy
Long Range Planning ...
This ten-year company report and 3-year marketing plan for Lobel Company has been created by its three managers to deliver to the company’s CEO a summary of the outstanding performance of Lobel, as well as a proposed marketing plan with future directions. Lobel was launched ten periods ago and has experienced great demand for its offerings. Research proved that the target market of Nutrites and Clinites consumers would like to buy our cosmetics and supplements contrary to other companies’ products. The marketing environment has been very receptive to the Lobel’s high-quality products. Over the next three years, Lobel can increase its distribution, offer improved products, and win new customers.
Dove: Using Consumer Psychology to Understand Buyer BehaviourSofia Fominova
The report analyses Dove’s products and advertising campaigns, to 1) understand the product involvement level and studying consumers’ motivations behind purchases, 2) conduct an in-depth STP analysis, and, 3) apply relevant consumer psychology theories to thoroughly understand the aspects of Dove’s consumer behaviour.
L’Oreal’s methods have brought it profitable results so far, we believe a shift in focus of the segmentation to age and gender can be considered to prolong its success. Although L’Oreal has always practiced differentiated marketing strategy to target several market segments, we think there is a segmentwhich has been largely neglected: If tapped, L’Oreal could see massive profits and success in India. In thiscase we believe L’Oreal should target the Men.
Literature Review: The Country of Origin Image Affecting Consumers’ Purchase ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The country of origin image is considered as one of
the most important factor for consumers when they make a
purchase decision. A lot of marketers and scholars have
researched this factor from different perspectives. The
country of origin image may ease consumers’ evaluation of the
product when they would like to buy unknown product from
foreign country. In addition, many aspects can affect country
of origin image and the latter can make an impact on
consumers’ perception of goods. The purpose of the paper to
review existing literature for more accurate understanding of
the “country origin image” factor and to analyze its effect on
consumers’ purchase decision. This study explores
consumers’ perception about country’s image from different
kind of variables additionally by giving examples to make it
clearer for readers. This study also shares the personal
opinion about future concept of “country of origin image” as a
factor consumers’ purchase behavior.
Top journals (all business disciplines combined) Academy ofTakishaPeck109
Top journals (all business disciplines combined)
Academy of Management Journal
Academy of Management Review
Accounting Review
ACM Transactions on Information Systems
Administrative Science Quarterly
Contemporary Accounting Research
European Journal of Information Systems
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Information Systems
Information Systems Research
International Journal of Research in Marketing
Journal of Accounting and Economics
Journal of Accounting Research
Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Journal of Consumer Research
Journal of Finance
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis
Journal of Financial Economics
Journal of Financial Intermediation
Journal of International Business Studies
Journal of Marketing
Journal of Marketing Research
Journal of Operations Management
Journal of Strategic Information Systems
Management Science
Manufacturing and Service Operations Management
Marketing Science
MIS Quarterly
Organization Science
Production and Operations Management
Review of Accounting Studies
Review of Financial Studies
Strategic Management Journal
VLDB Journal
Very good journals (split per discipline):
Accounting:
Abacus
Accounting and Business Research
Accounting, Organizations and Society
Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory
European Accounting Review
Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance
Journal of the American Taxation Association
Journal of Business Finance and Accounting
Journal of Management Accounting Research
Management Accounting Research
Information Management:
ACM Transactions on the Web
CAiSE Proceedings
Communications of the ACM
Data and Knowledge Engineering
Decision Support Systems
ECIS Proceedings
Electronic Markets
IEEE Software
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Information and Management
Information and Software Technology
Information Systems Journal
International Journal of Electronic Commerce
Journal of Group Decision and Negotiation
Journal of Information Technology
Journal of MIS
World Wide Web Journal
Finance:
Finance and Stochastics
Financial Management
Journal of Banking and Finance
Journal of Computational Finance
Journal of Corporate Finance
Journal of Empirical Finance
Journal of International Money and Finance
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
Mathematical Finance
Review of Finance
Marketing:
Industrial Marketing Management
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
Journal of Advertising
Journal of Business Research
Journal of Consumer Psychology
Journal of Product Innovation Management
Journal of Retailing
Marketing Letters
Psychology & Marketing
Quantitative Marketing and Economics
Organization:
International Journal of Industrial Organization
Journal of Management
Journal of Management Studies
Journal of Transport Economics and Policy
Long Range Planning ...
The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 10 Number 1.docxcherry686017
The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 10 * Number 1 * April 2014 issue 99
International Brand Management and Strategy:
Apparel Market in China
Dr. Yi-Ju Chen, Florida International University, USA
Dr. Po-Chung Chen, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
This study examined the perceptions of the country of origin and the methods of communicating
branding information of international apparel brands. The findings of the study indicated that the
respondents perceive European clothing brands as more stylish than brands from other nations. The
results also indicated that information about apparel brands provided by friends and information
provided by retail store operators was considered more reliable than information provided by advertising
or the Internet. Lastly, it suggested that there were regional differences in the perceptions of consumers
of foreign apparel brands, but the regional differences manifested themselves in only a few of the
variables examined by the study.
Keywords: Brand management, Communication methods, Country of origin
INTRODUCTION
In the general approach to global branding in the apparel industry, China represents a unique market
environment due to the relatively recent development of branding practices in this nation (Brouthers &
Xu, 2002; Delong, Bao, Wu, Chao, & Li, 2004). China is a socialist market economy that is experiencing
economic growth at a rate substantially higher than the majority of other nations. The nation has a
population of 1.3 billion, which represents the largest single market of consumers in the world. The
market is highly segmented on the basis of demographic factors such as age, geographic factors such as
urban or rural location and psychographic factors such as perceptions of the importance of status (Gibb &
Li, 2003). The size of the market, coupled with the segmentation, present a range of difficulties for firms
attempting to develop a branding strategy tailored to the Chinese environment.
Over the past decade, consumers in China have become increasingly conscious of brands, with
brand recognition functioning as an antecedent to the purchase decision (Wang, 2005). At the same time,
the number of international and domestic brands in the marketplace is rapidly increasing as firms attempt
to capture a share of this giant consumer market. As a result, there is a high level of cognitive dissonance
in the marketplace caused by the proliferation of brands that have a similar message, which causes
confusion for the consumer. The Chinese marketplace is characterized by a comparatively smaller
number of brands than in other developing nations (Baroncelli, Fink, & Javorcik, 2005). In addition, the
majority of the branding activity in the nation is conducted by foreign firms, although there has been a
recent increase in branding efforts by domestic firms. The Chinese marketplace has also been receptive to
vari ...
Consumer behavior is perhaps the most researched topic in customer.docxTharulWickramarathna
onsumer behavior is often influenced by different factors. Marketers should study consumer purchase patterns and figure out buyer trends.
In most cases, brands influence consumer behavior only with the things they can control; think about how IKEA seems to compel you to spend more than what you intended to every time you walk into the store.
So what are the factors that influence consumers to say yes? There are three categories of factors that influence consumer behavior:
Personal factors: an individual’s interests and opinions can be influenced by demographics (age, gender, culture, etc.).
Psychological factors: an individual’s response to a marketing message will depend on their perceptions and attitudes.
Social factors: family, friends, education level, social media, income, all influence consumers’ behavior.
Types of consumer behavior
There are four main types of consumer behavior:
1. Complex buying behavior
This type of behavior is encountered when consumers are buying an expensive, infrequently bought product. They are highly involved in the purchase process and consumers’ research before committing to a high-value investment. Imagine buying a house or a car; these are an example of a complex buying behavior.
2. Dissonance-reducing buying behavior
The consumer is highly involved in the purchase process but has difficulties determining the differences between brands. ‘Dissonance’ can occur when the consumer worries that they will regret their choice.
Imagine you are buying a lawnmower. You will choose one based on price and convenience, but after the purchase, you will seek confirmation that you’ve made the right choice.
3. Habitual buying behavior
Habitual purchases are characterized by the fact that the consumer has very little involvement in the product or brand category. Imagine grocery shopping: you go to the store and buy your preferred type of bread. You are exhibiting a habitual pattern, not strong brand loyalty.
4. Variety seeking behavior
In this situation, a consumer purchases a different product not because they weren’t satisfied with the previous one, but because they seek variety. Like when you are trying out new shower gel scents.
Knowing what types of customers your e-store attracts will give you a better idea about how to segment customer types.
What affects consumer behavior?
Many things can affect consumer behavior, but the most frequent factors influencing consumer behavior are:
1. Marketing campaigns
Marketing campaigns influence purchasing decisions a lot. If done right and regularly, with the right marketing message, they can even persuade consumers to change brands or opt for more expensive alternatives.
Marketing campaigns, such as Facebook ads for eCommerce, can even be used as reminders for products/services that need to be bought regularly but are not necessarily on customers’ top of mind (like an insurance for example). A good marketing message can influence impulse purchases.
62 Journal of International MarketingConsumer Animosity, C.docxevonnehoggarth79783
62 Journal of International Marketing
Consumer Animosity, Country of
Origin, and Foreign Entry-Mode
Choice: A Cross-Country
Investigation
Cher-Min Fong, Chun-Ling Lee, and Yunzhou Du
ABSTRACT
Drawing on the perspective of country of origin, this study provides evidence regarding how entry-mode choice and
postentry branding strategy affect foreign product purchase intentions in an animosity context. The authors conduct
two studies in two host country markets, one with high animosity (China) and the other with low animosity (Taiwan)
toward a target country (Japan). The results of Study 1 reveal that in a high-animosity host country, consumers prefer
the foreign products launched through an acquisition joint venture to those that are imports or the derivatives of full
acquisition. The findings of Study 2 indicate that in a high-animosity host country, consumers prefer the foreign prod-
ucts launched through an acquisition joint venture mode that adopts a local brand or a local-foreign cobrand to one
that adopts a foreign-local cobrand. In contrast, in a low-animosity host country, entry modes and postentry branding
strategies have no effect on foreign product purchase intentions.
Keywords: consumer animosity, country of origin, foreign entry mode, country of brand, country of ownership
I
n the years since Klein, Ettenson, and Morris (1998)
published their pioneering study, an extensive body of
research on the effects of consumer animosity on the
purchase of foreign products has emerged in the inter-
national marketing and business literature streams. The
central argument of consumer animosity research is that
consumers resist purchasing foreign goods because their
hostile attitudes toward a particular country exceed
their product quality judgments (Klein 2002; Klein and
Ettenson 1999; Klein, Ettenson, and Morris 1998).
Although these studies have enriched the field’s under-
standing of consumer animosity and its effects on the
purchase of foreign products, they provide limited
insight into a critical and fundamental decision: the
entry mode a foreign firm should adopt when launch-
ing products in a host country with significant animos-
ity toward the firm’s home country.Prior research has
regarded the relationship between the United States and
China as hostile (Ishii 2009). Consider the consumer
responses toward the products in the following real
case:
U.S.-based General Motors has recently formed an
international joint venture (IJV) in China with
FAW Group, China’s second-largest automaker, to
design, manufacture, and market products locally.
In addition, the United States–China IJV will adopt
a cobrand, FAW-GM, in the Chinese market.
Cher-Min Fong is Associate Professor, Department of Business Man-
agement, National Sun Yat-sen University (e-mail: [email protected]
nsysu.edu.tw). Chun-Ling Lee is a postdoctoral researcher (e-mail:
[email protected]). Yunzhou Du is Associate Professor,
School of Business Administration, Anhui Universi.
Prediction of Consumer Purchase Decision using Demographic Variables: A Study...IOSR Journals
The demographic environment is of major interest to marketers because it involves people and people make up market. Fragmentation of the mass market into numerous micro markets differentiated by age, sex, education, life style, geography and so on. Because each group has strong preferences and consumer characteristics that can be easily reached through increasingly targeted communication and distribution channels. Most of marketers’ strategic decision making heavily depend on the demographic variables of people in the region where they focus on marketing their products. This study makes known the vital demographic structure of premium car owners in Chennai city and provides models for predicting the consumer’s decision to buy a car when his exact demographic profile is known. The relationship established between the demographic variables and the different stages of consumer’s purchase decision process further helps identifying the significant demographic variables. This will be definitely helpful to the marketers of cars to know their target group and to evolve marketing strategies to make them becoming a car owner.
MBA 6601, International Business 1 Course Learning Ou.docxaryan532920
MBA 6601, International Business 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
8. Examine the major marketing considerations applicable to international business.
Reading Assignment
In order to access the following resource(s), click the link(s) below:
Dev, C. S., & Schultz, D. E. (2015). From the four Ps to the four ‘why’s’. Marketing News, 49(9), 40–47.
Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bth&AN=109289010&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Seeds, D., & Khade, A. S. (2008). Transforming a multi-national corporation from a centralized organization to
a decentralized organization. Journal of International Business Strategy, 8(3), 99–104. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bth&AN=35637667&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Van Meir, C. (2016). Branding benefits: Apply the four Ps of marketing to make benefits more engaging.
Benefits Magazine, 53(3), 34–39. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bth&AN=113183936&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
There are two ways to look at global marketing strategies. One way is to look at a company’s marketing
orientation. Marketing orientation refers to the philosophy that guides a company’s marketing strategies. In
the United States, marketing orientation started with the production concept (1920s) and evolved to the
present day holistic marketing concept. Along the way, several distinct variations emerged that seem to work
well in the foreign markets. These orientations depend on the types of products produced and the types of
buyers purchasing the goods. The second way to study global marketing strategies is to analyze the
marketing mix of the product. The marketing mix is the 4 Ps: product, place, price, and promotion.
Marketing Orientations
There seem to be five types of marketing philosophies that have managed to stay significant. Typically, a
company’s marketing strategy will depend on whether the company is production oriented, sales oriented, or
customer oriented. A combined strategy of all three yields a strategic marketing concept. Last and still
emerging is the force of social marketing, sometimes referred to as nonmarket strategies.
Production orientation: The production concept focuses on products that are mass produced, have a low
price relative to disposable income, come with a standard design, have low risk of product failure, and a short
window from purchase to consumption. These types of products require advertising and sales promotion to
pull them through the distribution channel. Consequently, manufacturers achieve high production efficiency,
low costs, and mass distribution. This type of product could be a low value-add ...
Marketing Plan, Financial Requirements, Organization Strategy, and
Strategic Options when expanding to the international arena. This report tackles the key aspects MNCs need to consider as they enter new international markets.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. 2
Executive Summary
NWP is a New Zealand based company that sells differentiated focused (skin care and health
care) products targeted mainly at women, formulated using truly natural herbal ingredients by
predominantly focusing on Country of Origin. This report is further describing how Country
of Origin plays a vital role in affecting consumers purchase decisions. Furthermore, the report
is highlighting the perks and pitfalls of pursing growth strategies focused mainly on Country
of Origin, along with some recommendations in order increase sales, increase market share
and gain competitive edge.
3. 3
Table of Contents
S.no Topic Pg no
1. Introduction:
Research purpose……………………………………………………………….
Objectives of Research………………………………………………………….
Scope of investigation…………………………………………………………..
Limitations of the study………………………………………………………...
Assumptions…………………………………………………………………….
4-5
4
4
4
4
5
2. Literature Review:
Country of Origin concept……………………………………………………...
The Influence of Country-of-Origin Image on a Consumer Purchase
Decision…………………………………………………………………………
Pursuing growth strategy predominantly focused on COO to gain competitive
advantage………………………………………………………………………..
Pitfalls of pursuing growth strategy for its products to be focused
predominantly on COO…………………………………………………………
6-10
6
6
8
9
3. Conclusion 10
4. Recommendations for NWP 11
5. References 12
4. 4
Introduction
Country of Origin (COO) is a concept that explains how consumers consider a product
coming from a particular country, relating to the general perception about the quality of
products made in a particular country and the nature of people from that country.
Research Purpose:
To have a clear understanding about how COO will impact purchasing decisions for NWF's
natural skincare and health care products in both domestic and international markets.
Objectives of the Research:
To find out how COO affects consumers purchasing decisions when evaluating products
and brands
To find out how NWF will have competitive advantage by implementing growth
strategies linked to COO in both domestic and international market
To find out about the advantages and disadvantages NWF can have by implementing
growth strategies focused mainly on COO in both domestic and international market.
To determine whether COO will impact NWF consumers purchasing decisions positively
or negatively
To derive effective actions in order to improve NWF consumers purchasing decisions
Scope of investigation:
This is an investigation about how 'Country of Origin' affects natural skin care products/brand
including, consumers purchasing decisions, implementation of growth strategies to gain
competitive edge and increase market share domestically and internationally, and
recommendations for improvements.
Limitations of the Study:
The investigation was limited to secondary sources (online, books) only. No direct sources or
interviews were available, with no further forensic investigation conducted.
5. 5
Assumptions:
Expanding to Asian markets for overseas growth as products from western countries
have a positive COO effect on Asian people.
Updating the current online channel (website) to nationwide and worldwide to expand
geographically, alongside other distribution channels to increase local and global
market share.
Charging premium price for products by creating a niche market.
Other cues like intrinsic and extrinsic, alongside COO are considered as equally
important when evaluating brands/ products by consumers.
6. 6
Literature Review
Country of Origin concept
According to Ozretić Došen and Previšić (2001), Country of Origin is a concept which
reflects and describes consumers’ perceptions about the quality of products coming from a
particular country and its people. It can also be defined as a picture, reputation, and stereotype
that businessmen and consumers attach to products from a certain country (Johansson, 2000).
It was found that products from countries with positive image were being considered of
higher quality, whereas, products from negative image countries were being underrated. This
image is usually created by variables such as, representative products, national characteristics,
technological advancement, economic and political background, history and traditions of a
country. A negative country image affects products coming from those countries, setting a
barrier for them to enter and position themselves in an international market, while a positive
one facilitates business internationalization (Ozretić Došen and Previšić, 2001).
The Influence of Country-of-Origin Image on a Consumer Purchase Decision
Consumers make purchase decisions based on brand/product image, which is created by a
systematic process of acquisition, evaluation and integration of product information or cues.
A cue can be defined as an informational stimulus available to the consumer before
consumption (Ahmed et al., 2004), and can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic cues are
the product traits that are intrinsic to the product (i.e. they cannot be changed/ manipulated)
without changing the physical characteristics of the product. Some intrinsic cues can be,
design, taste, sound, fit, shape, etc. Extrinsic cues are those traits that are not physical (Olson
and Jacoby, 1983). Some extrinsic cues may include brand name, packaging concept, store
image, price, country of origin, etc. Country-of-origin is classified as an extrinsic cue as the
‘made in’ label can be removed from a product without altering its physical characteristics
(Eroglu and Machleit, 1988) and plays a part in forming a whole brand/product image.
The two most frequently cited models can be used to explain the influence of country-of-
origin image on brand/product’s quality evaluation, the ‘Halo Model’ (Johansson et al., 1985)
and the ‘Summary Construct Model’ (Min Han, 1990). The halo effect may cause consumers
to rely on country-of-origin image mainly when unfamiliar with products of a particular
country. On the other hand, a summary construct model operates when consumers are
familiar with a country’s products, and infer a country’s image from its product information,
7. 7
using COO to eliminate brands and develop an evoked set rather than make inferences about
the quality, saving consumers from extensive evaluation of intrinsic attributes.
Moreover, as Papadopoulos and Heslop (1993) points out, a country’s image does influence a
consumer’s purchase decision, as described earlier that products from countries with positive
image were being considered of higher quality, and vice versa. Also, the consumers may
consider the product pricing with regards to the COO, i.e. for brand/product from a country
with positive image, they may be willing to pay premium and low for brands/products from
countries with negative image. Therefore, the country-of-origin image does play a vital role
when a consumer makes a purchase decision.
Although there is no question to the fact that COO influences consumers' perceptions of a
product, and impacts purchase decision for the use of a product/service. However, still no
reliable method actually exists. Reasons for such a situation should be looked for in the multi-
dimensionality and complexity of the concept of COO image and into different number of
influences regarding its formation, like: country-of-origin and countries of production
stereotypes, ethnocentrism, interrelationship between country-of-origin image and other
product’s attributes, demographic, social and economic factors changing influence in the
course of time. Consumers may often also tend to link COO to personal memories, national
identities and to feelings of “pride” associated with the possession of products from certain
countries (Hirschman, 1985). Ethnocentrism and patriotism also tend to have an emotional
trigger on some consumers who may prefer to buy their own country’s products to imported
products (Baumgartner and Jolibert, 1977; Wall and Heslop, 1986; Darling and Kraft, 1977).
It was recently found out by Archarya and Elliot (2001) that the type of product
(expendable/durable) can influence intensity of COO image, they may reflect more on COO
when deciding to acquire durable/luxury goods. In addition to that, even consumer bias
towards imported products may impact consumer purchasing decisions greatly.
A Country's image may be referred as “the sum of information in the consumers’ mind about
a country”, according to Sullivan Mort and Han (2000), the less information consumers have
about a given country the more will the sales of its products suffer (country-of-origin image
effect is inversely proportional to available information). It was noted by Usunier (1996) that
younger consumers rather than an average consumers, show lesser country-of-origin effects
due to their higher level of education.
Therefore, it may be quite reasonable to expect a consumer to be willing to allocate more
processing effort in a real life purchasing decision than a hypothetical one, as COO on actual
choice behavior competes head to head with other extrinsic and intrinsic cues.
8. 8
Pursuing growth strategy predominantly focused on COO to gain competitive
advantage
Marketing is a process of gaining a competitive advantage and sustaining it. Competitive
advantage may refer as an advantage that a firm has over its competitors, allowing it to
generate more sales or margins and/or retain more customers than its competition.
Various firms around the world like NWP may get to a point in domestic market, deciding to
start their business in other international markets, this process is known as internationalization
and with proper strategy and market entry it can lead to gain a competitive advantage in a
new geographical market.
Every business needs growth strategies to increase its value, examining generic growth
strategies can prove to be a good start as they apply to all types of businesses, and focusing on
one aspect of your operations such as COO and specifying the actions you must take to
achieve your goals i.e. to be able to gain competitive advantage.
Since NWP is a business focusing on the niche market and offering differentiated products
from its competitors, it's possible for NWP to gain competitive advantage even by
predominantly focusing on COO.
According to Markgaraf (2013), Ansoff's approach Market development (entering new
market) is one of the effective growth strategies, which NWP can implement as it allows
having access to more customers, resulting in greater products sales. This further allows NWP
to target new market by adding alternative channels of distribution like opening additional
retail outlets domestically and internationally, updating current website which is currently
only focusing on lower and central North Island of New Zealand to global, introducing
catalogue sales, etc.
Though the strategy may be focusing predominantly on COO but if NWP focuses on
targeting market of less developed (Asian) countries rather than developed (Western)
countries, they will have a positive COO effect on products from western countries, which
will help to impact consumer's quality perceptions positively along with the perceived value
as well. Also, since NWP produces differentiated focused products (which concentrates on
a narrow segment and attempts to achieve a cost advantage or differentiation within that
segment) as they are formulated using truly natural herbal ingredients that are valued by
consumers (target market being women only), they may be perceived to be unique and better
from competitor's products as exact substitute products may not exist, creating a niche market
and allowing NWP to charge premium price for their products, enjoy economies of scale and
simultaneously gaining cost and competitive advantage in an international market.
9. 9
resourcese companies agree to pool theiris an approach in which two or morJoint venture
This way the companies.)2009,Roll(together to form a combined force in the marketplace
risks of their venture. Since NWP is focusingsharebecome capable of doing things and
with(joint venture)predominantly on COO, it is recommended for NWP to pool its resources
loyalthat aree influence on consumershave a positivder toin or,local companywell knowna
for having ready consumers purchasing NWP productsto purchasing domestic products, and
into marketing communications/resources/moneyefforttime/in muchhaving to putwithout
degreeis theIntegrationSimilarly,ntured company.s loyal to the vebecause of the consumer
VerticalForward.to which the firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers
thecontrol ofincludefirm are expanded toies of thewhen the activitoccurmayintegration
ct distribution of its products, and since NWP focuses predominantly on COO, it isdire
buy the component companies that are part of the distribution chain, i.e.torecommended
t theintegrating with beauty products retail stores as a means to pushing your product a
gaining(by eliminating them from the current market) and byexpense of your competition
to charge high price for productsableconsumers of the integrated company and being
market.internationalentrant in anforeignnewlike awithout feeling
Pitfalls of pursuing growth strategy for its products to be focused predominantly on
COO
Due to the growing competition from international firms, consumers’ sensitivity to COO has
become a relevant issue for brand managers. Although the issue of COO effects remains
relevant, it has turned out to be an elusive phenomenon to accurately measure. Not only is the
very concept of “country” or “origin” expanding, now including not only countries, but also
being applicable to regions as well as cities or even neighborhoods (Lentz et al, 2007). Also
the very concept of origin may seem to be problematic when pursuing a growth strategy for
NWP's products focused predominantly on COO.
Patriotism may be the main influencing factor when implementing growth strategies in an
international market and consumers are more heavily affected by COO when in competition
with local brands/products. Consumers may prefer buying products from their home country
more, and may only buy a product with foreign COO if they have a particular liking for that
country or if a strong prestigious value is attached to a certain product.
10. 11
Country of Origin's political (e.g. War) and economical (e.g. Inflation) condition may affect
consumers directly; any change in one of the conditions can affect consumer's view and
perceptions of that particular country, further affecting consumers purchase decisions along
with price, quality and value perception, resulting in low sales and profit.
Product differentiation may not be of any value to the consumers anymore (i.e. not wanting to
buy natural beauty products anymore) because of better marketing communications done by
other beauty and cosmetics companies due to the changing consumers perceptions, taste and
psychologically effective advertisements of other companies.
As the industry of a country matures (e.g. that of an Asian country) imitation may occur,
which may reduce the perceived differentiation of products, as market may not remain niche
anymore, but start saturating due to existence of many local companies producing herbal
beauty products as NWP.
Technological advancements in an international market of less developed countries may make
them one step closer to becoming developed; as a result COO effect on foreign
products/brands will decrease, due to better quality of local products existing in the market.
When production of products is being done in different countries (new market), it may give
birth to hybrid products, they are the products with different countries-of-manufacturing -
design or –parts and are often regarded as enjoying origin effects from different countries at
the same time. These de-constructed conceptualizations leave consumers confused about the
product/brand's COO (Samiee et al, 2005).
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that Country of Origin plays a vital role in affecting consumer purchase
intentions, along with numerous other factors. Further research indicates that consumers
evaluates products by intrinsic cues (experiencing the product), and extrinsic cues (Country of
Origin being one of them) were found to have a greater influence on consumer product
evaluation and purchase decisions. Furthermore, the implementation of growth strategies by
NWP, predominantly focusing on COO was noticed to have their own set of numerous perks
and pitfalls.
11. 11
Recommendations for NWP:
1. Implement new product development (growth strategy) both domestically and
internationally, by targeting new market (men, babies) and introducing an extended line
of related products like, natural cosmetics, hair products and perfumes, in order to
increase market share.
2. While planning to expand business, it is recommended to employ technology to
implement flow production, instead of producing in batches to maintain standard quality
of products and to meet demand constantly.
3. Start by expanding sales in Asian (international) market rather than western market, due
to their positive Country of Origin perception about Western countries (such as, New
Zealand).
4. Increase geographical reach by using international online retail shopping websites such as
ebay, wallmart, etc, along with updated NWP (global) website.
5. Using effective marketing communications to promote product through social media
marketing, health care campaigns, flyers/magazine advertisements. Also, using promotion
methods to educate the consumers about the company's origin, differentiated products
offering and increasing health awareness.
6. Focus and prioritize other intrinsic and extrinsic cues as well, alongside COO, in order to
be able to function without limitations.
12. 12
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