The document discusses various methods for valuing companies, including asset-based, earnings-based, and discounted cash flow valuations. It notes that the true value of a business can never be known with certainty due to incomplete or unreliable data and estimates. Some key valuation methods discussed are equity book value, adjusted book value, earnings multiples using P/E ratios, the dividend discount model, and discounted cash flow analysis using free cash flows discounted at the weighted average cost of capital. Worked examples are provided for many of these valuation techniques.