Human coronaviruses, first identified in the mid-1960s, generally cause mild respiratory infections, but can evolve into more severe strains like SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. COVID-19, recognized as a pandemic in March 2020, spreads mainly through respiratory droplets and typically results in mild to moderate illness. The emergence of these viruses often links back to animal reservoirs, particularly bats, with significant outbreaks in recent decades.

1. CoronaVirus Profile

2. Human corona virus infections
Origins Human coronaviruses were first identified in the mid-1960s
Usually they cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the
common cold
Sometimes coronaviruses that infect animals evolve and become a new human
coronavirus,
SARS-CoV beta coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS
MERS-CoV (the beta coronavirus that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS
SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019, or
COVID-19; 2019 - current)
Spread
Symptoms
Types
Profile
People around the world commonly get infected with four human coronaviruses:
229E (alpha coronavirus),
NL63 (alpha coronavirus)
OC43 (beta coronavirus)
HKU1 (beta coronavirus)

3. Coronaviruses
Large family of viruses that are common in people and many different
species of animals, including camels, cattle, cats, and bats; most of the
coronaviruses in humans are derived from the bat reservoir
The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin corona, meaning "crown",
itself a borrowing from Greek κορώνη korṓnē; the name refers to the
characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by
electron microscopy
In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections
ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS)
The most recently discovered coronavirus causes has been named “SARS-
CoV-2” (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and the disease
it causes has been named “coronavirus disease 2019” (abbreviated
“COVID-19”)
01
02
03
04

4. SARS-CoV virion
Four structural proteins: S, E, M, N
 Positive-stranded RNA viruses
 Long RNA genome: 27-32 kb
Coronaviruses

5. 96%
62%
40% 40%
4%
38%
15% 20%
WUHAN OUTSIDE WUHAN BEFORE JAN
7,2020
FROM JAN 7,2020
Number Of Strains
S type
L Type
Tang et al.; National Science Review 2020
The two types of SARS-CoV-2 showed differences in temporal and spatial distributions.
Virus profile: SARS-CoV 2

6. Li 2016 Ann. Rev. Virol.
SARS-CoV-2 Binds ACE2
Gorbalena et. al. 2020 BioRxiv
Common circulating respiratory viruses in humans
Zoonotic viruses with varying pathogenicity in humans
Four genera of coronaviruses: alpha-, beta-,
delta-, gamma-
Li 2016 Ann. Rev. Virol.
SARS-CoV-2 Binds ACE2

7. Common coronaviruses (endemic):
Mild symptoms (i.e. cold), circulate in human
populations
• 229E (alpha) – endemic reports in the 1960s
• NL63 (alpha) – discovered in 2005
• OC43 (beta) – endemic reports in the 1960s
• HKU1 (beta) – discovered in 2006
Other coronaviruses (epidemic):
Outbreaks with high case fatalities
• MERS (beta) – emerged in 2012
• SARS-CoV (beta) – emerged in 2003
• SARS-CoV-2 (beta) – emerged in 2019
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html
Corman et al. 2018 Advances in Virus Research
-2
pangolin?
Human coronavirus reservoirs
and intermediate hosts
Only alpha- and beta- coronaviruses are
known to infect humans

8. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered
coronavirus.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness
and recover without requiring special treatment.
The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when
an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s important that you also practice respiratory etiquette
(for example, by coughing into a flexed elbow).
Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol based rub
frequently and not touching your face.
The first
confirmed case
found in Wuhan
Dr. Zhang obtained
the full sequence of
the viral nucleic acid
Beijing, Shanghai &
other places initiated
first-level response
Vulcan hill hospital
began to accept
COVID-19 patients
Identified as a new
coronavirus infection
Evidence suggest
COVID-19 originates
from wildlife
WHO declared the
outbreak of a public
health emergency
international concern
COVID-19
Dec 07,2019 Jan 05,2020 Jan 25,2020 Feb 04,2020
Dec 31,2019 Jan 24,2020 Jan 30,2020
COVID-19: What is it and where did it come
from?

9. 05
04
03
02
01
Series of
Events
On 11 February 2020, WHO announced a name for the new
coronavirus disease: COVID-19.3
And with the current status of spread of the disease, WHO
characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.3
The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International
Concern on 30 January 2020.3
By January 7, 2020, the causative pathogen was isolated and identified
as novel coronavirus (previously known as 2019-nCOV, and currently as
SARS-CoV-2).2
Progression of the outbreak soon suggested that person-to-person
transmission was also occurring.1
In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases were reported in
Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.1

10. SARS CoV
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
first emerged from China in late 2002/2003; no cases of SARS-
CoV have been detected since 2004; the case fatality rate of
SARS-CoV was around 10%
MERS CoV
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
first appeared in 2012; MERS-CoV continues to circulate with
2,499 reported cases and 861 deaths as of December 2019; the
case fatality rate of MERS-CoV is 35%
01
02
A little bit of history

11. Thank You