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Cordyceps himalayan gold
- 1.
- 2. Cancer - leadingcause of death 2
- 3. (Borchers et al.,2004; Zaidman et al., 2005) 3
- 4. Ophiocordyceps sinensis โโ The Biological Goldโ 4 NUSRATH BEEGUM C.H 2015-11-105 Department of Plant Pathology
- 5. Contents 5 ๏ผ History ๏ผ Habitatand Distribution ๏ผ Morphology and Biology ๏ผ Life cycle ๏ผ Artificial culturing ๏ผ Nutritional factors and Bioactive compounds ๏ผ Health benefits ๏ผ Mechanism of action
- 6. (Devkota , 2006) HimalayanGold Winter-worm summer-grass 6
- 7.
- 8. Fruiting body arising out ofthe dead body of a caterpillar Worldโs most efficient and expensive medicinal fungus 8
- 9. Division : Ascomycota Class:Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae Systematic position 9 Cord=club Ceps= head Cordyceps (Arora, 2015)
- 10. 1. O. sinensis 2.C. militaris 3. C. gansuensis 4. C. grasspara 5. C. tuberculata 6. C. subsessilis 7. C. minuta 8. C. canadensis 9. C. nutans 10. C. tricentri 11. C. ophioglossoides 12. C. sobolifera 13. C. cicadicola 14. C. nutans 15. C. pruinosa 16. C. gracilis Reported species 10 Teleomorph Anamorph Ophiocordyceps sinensis Hirsutella sinensis Cordyceps militaris Lecanicillium sp Hirsutella
- 11. Discovered about 1500years ago in Tibet by herdsmen Through Historyโฆ 11
- 12. First mention ofCordyceps from Tang Dynasty History, contdโฆ 12
- 13. Used to developnew and powerful medicines History, contdโฆ 13
- 14. 1757 1843 1878 Berkely- First describedthis fungus. Sphaeria sinensis.Berk Wu-Yiluo BenCao-Cong-Xin (New Compilation of Materia Medica) Saccardo - Renamed as Cordyceps sinensis 1726 Scientific meeting in Paris โ Introduction to west Milestonesโฆ 14
- 15. 9 world recordswere broken in Chinese National games - 1993 15 (Chen et al., 2010) On Top of The Worldโฆ
- 16. 16 2003- Panic spreadabout an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the fungus was marketed as a cure On Top of The World , contdโฆ
- 17. Altitude: 3000m to5000m above MSL Average annual precipitation 350mm-400mm or more Habitat Cold & arid environment 17
- 18. 18 Distribution โข Uttarakhand โข Sikkim โขHimachal Pradesh โข Arunachal Pradesh (Arora, 2015)
- 19. Yartsa-gunbu Dong chong xiacao Keera ghas or Keera jhar Vegetable fungus 19 (Arora, 2015)
- 20.
- 21. Fruiting body Stipes 21 Club-like 4-7 cm long Yellowishto brown in colour Stipe bring the spores away from the host General characters
- 22. Hyphae PDA- backPDA- upper Perithecia Culturalcharacters Colony: Initially white later changes to pinkish red or orange Hyphae: Aerial, cottony white to creamy yellow, septate and branched 22 (Arora et al., 2013)
- 23.
- 24. 24 Club-like fruiting body, Erupts from the infected insect Stipe bring the spores away from the host Development of stroma
- 25. Aberrant behaviour ofthe host after infection 25 Zombie ant Cordyceps unilateralis (Holliday & Cleaver, 2008)
- 26. April-July More valuable priorto sporulation or during early sporulation Difficult to find and harvest Harvesting 26
- 27. โข Robustness andweight โข Size and firmness of the host โข Saturated yellowish brown is preferred over pale colours Quality Parameters US$-80,000 / Kg 27
- 28. Test: squeezing betweentwo fingers; the stiffer it is, the higher the price 28 Simple Quality Test
- 29. Basal media Peptone- 8g KH2PO4-1g MgSO4 -0.5g Thiamine- 0.5g Glucose- 30g pH:5.6 to 6.0 Temperature: 18โฐC Artificial Culture 29
- 30. Large scale production (Niet al.,2009) Fermentation Liquid State Fermentation Surface Fermentation Submerged Fermentation Solid Substrate 30
- 31. 31 Liquid fermentation Inoculation onbasal media Small scale fermentation Bioreactor- Large scale
- 32.
- 33. 3โ4.5 g ofCordyceps/day is suf๏ฌcient (Mizuno, 1999) Products 33
- 34. Vitamins - B1,B2, B12 and K Crude Proteins - 29.1โ 33%. Nutritional factors Carbohydrates- 29% Fat- 8.4% Fiber- 18.5% 34 (Xuanwei-Zhou et al. ,2009)
- 35. Cordycepin & Cordycepicacid Amino acids- lysine, glutamic acid, proline and threonine Unsaturated fatty acids- 57.84% , linoleic acid- 38.44% Polysaccharides-3 to 8% Nucleotides - guanosine has the highest content Ergosterol - mycelia (1.44 mg/g) fruiting body (10.68 mg/g) Bioactive compounds 35 (Xuanwei-Zhou et al. ,2009)
- 36. 3โ-deoxyadenosine Nucleoside analogue Purine alkaloid Cordycepin 36 Bioactive compoundscontdโฆ (Xuanwei Zhou et al. ,2009) Cordycepin Adenosine
- 37. D-mannitol About 29โ85 mg/gin Fruiting bodies Cordycepic acid 37 Bioactive compounds contdโฆ (Xuanwei-Zhou et al. ,2009)
- 38. 3โ8% of thetotal weight Multi-branched galactomannan Anticancer effects Enhancement of the bodyโs immune system Polysaccharides 38 Bioactive compounds contdโฆ (Xuanwei-Zhou et al., 2009)
- 39. 39 Case study โ1 Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia. (Li et al., 2006) Cordyceps sinensis Polysccharide-1 4 groups of diabetic mice Drug administration for 7 days Journal of Phytomedicine
- 40. 40 200mg- 12-22% reduction ofblood glucose level Case study-1 contdโฆ Journal of Phytomedicine
- 41. Traditional Chinese Medicine Kidneyweakness Asthma Chronic coughAnti-aging 41 Aphrodisiac
- 42. Anti-asthmatic and anti-cancereffects Replenishment of body health Improves pulmonary function and treat respiratory disease Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic activity Reduce fatigue and stops haemorrhages Antidepressant like activity Modern Medicine 42 (Arora, 2015)
- 43. 43 Free radical scavengingand apoptic effects of C. sinensis fractioned by supercritical carbon dioxide(SC- CO2) Case study โ 2 SC-CO2used as the elution solvent for fractioning ethanol extract of C. sinensis Viability of carcinoma cells after culturing on different concentration taken 0.625ยตg/ml- effective (Wang et al., 2005) Food and Chemical Toxicology
- 44. (Klenow, 1963; Overgaard,1964; Rottman and Guarino, 1964) Converted as 50 mono-, di- and tri-phosphates Inhibit the activity of enzymes Inhibit biosynthesis of purines Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase & 5-phosphoribosyl-1- pyrophosphate amidotransferase Inhibition of purine biosynthesis pathway Mechanism of Action against Cancer 44
- 45. Interferes in mTORsignal transduction Mechanism of Action, contdโฆ 45 (Tuli et al., 2014)
- 46. Termination of transcription Incorporation of cordycepin Analogueof Nucleoside but lacks 3โOHgroup Mimicking Adenosine Mechanism of Action, contdโฆ 46 (Tuli et al., 2014)
- 47. Prevent the formationof peroxide and lipids Decreases the formation of oxidised enzymes in the brain Scavenge Oxygen-free radicals Powerful anti-ageing herb 47 Mechanism of Action, contdโฆ
- 48. 48 Case study- 3aAntifatigue and Antistress Effect of the Hot-Water Fraction from Mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis Antifatigue Assay โ Test animal : Mice Oral administration with HW fraction- 150 & 300 mg /kg body wt. Swimming endurance capacity prolonged from 75 to 90 min Fatigue reduction (Koh et al., 2003) Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
- 49. 49 Case study -3bcontdโฆ Stress Assay- Test animal: Rats Administration of HW extract 150 mg / kg/ daily for 8 days Given 48 hours stress period Suppressed the weight changes of the adrenal gland, thalamus, thymus & thyroid
- 50. 50 Rhododendron setosum Delphinium sp. Primulasp Meconopsis horridula Rhododendron anthopogon Pedicularis sp.Neopicrorhiza sp Polygonum pensylvanicum Acontium sp. Enhancers (Wu, 1997; Zang; Kinjo, 1998)
- 51.
- 52. Sl. No Mode of ConsumptionMedicinal value References 1 Cordyceps boiled with pork Cures opium addiction, poisoning, Jaundice and tuberculosis Gist (1918) 2 Cordyceps cooked with duck Potency of Cordyceps increased Tiera (1998) 3 Cordyceps cooked with chicken or duck soup Treatment of respiratory diseases, renal dysfunction, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia Zhu et al. (1998b) 4 C. sinensis with rhizome of Dactylorhiza hatagirea , honey and cowโs milk Tonic and aphrodisiac Lama et al. (2001) 5 Cordyceps with traditional green tea Stomach ailments Garbyal et al. (2004) 6 Daily dosage one dried Cordyceps with half litre of milk and two teaspoons of ghee for a week Tonic Devkota (2006) Dietary uses Cordyceps in Medicinal Dishes 52
- 53. Summary 53 Endoparasite on larvaeof Bat moth Found in cold, grassy Himalayan plateau Widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine Contain cordycepin, polysaccharides and other bioactive compounds Artificial culturing done for commercial production Powerful anti-cancer medicine Antiaging, hypoglycemic effect and immunity booster Can be a potential biocontrol agent
- 54. 54 Future line ofwork Research on Medicinal properties Standardisation of Drug for different ailments Standardisation of Mass Multiplication Procedure Efficiency as Biocontrol agent
- 55.
- 56.
- 57.
Editor's Notes
- #3ย In this context, some prized mushrooms with validated anti-cancer properties and their active compounds are of immense interest
- #7ย โHimalayan Viagraโโ or โโHimalayan Goldโโ due to its broad clinical and commercial value It normally inhabits on the surface of insects pupae in winters and leading to the formation of fruiting body in summers justifying its name as โโwinter-worm summer-grassโโ.
- #13ย AD 618 TO 907
- #15ย First wild mushroom series stamp- 1994
- #16ย Increase both the cellular ATP level and the oxygen utilization
- #18ย Annual , lives in tropical forest environments
- #22ย of fruiting body include stipitate, yellowish-orange to orange to reddish-orange fruiting stroma which is cylindrical to slightly clavate in shape. Stipes of 1.5- to 3-mm thickness with fertile clava terminal (2.0- to 6.0-mm wide) are also commonly seen in the fruiting body with overall stroma of about 1.5- to 7.0-cm tall which can vary in length depending on the size of the host.
- #24ย Fungal spores after adhering to the insects surface, invades and proliferates as the caterpillar hibernates underground during winter But caterpillars not infected would produce ghost moths/bat moths/swift moths Normal life cycle lasts from 2 to 6 years, mostly as caterpillar whereas adult only few days
- #25ย club-like or head fruiting body cylindrical or branched stroma (fruiting body) erupts from the infected insect colour orange to red brown to black produces a stipe which serves to bring the spores away from the host, which is often buried in the soil or dead trees
- #27ย Harvesting April-July Seasonal migration during monsoon Children are astute gatherers of their sharp eyes and proximity to the ground More valuable prior to sporulation or during early sporulation Final stage upper part loses difficult to find and harves does not fruit in groups and is highly dispersed No sophisticated technology or capital are required for harvesting
- #28ย Untill 2001, Nepalโs Forest Act 1993 collection, marketing, and distribution, carriage and export was banned 5398796.00ย Indian Rupee
- #30ย Dong, C.-H. and Yao, Y.-J. (2005), Nutritional requirements of mycelial growth ofย Cordyceps sinensisย in submerged culture. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99: 483โ492. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02640.x
- #31ย surface fermentation the cultivation of microbial biomass occurs on the surface of liquid or solid substrate is verycumbersome, expensive, labor intensive and rarely used at the industrial scale submerged fermentation, micro-organisms are cultivated in liquid medium aerobically with proper agitation to get homogenous growth of cells and media components there is a loss of extra-cellular compounds from the broth which makes it necessary to improve the culture medium composition and downstream processing technology to get large-scale production of the secondary bio-metabolites
- #37ย Cordycepin 3โ-deoxyadenosine Purine alkaloid anti-cancer,antioxidant and anti-in๏ฌammatory activities purine biosynthesis (Fig. 2) (Overgaard 1964; Rottman and Guarino 1964), DNA/RNA synthesis (Fig. 3) (Holbein et al. 2009) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling transduction (Fig. 4) (Wong et al. 2010) structure of Cordycepin is very much similar with cellular nucleoside, adenosine (Fig. 1) and acts like a nucleoside analogue.
- #48ย During the ageing process, considerable numbers of oxygen-free radicals occur, which cause oxidative damage to cells.ย Researchhas shown thatย Cordycepsย can preventย the formation of peroxide and lipids and prevents or decreases the formation of oxidisedย enzymes in the brain. This ability to scavenge oxygen-free radicals makesย Cordyceps a powerful anti-ageing herb.
- #51ย A review of Chinese cordyceps with special reference to Nepal, focusing on conservation. Bikas Baral, Bushan SHRESTHA, Jaime A, Teixeira da silva