The document provides information about the Igorot people, who are indigenous groups living in the Cordillera Region of the Philippines. It discusses the various Igorot ethnic groups such as the Ifugao, Bontoc, Kalinga, Isneg, Kankana-ey, and Ibaloi. It describes their practices of animism, agriculture, and traditions such as dance, rituals, social structure, and headhunting tattoos. It also covers notable Igorot art forms including textiles, jewelry, sculpture, pottery, and architecture. The document serves as an overview of the diverse cultures and traditions of the Igorot people.

1. IGOROT
BALUTAN, JOHN PAULO - CABASON, ALEJANDRO - CRUZ, CLAUDIA
LABASAN, OLIVE GRACE – LIRIO, NIKKA – PONTILLAS CLARICE

2. IGOROT
People
 Igorots are indigenous people living in
uplands of Cordillera Region
 Grouped into a number of ethnic or
ethno-linguistic identities, such as
a. Apayao or Isneg
b. Tinggian
c. Kalinga
d. Bontoc
e. Kankanaey
f. Ibaloy
g. Ifugao
h. Bago

3.  Ifugaos
-derived from "ipugo" which means "earth people",
"mortals" or "humans", as distinguished from spirits
and deities. It also means "from the hill",
as pugo means hill.
- has two dialects: Burnay and Banaue.
 Bontoc
-located in central Mountain Province, living on the
banks of Chico river
- known as peaceful farmers.
 Kalinga
-tribe is located in Kalinga Province
- practice both wet and dry farming
- developed an institution of peace pacts called
"Botong" to minimized warfare and headhunting.
IGOROT
People

4.  Isneg
- tribe is located in Northern Apayao.
- distinguished from other Igorot tribes for their
fine construction of their houses
- The term “Isnag” derives from a combination
of is meaning “recede” and unag meaning
“interior.” Thus, it means “people who live
inland.”
 Kankana-ey
- tribe is located in Western Mountain Province,
Southeastern Ilocos Sur, Northern and some part of
Benguet.
 Ibaloi
- tribe is located in Southern Benguet (Bagui).
- traditional farmers that cultivate rice.
- Their language is close to Pangasinan language.
IGOROT
People

5. IGOROT
Practices and Beliefs
 They are people with a complex system of beliefs,
living simple lives to appease their gods.
 Their rituals celebrate their daily lives - a good
harvest, health, peace, war, and other symbols of
living.
 Religious beliefs, generally nature-related; offerings
to Dios Adi kaila, Kabunyan, to anitos, or household
gods.
 Believed that all objects had spirits or were
inhabited by such.
 They engage in gold mining, slash-and burn
farming, and planting vegetables

6.  Igorot Dance/ Feast
Igorots dance to heal, worship ancestors and
gods, and insure positive outcomes during war,
harvests, and weather. They dance to ward off
misfortune, to congregate and socialize, to mark
milestones in the life, and to express repressed feelings.
 Paypayto (Ifugao warriors portray birds in flight
alternating with the role of trappers) “To jump” for
the Ifugao, the Paypayto dance is danced as an
exhibition of skills as the dancers jump in and out of
sticks that are struck in musical syncopation.
 Ragragsakan (Kalinga women gather and
prepare for a budong, or peace pact.)
IGOROT
Practices and Beliefs

7.  Salip (depicts a warrior claiming his bride by
presenting her with a matrimonial blanket)
 Tachok (Festival Dance that imitates birds
flying in the air.)
 Uyaoy / Uyauy (festival dance to attain
the second level of the wealthy class.)
 -Rituals
*Canao, offered for various purposes: to
celebrate as a religious and as part of funeral
rite and to secure healing.
* Begnas- one week of celebration after
planting and before they bless their crops and
protect it from plagues or insects.
IGOROT
Practices and Beliefs

8. IGOROT
Social System
 -Traditionally, social differentiation has
been based on wealth
 -wealthy aristocrats are known as
kadangyan.
 -The possession of a hagabi, a large
hardwood bench, secures their status
symbolically.
 -They maintain their high status by giving
feasts and by displaying their heirlooms
 -The less wealthy are known as natumok;
they have little land
 -The poor, nawatwat, have no land; most
of them work as tenant farmers and
servants to the kadangyan.

9.  -Ifugao have little by way of a formal
political system; there are no chiefs or
councils. however, there are 150 district,
each comprised of several hamlets; in the
center of each district is a defining ritual
rice field, the owner of which makes all
agricultural decisions for the district.
 -Bilateral kinship obligations provide most of
the political control.
 -Social control is a combination of kinship
behavior and control by a monbaga, a
legal authority whose power rests on his
wealth, knowledge of customary legal
rules.
 -Monbaga's main sanctions are death and
fines.
IGOROT
Social System

10. SOURCES OF LIVING
Since Igorot or Cordilleran's reside in
mountain ranges, their primary
source of living is
 a.) dry and wet farming of rice or
vegetables,
 b.) gold mining,
 c.) hunting
 d.) fishing (for those residing near
Chico and Apayao River)
 e.) tourism (Sagada, Banawe
Rice Terraces, Baguio City)
 f.) Selling products (in baguio)
such as vegetables, honey,
coffee, woven cloth etc.)

11. IGOROT
Notable Art Forms
Headhunting
 The people of an ató (one of the political divisions of a
Bontoc village) could only tattoo when some person
belonging to that ató had taken a head.
 Tattoos placed at the back of their hands and wrists
after their first kill. These striped designs were called
gulot, meaning "cutter of the head.“

12. Head-Hunting
 Were made from a piece of wood or
water buffalo (carabao) horn
 Three to five needles were affixed. The
needles were laid on the skin and driven in
with blows of a wooden hammer at the
rate of 90 to 120 taps per minute.
Tattooing instruments
 En-fa-lok′-nĕt is the Bontoc word for war, but
the expression “na-ma′-ka”—take heads—is
used interchangeably with it.
 The fawi of each ato in Bontoc has its basket
containing skulls of human heads taken by
members of the ato.

13. Types of Tattoo
 The chak-lag′, the tattooed chest
of the head taker. usually running upward
from each nipple, curving out on the
shoulders and ending on the upper arms,
indicated that the man had taken a head
or, as one writer put it in 1905

14.  The pong′-o, the tattooed arms of men and
women
The fa′-tĕk, for all
other tattoos of both
sexes. Women were
tattooed on the arms
only.

15. 2015/10/12
Lingling-o
 Earrings (Ifugaos) or pendants (Kalinga,
Bontoc, and Gaddang)
 Mostly made of gold, it is conidered valuable
and is used as a wedding gift. Other Lingling-
os are made of copper and silver. Some
places jade, shell, stone, or clay.
 Sign of the wearer's status.
 Symbol of pride worn by the youth of the
mountain-dwelling people. The hole at the
center of the lingling-o resembles to an
outline of an embryo with umbilical cord
which is believed to signify to fertility
 Amulet is empowered and purified before
wearing through a ritual that involves washing
it with blood. According to the local beliefs,
lingling-o has supernatural powers that brings
luck and improves the owner's fertility. It is also
believed that anitos reside in this item.

16. Bontoc
Siwsiwan Fabric
 Mainly red with black, white, yellow, and green
accents; these pieces of cloth represent my
indigenous Igorot heritage.
 The fabrics are used for the men’s
“wanes” (bahag or g-string)
 The women’s “lufid or getup” (tapis or wrap-
around skirt).
 Geometric designs are diamonds, triangles,
hexagons and zigzags. Representational designs
are the dancing man or woman, stars, leaves,
and rice paddies

17. Isnag/Itneg
Gad-dang
 The Itneg people are known for
their intricate woven fabrics.
 The binakol is a blanket which
features designs that incorporate
optical illusions.
 Woven fabrics of the Ga'dang
people usually have bright red
tones. Their weaving can also be
identified by beaded
ornamentation.

18. Ifugao
Ikat
 Ikat , an Indonesian term which means "to
bind together" and characterized by
diamond stripes of white and red stripes
 Ikat or ikkat, is a style of weaving that uses a
resist dyeing process similar to tie- dye on
either the warp or weft before the threads are
woven to create a pattern or design.
 Tapis is colorful handwoven wraparound
cloth exclusively woven by the Ifugao women
 Alampay is the tapis skirt worn by Ifugao
women
 Dominant color for Ifugao weaving is blue and
is much darker compared to the brighter
colors of the Kalinga

19. Sculpture
Bulul
 Ifugo anthropometric carving
symbolizing an Ifugao rice god or
guardian of spirits
 "Guardians of the Harvest"
 signifies fertility and sometimes belived
to house spirits of ancestors
 usually come in pairs;It is said by some
mumbaki that the male bul-ul must be
on the right side while the female one
must be on the left side facing the fore
of such agricultural crops.
 in some occasions the bul-uls might
have some adornments to its body. A
male bul-ul could be wearing a g-string
piece of cloth while a female one
could be wearing a tapis- a piece of
cloth placed around the waist. both
have ornamental earrings and anklets

20. 2015/10/12
Hagabi
 long wooden bench placed
under the eaves in the stone-
paved yard that surrounds the
house
 signifies an individual or family's
wealth and prestige belonging
to the rank of Cadangyan
(wealthy) who can afford to
perform the "Hagabi Feast"
 resembles a two goat-like
ends, called guinulgulding

21. 2015/10/12
Ifugao Scooters

22. Kalinga
Kalinga Textiles
 Kalinga textiles characterized by dominant red
stripes and motif of geometric patterns as well as
nature symbols interlaced with white, yellow, and
black fibers
 The colours indigo and red symbolise sky and
ground - the national colours of Kalinga
 The yellow portion is embroidered and depicts
mountains. Yellow symbolises wealth, as do the
embroidered plants that refer to growth and fertility.
 The colorful beads or "bongol" is a part of the native
costume. It is always worn during fiestas , weddings
and important occasions.
 Ginamat- a beautiful native costume
 G-string or Bahag- worn by the men

23. Kalinga
Kalinga Pottery
3 types of vessels:
 ittoyom (rice cooking vessel)-taller, narrower,
smaller aperture compared to the oppaya and
comes in small, medium, and large sizes.
 oppaya (meat and vegetable)-larger aperture
and a squat appearance; are grouped into 4
general classes, the 4th being a larger pot than
the largest class of cooking rice pots.
 imosso (water vessel)-restricted neck and coes in
one size

24. Kankan-ey
impaod/impagod/pinnagod
 means "strapped" because of the type of weaving
called bodily tension back strap weaving fasten around
their waist a back-strap loom with a warp of threads
whose ends were attached to a post or a tree and
would begin weaving.
 traditional weaving skills of the Kankana-ey women
during their farming breaks
 Their main source of the colors transferred to the fibers for
weaving are different plant species in their surroundings.
 traditionally weave for clothing, for ceremonial use, and
forexchange. They weave decorated blankets (galey
now referred to as ules), woman’s skirts (getap now
called tapis) and waistband (wakes or bakget); man’s
loincloth/g-string (wanes) and headcloth (bedbed).
 design patterns and motifs are festive expressions in the
celebration of life (the joys, the revelry, attendant to
fertility and abundance/bountiful harvest)
 reverence towards their natural surroundings and their
harmonious relations with the environment.

25. Spears and Shields
 The shield is made of a single sheet of
wood but is cut so that three points
project above, and two points, below.
 Rattan strips are laced across the shield,
serving as both ornament and
reinforcement. For ornamentation, some
shields are etched with geometric lines or
crude drawings of snakes, frogs, or
humans. Otherwise, the shield is simply
soot-black.
 The spear is a wooden weapon with
either a bamboo or metal blade. Other
weapons are the battle ax and knives.

26. Funerary Art

- indicate social status

- the Ibalois use blankets not only in the
participation of cañao ritual but also for wrapping
the body of the dead

- the number of blankets used to wrap the corpse
indicate the wealth of the deceased

- some coffins are incised with geometric designs
and placed inside caves
- Kankanayas of Bakun sometimes carve the
shape of an animal head with horns on one end of
a wooden coffin, but simple coffins belong to the
poorer families.

27. Pipes
 Smoking pipes are made of wood, clay,
or metal.
 Pipe makers may place a design on the
bowl of the pipe by first making a
beeswax model.
 One example of a design is that of a
sitting figure of a man; his knees are
folded up, his elbows resting on his
knees, and his chin resting on his hands.
His facial features are clearly etched.

28. Architecture
Ifugao

29. Architecture
Kankana-ey


30. Architecture
Kalinga

31. Architecture
BONTOC
 The typical Bontoc dwelling has
walls about three and a half feet
high, with the front wall open in
the middle.
 The walls on the front and the
sides are built of wood slabs but
the rear is constructed with stones
chinked with clay.
 The floor is the earth itself often
covered with hardened mud.

32. Architecture
Isneg/Itneg
 Isneg architectural roof are
made of layer on layer of
bamboo shingles that make
their roofs unique.

33. Color Preferences

Bontocs, Ifugaos and Kankanays
- prefer blue, red and black

Ibalois and Tinguians
- prefer white

Kalingas
- have the most colorful costumes
color preferences are distinctive among the different
groups.

34. References:
 http://amerigorot.blogspot.com/2010/10/my-siwsiwan-fabric.html
 http://www.vanishingtattoo.com/tattoos_in_Philippines.html
 https://prezi.com/jj2kqcawtvbq/philippine-indigenous-art/
 http://www.jacobimages.com/2013/05/igorots-cordilleras
 http://mountainprovince.net/bontoc
 http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3308/3308-h/3308-h.htm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igorot_people
 http://www.thepinoyexplorer.com/2010/03/kadangyan-to-end.html
 http://noypicollections.blogspot.com/2011/07/igorot-people-of-cordillera-region.html
 http://www.benguet.gov.ph/index.php?Itemid=271
 http://litera1no4.tripod.com/bontonigorot_frame.html