The document provides information about several indigenous communities in Mindanao, Philippines, including the Blaans, Tbolis, Tagakaulos, and Subanon people. It describes their origins and traditional practices, customs, beliefs, languages, arts, and livelihoods. For example, the Blaans are known for brassworking and embroidery, the Tbolis create tie-dyed cloth and practice lost-wax brass casting, and the Subanons primarily engage in agriculture and hold ancient polytheistic religious beliefs. The document outlines some of the tribes' rituals, dances, marriage customs, and social structures.

1. INDIGENOUS
COMMUNITIES
IN MINDANAO

2. SARANGANI
The island of Sarangani was named by Ruy López de
Villalobos in 1543 as Antonia, in honor of Antonio de
Mendoza y Pacheco who commissioned Villalobos
expedition to the Philippines. The early inhabitants who first
inhabited Sarangani were the indigenous natives, called
"MunaTo," a native term for "first people."
SARANGANI, is a newly created province in Mindanao
islands, Philippines, has mostly mountainous terrain that is
home to the various tribal groups such as BLAANS, TBOLIS,
and TAGAKAULOS.

3. The word “Blaan” could have derived from bila, meaning
“house,” and the suffix an, meaning “people,” so that the
term may be taken to mean “people living in houses.” It
may also be a variant on the name of the lake around which
the Blaan used to reside—Lake Buluan. Other names that
have been used to refer to this group are Bilaan, Bira-an,
Bara-an, Bilan, Vilanes, or Bilanes. Names like Tagalagad
(those inhabiting the mountainside), Tagakogon (those in
cogon-filled areas), and Buluan (those around Lake Buluan)
have also been used to denote the kind of site where some
Blaan groups are located.

4. The Blaan have a tradition of creating art from
brass and copper. The Blaan smelt brass and
copper to produce small bells and handles of long
knives. These knives, called the fais, are made
with intricately designed brass. The Blaan also
sew plastic beads or shell sequins to create
intricate designs on women's blouses and
trousers, called the takmon. Geometric and other
designs depicting the environment or the solar
system are sewn using cotton yarns onto men's
pants and shirts, called the msif.

5. The Blaan are monotheistic in the sense that they believe
that there is but one supreme being ruling the cosmos. Blaan
cosmology consists of the skyworld, which is the place of the
deities, and the underworld, which is the abode of demons
and malevolent spirits.
The Blaan symbol for religion is the bird called Almugan. The
bird serves as a messenger for Dwata. It warns people when
disaster is about to come. It also announces the coming of
prosperous days.
BLAANS musical instruments, like wooden lutes, flutes and
bamboo tubes with strings are used extensively with their
rituals and dances. One of the well known ritual dance is the
Blit B'laan, a courtship dance of the imitating the movements
of the male and female birds during mating season.

6. The name Tboli is a combination of tau, meaning “people,”
and bilil or “hill” or “slope,” thus meaning “people living in
the hills.”
Tboli known for with their embroidered costumes and
beaded ornaments, bangles, bracelets, and brass link belts,
are one of the most colorful of all Filipino groups.
They are renowned for their tie-dyed abaca cloth and metal
industry, including intricate lost-wax brass casting.

7. T'boli BELIEF
, a spirit or force lives in all objects, animate and inanimate.
The T'boli make offerings (including bracelets) to the spirits of
rivers and forests. Parents will place a sword by sleeping to
children to protect them from evil spirits. Folktales often feature
talking crabs, horses, or other animals.
TBOLI TRADITION
traditional clothing is t'nalak is a traditional hand-woven cloth
indigenous to the T'boli people from the Cotabato region.
It is woven in order to celebrate and pay tribute to major life
events such as birth, life, marriage, or death within the
community.

8. The T'boli culture is richly connected with and inspired
by nature, their dances are a mimick from the action of
animals such as monkeys and birds.
The T'boli have a rich musical culture with a variety of
musical instruments, but the T'boli music and songs are
not meant for entertainment only.
The Tribal songs are a living contact with their ancestors
and a source of ancient wisdom.

9. TBOLI PRACTICES
The Tboli society practices the kaingin or tniba (slash-and-burn) method of
clearing land for farming.
The whole process of tniba production, which begins with the search for an
area to clear and ends with harvest, is from January to August.
TAGAKAULO.
they were known as Tagakaulo only by “outsiders.” Tagakaulo means 'people
of the headwaters.
TAGAKAULO TRADITION
The Tagakaulo tribe originates from Davao del Sur.
They are skilled in basket weaving, embroidery, loom weaving, blanket
weaving, headresses, beaded necklaces and others.
They make their jackets out of abaca and decorated them with mother-of-
pearl discs lined with glass beads.

10. TAGAKAULO CULTURE
-Their lifestyle and culture are very similar to that of the
Magindanaw in which are known for their distinguished in the
realm of visual art.
TAGAKAULO BELIEFS
Tagakaulos believe in a supernatural being who lives in Mt. Apo.
-They offer him human sacrifices when they imagine that he is
angered or when they come to the volcano to gather sulphur.
-They believe that this being can be both benign and malevolent,
much like the beliefs attributed to diwatas throughout the
islands.

11. TAGAKAULO PRACTICES
They are skilled in :
basket weaving,
embroidery,
loom weaving,
blanket weaving,
headresses,
beaded necklaces and others.

12. The Province of (North) Cotabato lies on the eastern part of Region
XII and is strategically located in the central part of Mindanao.
LIVUNGANEN-ARUMANEN CULTURE :
•The men build houses, hunt, fish, trap, and fell trees in preparation
for clearing the fields.
•They hunt pigs, deer, chicken, and various kinds of fowl with traps,
spears, bows and arrows, and hunting dogs.
•The Arumanen swidden agricultural system is an agroforestry
practice called pengengewiran.

13. TRADITION:
•After childbirth, the placenta is placed in a basket, which is
hung at arm’s reach from a tree.
•When the child is three months old, the parents and
grandparents sprinkle chicken blood on its forehead and palms
to ward off evil spirits.
•The onset of puberty used to be marked by the girl wearing
the malung (tubular skirt) for the first time and the boy, his first
pair of trousers.
•Courtship involves much circumlocutory language, especially
when the man declares his intentions, and during negotiations
for the bride-price.

14. •The marriage arrangements, however, are done when the
children come of age. When the husband dies, his family can
choose a new spouse for his widow, who cannot refuse the
match.
•The women make earthen pots, weave, sew, and
embroider. They do all the household work, including heavy
chores such as drawing water, often from sources far from
the house.
•When a person dies, all the clothes in the house are hung
on a clothesline strung over the body. The spirit of the
deceased takes them into the afterworld.

15. PRACTICES AND BELIEFS
-The Livunganen believe in one supreme diwata called
KERENEN, whom they address in prayer in several ways.
*MIDLIMBAG - the creator of the world.
*MAGBEVEYA- it's ruler
*MEMINTARAN-the peoples guiding light.
*MISUARA-The voice and giver of different Languages and
ways of speaking.
*ALATAALA -Referred to in the third person

16. SIX MALE DIWATA
*DIWATA TE IDSILA OR TSILAAN
*DIWATA TE LAMBUNGAN
*DIWATA TE BELENGKAYEN
*DIWATA TE BELEVAHAN
*DIWATA TE UDTUWAN
*DIWATA TE INSANE

17. SET OF LOWER DIWATA
*Consist of the Diwata of Agriculture and Food
*Consist of Lewanag or Pengalap
*ALIMUGKAT
*Control the Course of Human Life
THE WALIAN USES TWO IMPORTANT ITEMS IN RITUALS
*Betel Chew
*The Blood of a White Chicken

18. Zamboanga del Sur
- is a province in the Philippines located in the Zamboanga
Peninsula region in Mindanao. Its capital is the city of
Pagadian.
Indigenous Community of Zamboanga del Sur
SUBANON
○​The name is derived from the word soba or suba, which
means "river". Thus, the subanon are called "The People of the
River".
○​The language of this group is generally referred to as
Subanon.

19. Six subgroups of Subanon:
○Sindangan Subanon (Central Subanon);
○Guinselugnen (Eastern Subanon);
○Tuboy Subanon (Northern Subanon);
○Lapuyan or Margosatubig (Southern Subanon);
○Kolibugan (Kolibugan Subanon); and
○Siocon (Western Subanon).
Livelihood of the Subanon People
○The Subanon meet their daily needs primarily through agriculture.

20. Religious Beliefs
○Subanons sticks to their ancient polytheistic religion.
○​Witchdoctors and Shamans plays an important role in their
community.
Customs and Traditions
○Magbabaya- worship of the creator.
○Gmegayep- faith in their religion.
○Megbaton- belief in high heaven.
○Somodiot- appear to their God through prayers.
○Gbalyan- reverence to their priests (Shamans).
○Masidokan- observance of religious ceremonies.

21. ○Gboklog- dancing rites on the platform.
○Buya- parental courtship.
○Kinlosing- post-harvest ceremony.
○Panlimwasan- preliminary feast for a bigger one.
○Timuay- respecting the group leader.
○​Ken Gbugo- thanksgiving feast.
Banghay-banghay- feast in honor of the dead.
○Gboleman- marital ceremony.
○Sampay- wearing of belt.
○Linggi- wearing of arm and leg bracelet/s.
○Getahel- wearing of necklace/s.

22. ○Glita- wearing of earrings.
○Sising- wearing of ring/s.
○Gboklug- celebrating expensive feasts.
○Pengasi- drinking subanon wine.
Marital Practices
○​The practice of buya (parentally-arranged marriage) .
○​The marriage is always celebrated in the woman's house.
○The Gbalyan(priest) and Datu officiates the wedding.
○The groom's right hand and foot is placed over the bride's right hand and foot,
indicating that the groom has power over his bride.
○​Killing of the white chicken and showering its blood to the couples hands and
feet symbolizes purity.
○​Drinking of Pangasi in a porcelain bowl.

23. Family Practices
○​Extended Family- parents allow their married children to stay with them
until they are ready to be independent.
○​Polygamy
○​They also practice levirate and sororate forms of marriage.
○​Hereditary Succession
1. ​Datu
2. ​Timuay
○​Period of Conception- most delicate period for the couple.
○​Baptism or Daga- the child is placed in the middle of the house together
with the priest.

24. Performing arts
○Pangalitawo- is a courtship dance, which typically performed during harvest time
and other social gathering.
○Dumadel- a festival dance performed by the Subanons with palaspas (fronds of the
buri plant) to celebrate a good harvest.
Festival celebrated in Zamboanga del Sur inspired by Subanens Culture:
○Kutsitsa Festival- is a festival of thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and the local
people who do the agricultural work are those subanen people, they are treated as
one of the important participant of it, and their cultural dance are being showcase.
○​Mandala Festival- celebrated in Midsalip every Sept. 9, it’s a harvest festival, it aims
to preserve the local subanen traditions of Midsalip.

25. ○Megayon Festival- is a week-long gathering to
celebrate the unity among the 3 settlers (the
subanens, the Muslims, and the local settlers) that
contribute to the founding of Zamboanga del Sur.

26. MAGUINDANAO
Maguindanaon Culture
The Maguindanaon, or Maguindanaw for some, inhabit North Cotobato,
South Cotobato, Sultan Kudurat, Zamboanga del Sur, and Maguindanao
Maguindanaon means “people of the flood plain”
Maguindanaon are divided into two principal groups
*Tau-saIlud (people of the lower valley)
*Tau-saLaya (people of the upper valley).

27. Tau-saIlud (people of the lower valley) and the
Tau-saLaya (people of the upper valley). The Tau-
saIlud are concentrated in the areas around
Cotabato City and extend to South Dinaig.
Traditionally, they constituted the Sultanate of
Maguindanao based near present day Cotabato
City. Their dialect is characterized by more rapid,
“harder” consonant intonations, with preference
for using “d” rather than “r” and variations on the
use of “l” and “r”.

28. The Tau-saLaya, on the other hand, are
concentrated in the areas of DatuPiang
and extend south to areas which include
Buluan. As a group, they constituted the
Rajahship of Buayan based near present-
day town of DatuPiang. Their dialect is
distinguished by a slower cadence, a
drawl, with frequent omission of the
consonants between vowels and a
preference for using “l” rather than “r”,
periodic variations of “r” for “d” and
some differentiated vocabulary.

29. Inaul is the famous Maguindanao handwoven
fabric. It is a treasured cultural tradition as it
captures the Maguindanao symbol of
distinction and royalty and a source of pride
and a testament to the rich cultural heritage of
the people of Cotabato City. It is used by the
Magundanaons as a “malong”, a tubular skirt
or “sarong” that wraps around the lower part
of the body and worn as traditional dress by
both men and women.

30. Traditional Maguindanaon ceremonies
include Pabpagubad (healing), Puwasa
(fasting), Hariraya Puwasa (breaking of
fast), Mauludin Nabi (birth of Prophet
Muhammad), Amon Jadid (Muslim new
year) and other occasions. Kanduli
(thanksgiving) is an important occasion
among the Maguindanaos of Bagumbayan

31. The Maguindanaon tradition on
marriage is still primitive in many
aspects like the negotiation of
third parties, imposition of dowry,
man's servitude to his in-laws and
many of the rituals of the past are
still seen in the present time.

32. Kutbatul Nikah is usually done inside
the mosque with male witnesses.
From the mosque, the group
proceeded to the wedding or
reception venue where the parade of
damak was done at the area. They
started with the reading of Qur'an and
the presentation of the groom

33. Kanduli (thanksgiving) is an important occasion
among the Maguindanaos of Bagumbayan.
Kanduli ceremonies are festive occasions where
the community gathers around to eat and share
what they have.
Most Maguindanao follow standard Islamic
beliefs and practices, but the native
Maguindanaons persevere to a form of folk
Islam, their believe in spirits, sorcery and
supernatural beings is still evident in their
culture and ceremonies.

34. ● BUKIDNON TRIBE
>also known as Panay Bukidnon ( Panay means people) or
people of bukidnon.
Beliefs
▪︎Dadanhayan ha Sugay
》who represents the evil 10 headed drooling
God.
▪︎Magbabaya
》who represents the good human God.
▪︎Agtayabun
》 who represents the cloaked hawk-headed god.

35. ▪︎Magbabaya
》most powerful of all
》people who see him are turned to
water.
》 "the spirit who made trees,stones
and people," or simply as Diwata
Magbabaya.

36. * (Traditions)*
▪︎Binukot
》a tradition where the only daughter or
the prettiest daughter of a family are kept
from the public eye until she becomes a
young woman or maiden.
-sagidanon 》a long verbal narrative
containing the epics of panay.

37. ▪︎Panubok
》traditional embroidery of the panay bukidnon
women.
▪︎Rosita Silva Guillerno Caballero
》the last binukot of the Caballero family.
》died on July 23,2017 at the age of 74.

38. ▪︎Panubok
》traditional embroidery of the panay bukidnon
women.
▪︎Rosita Silva Guillerno Caballero
》the last binukot of the Caballero family.
》died on July 23,2017 at the age of 74.

39. ▪︎Binanog
》a courtship dance.
》it's end with an enkwentro or
encounter

40. ▪︎Binanog
》a courtship dance.
》it's end with an enkwentro or
encounter

41. *(Practices)*
▪︎RITUALS :
▪︎Pangampo
》 ritual held every January for the
preservation and protection.
▪︎Salangsang
》A ceremony asking permission from
Magbabaya to plant crops.
▪︎Lagong
》Thanksgiving for the blessings from Magbabaya.

42. *(Cultures)*
▪︎food gathering and swidden agriculture
▪︎binanog dance
▪︎rituals in farming
▪︎Bayanihan

44. ●TALAANDIG TRIBE
*(Beliefs)*
▪︎Magbabaya (the highest God)
▪︎Dadagunan hu Suguy
》 who guards the laws of the house
▪︎Anilaw ha Sumagda
》who guards the door

45. ▪︎Sinyuda Kahibunan
》who keeps the hall
▪︎Diwata has Mailib
》 who records the activity of people inside the house
▪︎Mt.Kitanglad
》 their sacred "temple" and ancestral home.
》"forest was the source of life"
▪︎Tigmas
》a magic stone that fell from the sky.
》 "teeth of the lightning"
(It has the power to stop violent storms)

46. *(Traditions)*
▪︎Datu
》a title which denotes the rulers.
》 chosen by the virtue. (A sense of fairness,
intelligence, curiosity, culture and lore.)
▪︎Talabugta and Ibabasuk rituals
》 when the tallaandig establishes a farm
▪︎Pamamahandi
》 for Thanksgiving

47. ▪︎ Panagulambung
》 for the recognition of the
superior leadership
▪︎Punaliket and Palayag
》 for hunting

48. *(Practices)*
▪︎Pamuhat
》 religious ceremonies
{Panawagtawag(call) or pandalawit
(invitations), in which the spirits are involved to
attend the ceremony. }
▪︎Two Methods of Healing Illlness;
*religious ceremony and * herbal
medicine.

49. *(Practices)*
▪︎Pamuhat
》 religious ceremonies
{Panawagtawag(call) or pandalawit
(invitations), in which the spirits are involved to
attend the ceremony. }
▪︎Two Methods of Healing Illlness;
*religious ceremony and * herbal
medicine.

50. ●MANOBO
>the name Manobo came from"Mansuba" from
"man"(person or people) and "suba"(river), meaning
river people
*(Beliefs)*
▪︎Manobo cosmology consists of four worlds; Skyworld,
Earthworld ,Underworld, and Paradise.
▪︎revolve around the concept of many unseen spirits
interfering in the lives of humans.
▪︎Pregnant women should stay indoors if the color of
the sky is red after sunset.
▪︎Illness is caused by an enraged bus or diwata.

51. *(Traditions)*
▪︎traditions dances are:
- Sinundo/ Singangga (a ward off plane dance ritual)
-Pangasawa (a ritual of marriage) and
-Kinugsik-kugsik (a dance of squirrels)
▪︎Buya
》 is sacred for the Manobos.
▪︎traditional costume reflects of life, cultures,
personalities, religious practices and rituals. [Wanes(men)
& Lufid(woman)]
-typical colors are red,black,yellow&white.

52. *(Practices)*
▪︎Upakat (reciprocity)
▪︎swidden or slash and burn farming.
▪︎Panubad-tupad
(public and private ritual)
▪︎Pamiteun
*(Cultures)*
▪︎Sunggod Ta Kamanga
》 a celebration of Manobo culture
》 live of chicken & pigs are sacrificed.

53. *(Practices)*
▪︎Upakat (reciprocity)
▪︎swidden or slash and burn farming.
▪︎Panubad-tupad
(public and private ritual)
▪︎Pamiteun
*(Cultures)*
▪︎Sunggod Ta Kamanga
》 a celebration of Manobo culture
》 live of chicken & pigs are sacrificed.

54. *(Practices)*
▪︎Upakat (reciprocity)
▪︎swidden or slash and burn farming.
▪︎Panubad-tupad
(public and private ritual)
▪︎Pamiteun
*(Cultures)*
▪︎Sunggod Ta Kamanga
》 a celebration of Manobo culture
》 live of chicken & pigs are sacrificed.

55. Higaonon
- Their life is centered on maintaining the
woodlands in which they reside and cultivating
peaceful coexistence with its other
occupants.They are true peace loving people and
also known as weavers of peace.
- Higa means living, and goan means mountains,
and onon, which means people, combine to form
the name Higaonon.

56. Culture
- Their strive for peace is expressed in
their traditional fabric, the Hinabol.
Hinabol in the binukid term means to
weave. Can be described as a culture of
peace.

57. Tradition
- Practices an ancient ritual: the
tampudas hu Balagun, or the treaty of
the green vine branch, a symbolic and
traditional cutting of the vine.
- They follow the habitual laws of
Bunkatol Ha Bulawan Daw Nang Ka
Tasa ha Lana, which means treasured
unity of Love and Peace.

58. - The system of conflict settlement used by
the Higaonons, popularly known as
paghusay (meaning "to settle"), is one of
the indigenous customs that have been
preserved to this day. As long as a dispute is
within the tribal council's purview, which is
made up of a Supreme Datu (chieftain), 11
delegates, 3 baes (women delegates), and
25 alimaong (tribal police), it can be settled.

59. Beliefs
- Believed in supernatural beings that dwelt in
mountains, forests, trees, or simply existed in
some portion of the universe.
- also believed in the existence of beneficent
spirits like those of their dead datus as well as
in malevolent ones, and in the creator of all
things—the God Magbabaya.

60. Practices
- Practice kaingin farming (rice,
corn, camote, taro, coffee, and
bananas) and are also hunters
and gatherers.

62. Matigsalug
- The Matigsalug are an indigenous
people that reside in San
Fernando's Tigwa-Salug Valley in
the Philippine province of
Bukidnon. "Matigsalug" is a name
for residents of the Salug River

63. Culture
- remnants of their former way of life may today
be seen in their cultural and creative
expression.
- Their music, songs, dances, poetry, epics, and
spiritual expressions all reflect this primitive
way of existence.
- Men in Matigsalug dress in knee-length, form-
fitting slacks and turbans that have goat or
horse hair fringe and are beaded.

65. Beliefs
- Believe in one God “Magbabaya'' (the ruler of
all) who has minor gods and goddesses under
his command (i.e. Ibabasok – who watches
over growth of crops; Dagingon – who watches
over planting and harvest season; Bulalakaw –
who is the god of the rivers and lakes, Tumpas
Nanapiyaw or Itumbangol – who watches over
the base of the earth night and day).

66. Practices
- Eggs, rice, corn, coins, bracelets, anklets
and betel nuts are placed on an altar, and
the Datu, while calling on the spirits, slits
the throat of a chicken and offers the
blood.

67. Tradition
- Traditional Bukidnon visual arts include
weaving, handicrafts, earth paintings, beadwork,
patchwork, and embroidery. - As an illustration,
the three various weaves used by the Bukidnons
to distinguish themselves are the Tinilogas (one
over one), Tigdaruwa (two over two), and
Tigtatulo (two over one).
- They apply mat edgings like Sinapay or
Insapay, Binaling or Igbaling experimentally as
well.

68. - Typical geometric motifs used to embellish
traditional Bukidnon garments include the
binitu-on, binabangon, and kinabuka. It was
heavily embellished with geometric designs
and vibrant red, blue, white, and black hues.
- also evident in the traditional "panika"
production process (headdress).
- The traditional Bukidnon embroidery
technique is known as panulam, and the
embroidered fabric is known as pinamulaan.

69. Umayamnon
- The provinces of Bukidnon and
Agusan are separated by the
Umayam River in Cabanglasan,
which bears their name.

70. Culture
- Umayamnon are excellent makers
of bead jewelry like the necklaces
called ginakit and inboy, beautiful
beaded men's bags called suning
and unisex beaded bracelets called
binuklad.

71. Practices
- rely on swidden farming, commonly
known as kaingin or slash-and-burn.
- express their gesture of welcoming
visitors by an ethnic dance

72. Traditions
- The blood relations of both the mother
and the father are regarded as close
relatives by the Umayamnon, who trace
their sorts bilaterally. They are required to
play reciprocal duties, such as contributing
to the payment of a bride price or ransom,
playing catch together, or clearing
kagsakum from a community field.

73. Beliefs
- They have faith in referring to the
creator as God “Magbabaya”.
- The causes of both good and
terrible events are the spirits.

74. Tigwahanon
The Municipality of San Fernando in Bukidnon, which is
close to the border with Davao del Norte, is home to
many Tigwa or Tigwahanons. The word "Tigwahanen"
may have originated from the word "guwa," which
means "scattered," or from the Tigwa River, where the
Tigwahanon live along its banks and watersheds. There
are currently about 36,128 Tigwa living in the provinces
of Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Agusan del Sur, and
Misamis Occidental.

75. Practices
- They practice swidden agriculture and live off the
forest.
Beliefs
-By granting the unborn child the same rights as the
adult human being, these people showed how much
respect and significance they placed in the human
person. This demonstrates how highly the
Tigwahanon regard human life.

76. Traditions
• The Tigwahanon tribe is well-known
and wealthy for its traditional dances,
which feature the two-stringed "Kudlong"
guitar for the Datu and "Saluray"

77. Traditions
• The Tigwahanon tribe is well-known
and wealthy for its traditional dances,
which feature the two-stringed "Kudlong"
guitar for the Datu and "Saluray"

78. Traditions
• The Tigwahanon tribe is well-known
and wealthy for its traditional dances,
which feature the two-stringed "Kudlong"
guitar for the Datu and "Saluray"

79. Culture
The Tigwahanon respect life. These people
have so-called batangan tree houses, which
are constructed among the branches of a
developing tree using the tree trunk as its
sole support. Their fishing gear consists of
variously shaped bu-o (bamboo fish traps),
and they have mastered the art of banowit
fishing using a hook and line.

80. MANOBO OF LEBAK SULTAN KUDARAT
DULANGAN MANOBO is a Manobo
language spoken in Mindanao, the
Philippines. Dialects include Tasaday and
Blit

81. MANOBO OF LEBAK SULTAN KUDARAT
DULANGAN MANOBO is a Manobo
language spoken in Mindanao, the
Philippines. Dialects include Tasaday and
Blit

82. BELIEFS
•Datu Tunas Kulam of Lebak Sultan Kudarat says
that the Dulangan Manobos believe in a
Supreme God who created all things including
man.
•The gods communicate with mortal men
through dreams, although some special people
have been endowed with gifts for
communicating with the gods. These are the
balyan.

83. •The natives consider most caves
(Takob or Ilib) as sacred grounds.
Noted caves are Makyumang in
Barangay Bulalawan and the Ilib
Masabak.

84. PRACTICES
•The Dulangan Manobos of Lebak worship a
pantheon of deities and perform rituals based on
their beliefs.
•Traditional healing sessions these consist of a
preparation of a local concoction of rice and egg
placed inside a bowl, known as langa. The lukes
recite prayers before incense and ask the deities
for the quick recovery of an ailing individual.

85. CULTURES and TRADITION
•They not normally wear their tribal
costumes and adornments in their daily
undertakings. They only wear these during
special occasions and gatherings.
•In their traditional wear, the Dulanga wear
a saya, often a patadyong, and a long
sleeved figure hugging V-necklined blouse
called kawal.

86. TIRURAY MANOBO
•The word “Tiruray” comes from tiru,
signifying “place of origin, birth, or
residence,” and ray from “daya,” meaning
“upper part of a stream or river.”
•They live in the upper portion of a river-
drained area in the northwestern part of
South Cotabato, where the mountainous
terrain of the Cotabato Cordillera faces the
Celebes Sea.

87. TIRURAY MANOBO
•The word “Tiruray” comes from tiru,
signifying “place of origin, birth, or
residence,” and ray from “daya,” meaning
“upper part of a stream or river.”
•They live in the upper portion of a river-
drained area in the northwestern part of
South Cotabato, where the mountainous
terrain of the Cotabato Cordillera faces the
Celebes Sea.

88. BELIEFS
• Indigenous beliefs and
practice, customs and
rituals are animistic. Tiruray
who have close contact with
the Muslim Maguindanao
were influenced to believe
the Islam faith.

89. • Tiruray's knowledge of Christianity
comes largely from Roman
Catholics, partly from Episcopal
influence, and partly from other
agencies.

90. PRACTICES
•Tiruray practiced a subsistence system
mainly based on traditional swidden
cultivation. Supplemental food supplies
were procured through hunting, fishing,
and gathering.

91. TRADITION AND CULTURE
•Tedurays are famous for their
craftsmanship in weaving baskets with
two-toned geometric designs.
• While many have adopted the cultures
of neighboring Muslims and Christians
people, a high percentage of their
population still believe and practice
their indigenous customs and rituals.

92. Monom

93. T'BOLIS
•Tbolis are of Proto-Malayan stock and are
found in the mountain ranges of South
Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat Provinces.
•Tbolis – known among the lowlanders as
“Tagabili”, and the same, derived from the
word “Tao Belil” which means, man living
in the hills in their own tongue.

94. T'BOLIS
•Tbolis are of Proto-Malayan stock and are
found in the mountain ranges of South
Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat Provinces.
•Tbolis – known among the lowlanders as
“Tagabili”, and the same, derived from the
word “Tao Belil” which means, man living
in the hills in their own tongue.

95. BELIEFS
•In T'boli belief, a spirit or force lives in all
objects, animate and inanimate.
•The T'boli believe that everything has a spirit
which must be respected for good fortune. Bad
spirits can cause illness and misfortune
•The T'boli believe in a seven-level upper world
inhabited by many gods, foremost of whom are
the couple, Kadaw La Sambad and Bulan La
Magoaw.

96. PRACTICES
•Parents will place a sword by
sleeping to children to protect
them from evil spirits.
Folktales often feature talking
crabs, horses, or other
animals.

97. CULTURE AND TRADITION
•T'nalak is a traditional hand-woven cloth
indigenous to the T'boli people from the
Cotabato region
•The T'boli culture is richly connected with and
inspired by nature, their dances are a mimick
from the action of animals such as monkeys and
birds.

98. THANK YOU