The document discusses artificial intelligence and how it may impact jobs and professions. It analyzes which jobs have the highest risk of replacement by AI, such as food preparation, construction, and driving services. The document also examines the ethics of AI and how companies are working to develop AI responsibly and avoid biases. Additionally, it explores the differences between strong and weak AI, with strong AI being able to find novel solutions and learn on its own through techniques like reinforcement learning.

1. E-skills
COOPERATION
Maureen Opdebeeck, Sebastien
Vandeale, Jasper Piers, Bertjan
Sturtewagen

2. Tableof Contents
Description of the task ................................................................................................................... 2
How and which professions will be affected the most? ............................................................... 2
Is Artificial Intelligence ethically responsible? .............................................................................. 3
What makes Artificial Intelligence strong or weak?..................................................................... 5
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 7

3. Description of the task
Before starting this document, we had to have an online meeting with the group members. The
goal of the task is to critically evaluate artificial Intelligence by answering to three important
question that are related to businesses. In the following document you will find the answers why
we picked these questions and our conclusion about artificial intelligence.
How and which professions will be affected the most?
Artificial intelligence is definitely
something of our current society
and will have a huge impact on our
daily lives. Whether this is positive
our not can be a bit of a vague
question for everybody. However,
some jobs will be affected in a huge
way. We picked this question
because for students like us, it will
be important for us to know on
which jobs we should focus or not. In
the following paragraph we will
discuss which professions will be
affected the most and in what way
they will be affected.
In this graph you can see which jobs will be affected by artificial Intelligence. Food construction
for example has the risk of about 60% to be replaced by artificial intelligence. Just like
construction that has the chance of nearly 60% to being replaced as does cleaning services and
driving services. However, this is not just it. This graph shows only the tip of the iceberg. You may
think that this graph already shows a lot of jobs that will affect a lot of people. But there are a
couple of jobs that will be affected in a way more drastic way than 60% if we take the example
of food preparation.
Jobs like Telemarketers, Book-keeping clerks, Benefits Managers,Receptionists, Couriers, Market
Research analysis and Security Guards are just a few examples that will be heavily impacted by
the further evolution of artificial intelligence. (John, 2019)
Telemarketers for example was something that happened in huge call centers. The workers
would cold call people all around the world, but this is far from efficient as a lot of people would
just end the call as soon as they would hear the purpose of the call. You could just imagine the
situation when for example your phone carrier calls you to change your phone plan or to explain
you some new deals that could be interesting for you. You hang up your phone and you don’t

4. hesitate one second. In a lot of companies today, this call center is replaced by bots. When they
call you, you are supposed to press a certain number in order to get more information. Even
though this voice might seemhuman, it actuallyis not. A country that has/had alot of call centers
and was known for companies to be the perfect place to outsource this service due to low wages
is for example Indie. You can only imagine now that a lot of people in this country will be affected
by this evolution in artificial intelligence as to a lot of researches, 99% of this kind of job will be
replaced by artificial intelligence. (maricafilannino, 2016)
Security guards was something that we didn’t expect to be replaced by artificial intelligence, but
it seemed funny. However, when we looked for it on the internet. There is 84% risk that this job
would be replaced by artificial Intelligence. As of today, there already exist security robots, but
artificial intelligence still has a long way to go to fully replace these jobs. (first security services,
2018) (WILL ROBOTS TAKE MY JOB?, sd)
To conclude this question, we can say that artificial intelligence will definitely have an impact on
our economic landscape. Jobs that can be automated, will be automated. Jobs that are repetitive
and have an identical routine each day will be impacted the most and in the near future. Jobs like
nurses or doctors will most likely not be replaced by artificial intelligence.
Is Artificial Intelligence ethically responsible?
Artificial intelligence andethics are termsthat,whenusedtogether, canflare upa fairbit of discussion.
Thistopic hasgaineda lotof tractionrecently,because itisbecomingclearhow broadthe applications
of artificial intelligence cangetinthe (near) future. The questionwhetherAIisethicallyresponsible
mustthus certainlybe asked, especiallybecauseAIis mainstreamingveryrapidlyandis startingto
replace jobsthatwere previously performedbyhumans.
As humans,we automatically applyethical considerationstoeverysituation. Machinesdonothave
these capabilities.The ethicsof everytechnology liesthusinit’screationbyhumans.This isalsothe
case forartificial intelligence (Nalini,2019).For AI,it isevenmore importantto implementthe right
ethicsfromthe beginning,aswe donot have sighton the path frominputsto outputs.
We all have heardof doom scenario’s where AItakesoverthe world. Butthose are,fornow, really
nothingmore thanfantasy.Here are some real-life examplesof whatcan happenwhenAIgetsitwrong
or is unethicallyused.
Facial recognition hasfailedmultiple times,one example iswhenAmazon’s face recognition falsely
matched28 membersof congress withpeople whohadbeenarrestedforacrime (Snow,2018).
WhenAI ispoorlytrained,itcan developstrongunethical bias. Amazonhadtodrop it’sAIrecruitingtool
in2018, because it favored menoverwomenfortechnical jobs (Reuters,2018)
Europe realizesthe importance of AIbeing ethical.Therefore, the EuropeanCommission isinviting
Europeansto discussethical AI onan official boardcalled EuropeanAIAlliance (Bergdahl,2019). Besides
that, the EU has composed EthicsguidelinesfortrustworthyAI.

5. Accordingto the EU, trustworthyAIshouldbe:
1. Lawful:respectingall applicablelawsandregulations.
2. Ethical:respectingethical principlesandvalues.
3. Robust:bothfrom a technical perspective whiletakingintoaccountitssocial environment
(RoboticsandArtificial Intelligence(UnitA.1),2019).
The guidelines themselvesare writtendownina41-page document. Accordingtothe EU, the
development,deploymentanduse of AIshouldbe ina way thatadheresto the ethical principlesof:
respectforhumanautonomy,preventionof harm, fairnessandexplicability (AIHLEG,2019).
So,we knowthe pointof viewof the European Commission,butdothe marketleadersinAIactuallydo
some efforttomake artificial intelligence ethical?Wellyes, accordingtotheirstatements.
In 2018, Sundar Pichai, the CEOof Google publishedablogpostabout whatGoogle’s principles are
regardingAI.Google distinguishes 7objectivesfortheirAIapplications.
1. Be sociallybeneficial.
2. Avoidcreatingorreinforcingunfairbias.
3. Be builtandtested forsafety.
4. Be accountable topeople.
5. Incorporate privacydesignprinciples.
6. Upholdhighstandardsof scientificexcellence.
7. Be made available forusesthataccordwiththese principles (Pichai,2018).
Furthermore,Google statesthatitwill notdesign ordeployAI inapplicationareasthat:
 Cause harm.
 Facilitate injurytopeople.
 Gather or use informationforsurveillance violatinginternationallyacceptednorms.
 Contraveneswidelyacceptedprinciples of internationallaw andhumanrights.
Microsofthas itsown setof AI principlesand statesthatAIsolutionsshould reflectethical principlesthat
are deeplyrootedinimportantandtimelessvalues (Microsoft,2019).
Facebook isalsoinvestinginmakingsure thattheirAIapplicationsare ethical. InJanuaryof thisyear,
theyannounced thattheywill be workingtogetherwith Technical Universityof Munich tosupportthe
creationof an independentAIethicsresearchcenter (Candela,2019).Facebookalso developedFairness
Flow,a tool that evaluateswhetherornot there are unintendedbiasesincertain AI models.
There have beennumerousinstancesthatalreadyhave shown toimportance of unbiasedandethical AI.
Big corporations thatare leadersIthe fieldof AI have publiclymade clearthattheyare puttingeffortin
makingtheirAIapplications asethical aspossible. Governingbodiesare comingupwithrulesregarding
AI.If these bigcompaniesactlike theypromise andoffenses regardingthe use of unethical AIcanbe
punished,the future isnotlookingtoobadand AIwill become more ethical. However,itwill mostlikely
neverbe perfectas ethicsisnot an exactscience andall AI applications startwithhumanswritingthe
code.

6. What makes Artificial Intelligence strong or weak?
There isa cleardifference betweenastrongand weakartificial intelligence.A weakartificialintelligence
has a programmedresponse foraquestionormove.A strong artificial intelligence isunpredictableand
youcan onlyguesswhatitwill respond,muchlike ahumanbeing. (E3magazine)
The way to create a strong artificial intelligence isbymachine learning.Thereare three maintypes of
machine learning,namely;supervisedlearning,unsupervisedlearningandreinforcementlearning.
Supervisedlearningiswhenahumaninsertsdataand insertswhatthe wantedresponse isorresponses
if there are multipleoutputspossible.Unsupervised learningiswhenthe machine observesdate and
findsstructure withinthe data.The lastmethodisreinforcementlearninganditmightbe the most
powerful learningmethod.Thismethodletsthe artificialintelligenceactand see foritself if itworksor
not.(wikipedia) A majorexample isthe AlphaGoartificial intelligence.Whattheydidisgive the machine
the rulesof the game go and letitdo simulationsagainstitself.Thiswayitfoundtacticsthatworkedand
didn’twork.Afterfourtosix weeksit wastrainedandit tookon the world’sbestplayerLee Sedol.THe
game is nowfamous,because of “move 37”, whichwasa move nota single personinhistoryhad
thoughtof doingand inthe enditwas foundoutthat the move was an essentialpartof the artificial
intelligence’stactictowin.(towardsdata science)
Thenthere isalsothe AlphaZero,thisartificial intelligence wasn’tfixedtoone game.Itdidsimulations
againstitself andbetweenthe momentitwasturnedonanddefeatingthe numberone chessplayerint
the world,there were fourhours.A couple of hourslaterit had beatenthe previousrobotthatwasthe
bestat chess.In a couple of hoursit learnedstrategiesthe entire humanpopulationhadfiguredoutand
strategiesnota single humanhad thoughtof and theyworkedevenbetter.(LievenSheire,WTTAA)
If an artificial intelligence canfindtacticsnota single personhasthoughtof ina few weeks,thenitcan
onlybe imaginedhowstrongitcouldbe whenusedforotherpurposes,suchhasfor the military.
Somethingthathasalsobeendifficultforartificial intelligence isrecognizingpatterns,thisisinthe forms
of havinga picture of an apple anda pear and the machine beingable totell youwhichiswhich.
Nowadaysitissucceedingmore andmore,sowithunsupervisedlearning,youinsertabunchof pictures
of the objectsthatneedtobe identifiedandmake itsee the patterns.Thiscan be usedforsecurity,it
couldbe learnedtorecognize peopleandonlygive accesstocertainpeople. (LievenSheire,WTTAA)
A bigconcernwhenit comesto strongartificial intelligence isthe fearof artificial intelligence taking
overor havinga grunge againsthumanity.Thisissomethingthatisveryunlikely,since humansdothis
behavioroutof emotionandmachinesdonothave emotions.There isn’tasingle machine thatgets
angry whenyoushutit down.Inorderfor an artificial intelligence togetangryat humans,a human
wouldhave toprogram the machine to have a certainresponse whenahumandoes anaction.The only
wayit couldget dangerousiswhenahumanmakesthe artificial intelligence defeatahumanat a certain
act or missionandthe artificial intelligence findsashortcutinthe wayof whenitkillsthe personitwill
certainlywin.Thereforthere shouldbe rulesputinplace asa securitythatpreventsfrommachinesto
go intothat directionof thinking.(LievenSheire,WTTAA)

7. For weakdesignthere are some exampleslike AlexaandSiri.Theymightseemstrongartificial
intelligence,buttheyhave programmedresponsesandtheydon’thave ananswerfora questionthat
isn’tprogrammedintothem,they’ll justhave ananswerinthe waythat theydon’tknow.
Anotherexampleof weakartificialintelligenceisachatbot.This iswhenyouare on a website andyou
can chat to ask questionandgetresponses,justlikeanactual conversation. Everythinginthe chatisa
simple programandinsertedresponsesbythe creators.
The advantage of havinga strongartificial intelligence,evenforthe functionsthatnow use weak
artificial intelligence isthatthe artificial intelligence will notfeellikeamachine.Itwouldmake the
experience more pleasantforthe user.Itwouldalsopreventspendingalotof time on programmingthe
botsand wouldthereforsave companiesmoney.

8. Bibliography
AI HLEG. (2019). ETHICS GUIDELINES. EUROPEAN COMMISSION.
Bergdahl,J.(2019, July15). Why AIMustBe Ethical — And How We MakeIt So.Retrievedfrom
towardsdatascience.com:https://towardsdatascience.com/why-ai-must-be-ethical-and-how-
we-make-it-so-b52cdb1dd15f
Candela,J.Q. (2019, January20). Announcing theTUMInstituteforEthics in Artificial Intelligence.
Retrievedfromabout.fb.com:https://about.fb.com/news/2019/01/tum-institute-for-ethics-in-
ai/
firstsecurityservices.(2018,August4). Will RobotsEver ReplaceSecurity Guards? Retrievedfrom
firstsecurityservices.com:https://www.firstsecurityservices.com/will-robots-ever-replace-
security-guards/
John,C. (2019, March 1). 12 JOBSTHAT WILL BE SOON REPLACEDBY AI.Retrievedfrom
blog.apruve.com:https://blog.apruve.com/12-jobs-that-will-be-soon-replaced-by-ai
maricafilannino.(2016,May 26). Telemarketersand Globalisation.Retrievedfrom
http://blogs.uwa.edu.au/:http://blogs.uwa.edu.au/telemarketers/2016/05/26/will-
telemarketing-become-automated/
Microsoft.(2019). MicrosoftAIprinciples.Retrievedfrommicrosoft.com:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ai/our-approach-to-ai
Nalini,B.(2019, May 1). The Hitchhiker’sGuide to AI Ethics.Retrievedfromtowardsdatascience.com:
https://towardsdatascience.com/ethics-of-ai-a-comprehensive-primer-1bfd039124b0
Pichai,S.(2018, June 7). AIat Google: ourprinciples. Retrievedfromblog.google:
https://www.blog.google/technology/ai/ai-principles/
Reuters.(2018, October11). Amazon ditched AIrecruiting tool thatfavored men fortechnical jobs.
Retrievedfromtheguardian.com:
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/10/amazon-hiring-ai-gender-bias-
recruiting-engine
RoboticsandArtificial Intelligence (UnitA.1).(2019,April 8). Ethics guidelinesfortrustworthy AI.
Retrievedfromec.europa.eu:https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-
guidelines-trustworthy-ai
Snow,J.(2018, July26). Amazon’sFaceRecognition Falsely Matched 28 Membersof CongressWith
Mugshots.Retrievedfromaclu.org:https://www.aclu.org/blog/privacy-technology/surveillance-
technologies/amazons-face-recognition-falsely-matched-28
WILL ROBOTS TAKE MY JOB?(n.d.). Security Guards .Retrievedfromwillrobotstakemyjob.com:
https://willrobotstakemyjob.com/33-9032-security-guards

9. E-3 Magazine. (2019, May 27). Strong vs. Weak Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved December 1,
2019, from https://e3zine.com/strong-artificial-intelligence/
Huang, S. (2019, March 14). Understanding AlphaGo, how AI think and learn. Retrieved
December 1, 2019, from https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-alphago-how-ai-
think-and-learn-1-2-da07d3ec5278
Strong AI. (2019, October 2). Retrieved December 1, 2019, from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/strong-ai.asp
Wikipedia contributors. (2019, November 29). Machine learning. Retrieved December 1, 2019,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning#Types_of_learning_algorithms
Welcome to the AA. (2019, February 24). YouTube. Retrieved December 1, 2019, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quYO20qfcew