What is an Interacting Unit?
Several units interact with each other through material or energy flows.
How to determine the feasible loop configuration in interacting units?
Steps:
Divide the process into separate blocks.
Determine the degree of freedom and no of controlled and manipulated variables for each block.
Determine the feasible loop configurations for each and every block.
Recombine the blocks with their loop configurations.
Eliminate the conflicts among the control system of the various blocks.
Standar Audit Intern Pemerintah Indonesia ini mengatur mengenai kegiatan audit intern yang dapat dilakukan oleh Auditor dan Pimpinan APIP sesuai dengan mandat, tugas, dan fungsinya. Standar ini terdiri atas Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar, Standar Umum, Standar Pelaksanaan Audit Intern, dan Standar Komunikasi Audit Intern yang bertujuan menjamin mutu hasil audit.
الاثنين 14 مارس 2016: أحداث منتظرة
9.00 أمين عام اتحاد الشغل يشرف على ذكرى ف الزعيم النقابي الحبيب عاشور/ مقبرة العباسية بجزيرة قرقنة
12.00 ندوة صحفية لهيئة الحقيقة والكرامة حول الاختفاء القسري/ مقرّ الهيئة المركزي بمونبليزير
12.00 محاضرة بعنوان " ومضات عن صمود الزعيم الحبيب عاشور خلال فترات الاستثناء والإبعاد / دار الاتحاد المحلي للشغل بقرقنة
This short document discusses a communication platform and brand vision film but provides no other details about the content or purpose of these materials. It expresses gratitude but does not specify to whom or for what.
This document contains a summary of Mohammad R. Al-Bdour's career objective, personal information, professional experience, education, target job, skills, languages, and availability of references. Al-Bdour is seeking a challenging marketing or sales position in real estate, manufacturing, construction, or management. He has over 10 years of experience in sales and currently works as a sales executive for a UPVC windows and doors manufacturer in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Al-Bdour holds a Bachelor's degree in Marketing from Yarmouk University in Jordan.
Tita y Fran forman un dúo musical de madre e hija unidas por el amor y el folklore. Comparten su pasión por la música folklórica interpretando canciones tradicionales que celebran los vínculos familiares y la herencia cultural.
The Uvalde Research Center's mission is to create knowledge and technology that results in efficient and profitable intensive agricultural and urban management systems while maintaining balance between the environment and social prosperity. The document then provides examples of various research projects conducted at the center related to maximizing crop production, conserving underground resources, analyzing antioxidants in response to irrigation, improving drip irrigation, enhancing wildlife production, combating Pierce's disease of grapes, improving irrigation efficiency, studying water and nutrient use efficiency, measuring water use in trees, and assessing nursery grown trees. Educational sessions were also provided during a county commissioners court conference.
Standar Audit Intern Pemerintah Indonesia ini mengatur mengenai kegiatan audit intern yang dapat dilakukan oleh Auditor dan Pimpinan APIP sesuai dengan mandat, tugas, dan fungsinya. Standar ini terdiri atas Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar, Standar Umum, Standar Pelaksanaan Audit Intern, dan Standar Komunikasi Audit Intern yang bertujuan menjamin mutu hasil audit.
الاثنين 14 مارس 2016: أحداث منتظرة
9.00 أمين عام اتحاد الشغل يشرف على ذكرى ف الزعيم النقابي الحبيب عاشور/ مقبرة العباسية بجزيرة قرقنة
12.00 ندوة صحفية لهيئة الحقيقة والكرامة حول الاختفاء القسري/ مقرّ الهيئة المركزي بمونبليزير
12.00 محاضرة بعنوان " ومضات عن صمود الزعيم الحبيب عاشور خلال فترات الاستثناء والإبعاد / دار الاتحاد المحلي للشغل بقرقنة
This short document discusses a communication platform and brand vision film but provides no other details about the content or purpose of these materials. It expresses gratitude but does not specify to whom or for what.
This document contains a summary of Mohammad R. Al-Bdour's career objective, personal information, professional experience, education, target job, skills, languages, and availability of references. Al-Bdour is seeking a challenging marketing or sales position in real estate, manufacturing, construction, or management. He has over 10 years of experience in sales and currently works as a sales executive for a UPVC windows and doors manufacturer in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Al-Bdour holds a Bachelor's degree in Marketing from Yarmouk University in Jordan.
Tita y Fran forman un dúo musical de madre e hija unidas por el amor y el folklore. Comparten su pasión por la música folklórica interpretando canciones tradicionales que celebran los vínculos familiares y la herencia cultural.
The Uvalde Research Center's mission is to create knowledge and technology that results in efficient and profitable intensive agricultural and urban management systems while maintaining balance between the environment and social prosperity. The document then provides examples of various research projects conducted at the center related to maximizing crop production, conserving underground resources, analyzing antioxidants in response to irrigation, improving drip irrigation, enhancing wildlife production, combating Pierce's disease of grapes, improving irrigation efficiency, studying water and nutrient use efficiency, measuring water use in trees, and assessing nursery grown trees. Educational sessions were also provided during a county commissioners court conference.
Visible light communication (sending data through light)slmnsvn
This document contains an outline for a thesis on visible light communication (VLC). It begins with acknowledgments and then provides a table of contents and lists of figures and tables. In the introduction, it states that VLC can solve problems with other communication systems like limited transmission power, security, and data rates. It discusses the objectives of building and testing a VLC circuit. It highlights advantages of VLC such as security, bandwidth, and ubiquity. The literature review covers applications of VLC like indoor lighting networks and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. It also discusses VLC standards and the author's previous relevant coursework.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pendidikan Islam yang bertujuan untuk tazkiyah nafs atau pembersihan diri. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan tentang adab-adab penuntut ilmu seperti taat kepada guru, bersabar, berbaik sangka, dan merendahkan diri. Selain itu, dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai target pembelajaran bahasa Arab dan qiraat Al-Quran serta rekod prestasi pembelajaran tersebut.
The document summarizes an experiment comparing the efficiency of two solar cookers, a windshield shade cooker and a fun-panel cooker. The experiment found that the windshield shade cooker was more efficient, raising the temperature inside by 75°F in 10 minutes compared to a rise of only 38°F for the fun-panel cooker. The conclusion is that the windshield shade cooker worked better because it was able to focus more sunlight on the container.
1) The document discusses developments needed to make solar cookers more popular, including reducing costs, improving stability, and adding features like tracking mechanisms.
2) Specific solar cooker designs are examined, including concentrating cookers, box cookers, panel cookers, and funnel cookers. Improvements suggested include better insulation, tracking without disturbing cooking, and sizing options.
3) There is also a need for affordable solar energy storage solutions for nighttime heating, and commercial solar cookers, while some have been installed they remain few. Increased promotion through advertising and success stories could help solar cookers gain popularity.
Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. Li-Fi is transmission of data using visible light by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. If the LED is on, the photo detector registers a binary one; otherwise it‟s a binary zero. The idea of Li-Fi was introduced by a German physicist, Harald Hass, which he also referred to as “Data
through Illumination”. The term Li-Fi was first used by Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. According to Hass, the light, which he referred to as „DLight‟, can be used to produce data rates higher than 1 Giga bits per second which is much faster than our average broadband connection.
This Project discusses the implementation of the most basic Li-Fi based system to
transmit Sound signal from one device to another through visible light. The purpose is to demonstrate only the working of the simplest model of Li-Fi with no major consideration about the data transfer speed. This model will demonstrate how the notion of one-way communication via visible light works, in which Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are employed as the light sources or Transmitter antennas. the sound is transferred by light and is detected at the receiver without fading.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Finland. It finds that reviving productivity and increasing employment are essential for Finland's economy given weak growth, rising debt, and the highest government spending in the OECD. Productivity growth has stalled across industries, though this is a common trend. Unemployment is higher in Finland than other Nordic countries. The document recommends reforms to streamline product market regulations, shift taxes, and boost cooperation between businesses and universities to increase innovation and productivity. It also suggests stepping up activation policies for unemployment benefits and reducing incentives for early retirement to raise employment.
This document provides information about cascade control systems and ratio control systems. It begins with an introduction to cascade control systems, which use multiple measurement signals and control loops to control one primary variable. An example is described of using cascade control to maintain the temperature of a fluid being heated in an exchanger by controlling both the fluid flow and steam flow. The document then discusses ratio control systems, which are used to maintain a set ratio between two process stream flow rates, with one flow rate dependent on the other.
Cascade control uses two or more interconnected control loops to control a process variable. In a basic cascade control scheme, the output of the primary controller determines the set point of the secondary controller. The secondary controller then adjusts the control variable. This allows the secondary controller to respond quickly to disturbances while the primary controller responds more slowly.
An example is given of using cascade control to maintain the temperature of a fluid heated by steam. A secondary flow controller loop would respond quickly to changes in steam flow, while the primary temperature controller loop would adjust more slowly to variations in fluid temperature. Cascade control in this case allows compensation for disturbances in both steam and fluid flow rates to better maintain the desired fluid temperature.
Design of de-coupler for an interacting tanks systemIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of a decoupler for a two-tank interacting system. It first provides background on interacting or coupled multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems and the goal of decoupling. It then presents the mathematical model and dynamics of the two-tank system. Next, it analyzes the interaction between the two tanks' liquid levels and inlet flow rates. The relative gain array (RGA) method is used to determine appropriate control loop configurations to minimize interaction. Finally, the document derives equations to design decouplers to cancel the effect of one tank's flow rate on the other tank's liquid level, thereby rendering the system as two independent single-input single-output loops. Experimental results
This document proposes a cascade model predictive control scheme using generalized predictive control (GPC) for both the inner and outer loops to control boiler drum level. Cascade GPC can effectively reject measured and unmeasured disturbances to maintain drum level at a constant load. It can also handle non-minimum phase characteristics and system constraints in both loops. Simulation results show cascade GPC provides better performance than well-tuned cascade PID controllers. The method was also implemented on a 75-MW boiler plant with improved results over conventional control schemes.
Dynamic performance of a high temperature pem fuel cell e an experimental studyMohsen Rostami
The document experimentally studies the dynamic performance of a high-temperature PEM fuel cell under varying current loads. It finds that the cell exhibits hysteresis in polarization curves when current is swept from low to high and back. Under anodic flow-through operation, voltage undershoots and overshoots are less severe at high currents. The peak performance is higher under anodic dead-end operation, but decreases after purging and the shape of the dynamic voltage curve is similar under different purging intervals.
Design of a self tuning regulator for temperature control of a polymerization...ISA Interchange
The temperature control of a polymerization reactor described by Chylla and Haase, a control engineering benchmark problem, is used to illustrate the potential of adaptive control design by employing a self-tuning regulator concept. In the benchmark scenario, the operation of the reactor must be guaranteed under various disturbing influences, e.g., changing ambient temperatures or impurity of the monomer. The conventional cascade control provides a robust operation, but often lacks in control performance concerning the required strict temperature tolerances. The self-tuning control concept presented in this contribution solves the problem. This design calculates a trajectory for the cooling jacket temperature in order to follow a predefined trajectory of the reactor temperature. The reaction heat and the heat transfer coefficient in the energy balance are estimated online by using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Two simple physically motivated relations are employed, which allow the non-delayed estimation of both quantities. Simulation results under model uncertainties show the effectiveness of the self-tuning control concept.
This document discusses cascade control in a power plant boiler. Cascade control uses two controllers, a master and slave, to more precisely control a process. In a boiler, drum level is controlled using cascade control with drum level as the master controller and feedwater flow as the slave controller. This provides improved control over drum level as steam load changes are compensated for through remote manipulation of the feedwater flow setpoint. Benefits of cascade control include reduced lag time and improved dynamic response, while drawbacks include increased complexity, cost, and controller tuning difficulty.
Chemical reaction engineering involves designing chemical reactors to optimize reaction rates and yields. There are several factors that influence reaction rates, including concentration, temperature, and catalysts. Common reactor types include batch, continuous stirred-tank (CSTR), and plug flow reactors. Reactors can be run in series or parallel to improve conversion levels. Residence time distribution is important for understanding flow patterns within real reactors.
Importance of three elements boiler drum level control and its installation i...ijics
Conversion of water into steam is the primary function of a utility boiler. The steam pressure is used to turn
a steam turbine thus, generating electricity. Within the boiler drum there exists a steam/water interface.
Boiler steam drum water level is one of the important parameters of power plant that must be measured
and controlled. For safe and efficient boiler operation, a constant level of water in the boiler drum is
required to be maintained. Too low water level may cause damage boiler tube by overheating. On the other
hand too high drum water level leads to improper function of separators, difficulty in temperature
controlling and damage in superheater tubes. Turbine may also be damaged by moisture or water
treatment chemicals carryover. The amount of water entering the boiler drum must be balanced with the
amounts of steam leaving to accomplish the constant water level in the drum. Therefore it is extremely
important to have the knowledge of the operating principles, installation requirements, strength and
weaknesses of drum water level control system. Ignoring these considerations can result in misapplication,
frequent maintenance, unsafe operation and poor instrument as well as system performance. In this paper
design aspects and installation requirements of boiler drum level control are discussed for safe and
economic operation.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a lecture on analyzing complete vapor compression refrigeration systems. The key points are:
1. It will discuss the importance of analyzing full systems and the graphical and analytical methods used.
2. It will cover the performance characteristics of compressors, condensers, evaporators, and expansion valves.
3. It will examine how to determine the balance point of a complete system by matching the characteristics of its individual components.
This document describes the closed loop control system used for boiler drum level control. It uses a three element control approach with drum level, feedwater flow, and main steam flow as process variables. During startup, a single 30% capacity feedwater control valve (FCV-101) is used to maintain drum level setpoint. At 30% load, control switches to two 100% capacity main feedwater valves (FCV-102) controlled via a three element algorithm. Drum level is measured by three level transmitters and averaged for input to the level controller (LIC-101). The controller output is summed with steam flow and used to set the remote setpoint for FIC-101, which controls FCV-102 position
This document describes using ASPEN Plus dynamic simulation software to model and control a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) process. It introduces key dynamic simulation concepts and outlines the steps to:
1) Build a process flowsheet model in steady-state, including reactions, streams and equipment.
2) Convert the model to dynamic mode and input dynamic parameters.
3) Add a level controller to the CSTR and tune it using open-loop testing and the Ziegler-Nichols method.
4) Simulate the dynamic behavior of the controlled process to evaluate controller performance.
The document provides an overview and course outline for a training on combined cycle power plants. It discusses the key components of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) system including the low pressure, intermediate pressure and high pressure systems. It explains the Brayton and Rankine cycles used in combined cycle plants and how they improve overall efficiency compared to simple cycle plants. Key parameters and operational considerations for the low pressure system are also reviewed.
This document defines and explains boiler systems and their control schemes. It describes the key components of a boiler, including the burner, combustion chamber, heat exchanger and controls. It then evaluates the three main types of combustion control schemes - single-point positioning, parallel positioning and metering - and compares their costs and complexity. The document also explains the principles of combustion and the swell and shrink phenomenon in boiler level control. Finally, it outlines the three common types of drum level control systems - single element, two element and three element.
Commissioning highly interactive process an approach for tuning control loopsEmerson Exchange
The size of the process equipment used in a pilot plant dictates a little buffering and interaction between process units. We examine a skid mounted high temperature CO2 recovery process with a high degree of process interaction. An effective tuning approach provided high performance control. A dynamic process simulation optimized performance by exploring various control strategies.
Visible light communication (sending data through light)slmnsvn
This document contains an outline for a thesis on visible light communication (VLC). It begins with acknowledgments and then provides a table of contents and lists of figures and tables. In the introduction, it states that VLC can solve problems with other communication systems like limited transmission power, security, and data rates. It discusses the objectives of building and testing a VLC circuit. It highlights advantages of VLC such as security, bandwidth, and ubiquity. The literature review covers applications of VLC like indoor lighting networks and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. It also discusses VLC standards and the author's previous relevant coursework.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pendidikan Islam yang bertujuan untuk tazkiyah nafs atau pembersihan diri. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan tentang adab-adab penuntut ilmu seperti taat kepada guru, bersabar, berbaik sangka, dan merendahkan diri. Selain itu, dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai target pembelajaran bahasa Arab dan qiraat Al-Quran serta rekod prestasi pembelajaran tersebut.
The document summarizes an experiment comparing the efficiency of two solar cookers, a windshield shade cooker and a fun-panel cooker. The experiment found that the windshield shade cooker was more efficient, raising the temperature inside by 75°F in 10 minutes compared to a rise of only 38°F for the fun-panel cooker. The conclusion is that the windshield shade cooker worked better because it was able to focus more sunlight on the container.
1) The document discusses developments needed to make solar cookers more popular, including reducing costs, improving stability, and adding features like tracking mechanisms.
2) Specific solar cooker designs are examined, including concentrating cookers, box cookers, panel cookers, and funnel cookers. Improvements suggested include better insulation, tracking without disturbing cooking, and sizing options.
3) There is also a need for affordable solar energy storage solutions for nighttime heating, and commercial solar cookers, while some have been installed they remain few. Increased promotion through advertising and success stories could help solar cookers gain popularity.
Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. Li-Fi is transmission of data using visible light by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. If the LED is on, the photo detector registers a binary one; otherwise it‟s a binary zero. The idea of Li-Fi was introduced by a German physicist, Harald Hass, which he also referred to as “Data
through Illumination”. The term Li-Fi was first used by Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. According to Hass, the light, which he referred to as „DLight‟, can be used to produce data rates higher than 1 Giga bits per second which is much faster than our average broadband connection.
This Project discusses the implementation of the most basic Li-Fi based system to
transmit Sound signal from one device to another through visible light. The purpose is to demonstrate only the working of the simplest model of Li-Fi with no major consideration about the data transfer speed. This model will demonstrate how the notion of one-way communication via visible light works, in which Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are employed as the light sources or Transmitter antennas. the sound is transferred by light and is detected at the receiver without fading.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Finland. It finds that reviving productivity and increasing employment are essential for Finland's economy given weak growth, rising debt, and the highest government spending in the OECD. Productivity growth has stalled across industries, though this is a common trend. Unemployment is higher in Finland than other Nordic countries. The document recommends reforms to streamline product market regulations, shift taxes, and boost cooperation between businesses and universities to increase innovation and productivity. It also suggests stepping up activation policies for unemployment benefits and reducing incentives for early retirement to raise employment.
This document provides information about cascade control systems and ratio control systems. It begins with an introduction to cascade control systems, which use multiple measurement signals and control loops to control one primary variable. An example is described of using cascade control to maintain the temperature of a fluid being heated in an exchanger by controlling both the fluid flow and steam flow. The document then discusses ratio control systems, which are used to maintain a set ratio between two process stream flow rates, with one flow rate dependent on the other.
Cascade control uses two or more interconnected control loops to control a process variable. In a basic cascade control scheme, the output of the primary controller determines the set point of the secondary controller. The secondary controller then adjusts the control variable. This allows the secondary controller to respond quickly to disturbances while the primary controller responds more slowly.
An example is given of using cascade control to maintain the temperature of a fluid heated by steam. A secondary flow controller loop would respond quickly to changes in steam flow, while the primary temperature controller loop would adjust more slowly to variations in fluid temperature. Cascade control in this case allows compensation for disturbances in both steam and fluid flow rates to better maintain the desired fluid temperature.
Design of de-coupler for an interacting tanks systemIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of a decoupler for a two-tank interacting system. It first provides background on interacting or coupled multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems and the goal of decoupling. It then presents the mathematical model and dynamics of the two-tank system. Next, it analyzes the interaction between the two tanks' liquid levels and inlet flow rates. The relative gain array (RGA) method is used to determine appropriate control loop configurations to minimize interaction. Finally, the document derives equations to design decouplers to cancel the effect of one tank's flow rate on the other tank's liquid level, thereby rendering the system as two independent single-input single-output loops. Experimental results
This document proposes a cascade model predictive control scheme using generalized predictive control (GPC) for both the inner and outer loops to control boiler drum level. Cascade GPC can effectively reject measured and unmeasured disturbances to maintain drum level at a constant load. It can also handle non-minimum phase characteristics and system constraints in both loops. Simulation results show cascade GPC provides better performance than well-tuned cascade PID controllers. The method was also implemented on a 75-MW boiler plant with improved results over conventional control schemes.
Dynamic performance of a high temperature pem fuel cell e an experimental studyMohsen Rostami
The document experimentally studies the dynamic performance of a high-temperature PEM fuel cell under varying current loads. It finds that the cell exhibits hysteresis in polarization curves when current is swept from low to high and back. Under anodic flow-through operation, voltage undershoots and overshoots are less severe at high currents. The peak performance is higher under anodic dead-end operation, but decreases after purging and the shape of the dynamic voltage curve is similar under different purging intervals.
Design of a self tuning regulator for temperature control of a polymerization...ISA Interchange
The temperature control of a polymerization reactor described by Chylla and Haase, a control engineering benchmark problem, is used to illustrate the potential of adaptive control design by employing a self-tuning regulator concept. In the benchmark scenario, the operation of the reactor must be guaranteed under various disturbing influences, e.g., changing ambient temperatures or impurity of the monomer. The conventional cascade control provides a robust operation, but often lacks in control performance concerning the required strict temperature tolerances. The self-tuning control concept presented in this contribution solves the problem. This design calculates a trajectory for the cooling jacket temperature in order to follow a predefined trajectory of the reactor temperature. The reaction heat and the heat transfer coefficient in the energy balance are estimated online by using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Two simple physically motivated relations are employed, which allow the non-delayed estimation of both quantities. Simulation results under model uncertainties show the effectiveness of the self-tuning control concept.
This document discusses cascade control in a power plant boiler. Cascade control uses two controllers, a master and slave, to more precisely control a process. In a boiler, drum level is controlled using cascade control with drum level as the master controller and feedwater flow as the slave controller. This provides improved control over drum level as steam load changes are compensated for through remote manipulation of the feedwater flow setpoint. Benefits of cascade control include reduced lag time and improved dynamic response, while drawbacks include increased complexity, cost, and controller tuning difficulty.
Chemical reaction engineering involves designing chemical reactors to optimize reaction rates and yields. There are several factors that influence reaction rates, including concentration, temperature, and catalysts. Common reactor types include batch, continuous stirred-tank (CSTR), and plug flow reactors. Reactors can be run in series or parallel to improve conversion levels. Residence time distribution is important for understanding flow patterns within real reactors.
Importance of three elements boiler drum level control and its installation i...ijics
Conversion of water into steam is the primary function of a utility boiler. The steam pressure is used to turn
a steam turbine thus, generating electricity. Within the boiler drum there exists a steam/water interface.
Boiler steam drum water level is one of the important parameters of power plant that must be measured
and controlled. For safe and efficient boiler operation, a constant level of water in the boiler drum is
required to be maintained. Too low water level may cause damage boiler tube by overheating. On the other
hand too high drum water level leads to improper function of separators, difficulty in temperature
controlling and damage in superheater tubes. Turbine may also be damaged by moisture or water
treatment chemicals carryover. The amount of water entering the boiler drum must be balanced with the
amounts of steam leaving to accomplish the constant water level in the drum. Therefore it is extremely
important to have the knowledge of the operating principles, installation requirements, strength and
weaknesses of drum water level control system. Ignoring these considerations can result in misapplication,
frequent maintenance, unsafe operation and poor instrument as well as system performance. In this paper
design aspects and installation requirements of boiler drum level control are discussed for safe and
economic operation.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a lecture on analyzing complete vapor compression refrigeration systems. The key points are:
1. It will discuss the importance of analyzing full systems and the graphical and analytical methods used.
2. It will cover the performance characteristics of compressors, condensers, evaporators, and expansion valves.
3. It will examine how to determine the balance point of a complete system by matching the characteristics of its individual components.
This document describes the closed loop control system used for boiler drum level control. It uses a three element control approach with drum level, feedwater flow, and main steam flow as process variables. During startup, a single 30% capacity feedwater control valve (FCV-101) is used to maintain drum level setpoint. At 30% load, control switches to two 100% capacity main feedwater valves (FCV-102) controlled via a three element algorithm. Drum level is measured by three level transmitters and averaged for input to the level controller (LIC-101). The controller output is summed with steam flow and used to set the remote setpoint for FIC-101, which controls FCV-102 position
This document describes using ASPEN Plus dynamic simulation software to model and control a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) process. It introduces key dynamic simulation concepts and outlines the steps to:
1) Build a process flowsheet model in steady-state, including reactions, streams and equipment.
2) Convert the model to dynamic mode and input dynamic parameters.
3) Add a level controller to the CSTR and tune it using open-loop testing and the Ziegler-Nichols method.
4) Simulate the dynamic behavior of the controlled process to evaluate controller performance.
The document provides an overview and course outline for a training on combined cycle power plants. It discusses the key components of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) system including the low pressure, intermediate pressure and high pressure systems. It explains the Brayton and Rankine cycles used in combined cycle plants and how they improve overall efficiency compared to simple cycle plants. Key parameters and operational considerations for the low pressure system are also reviewed.
This document defines and explains boiler systems and their control schemes. It describes the key components of a boiler, including the burner, combustion chamber, heat exchanger and controls. It then evaluates the three main types of combustion control schemes - single-point positioning, parallel positioning and metering - and compares their costs and complexity. The document also explains the principles of combustion and the swell and shrink phenomenon in boiler level control. Finally, it outlines the three common types of drum level control systems - single element, two element and three element.
Commissioning highly interactive process an approach for tuning control loopsEmerson Exchange
The size of the process equipment used in a pilot plant dictates a little buffering and interaction between process units. We examine a skid mounted high temperature CO2 recovery process with a high degree of process interaction. An effective tuning approach provided high performance control. A dynamic process simulation optimized performance by exploring various control strategies.
The document discusses several types of chemical reactors, including recycle reactors, autocatalytic reactors, and considerations for optimizing reactor performance and operating conditions. It addresses recycle stream ratios, performance equations, temperature progression, and non-ideal flow concepts such as residence time distribution, states of aggregation, and mixing effects.
4 modeling and control of distillation column in a petroleum processnazir1988
This document describes the modeling and simulation of a condensate distillation column in a petroleum process. It presents a calculation procedure to model the column based on an energy balance structure using reflux rate and boilup rate as inputs to control distillate purity and bottom product impurity. A nonlinear dynamic model of the column is developed and simulated in MATLAB. The simulation shows the column can maintain product quality under normal operations but quality decreases with disturbances like changes in feed rate. A reduced-order linear model is then developed for use in model-reference adaptive control to improve disturbance rejection.
Process Control Fundamentals and How to read P&IDsAhmed Deyab
Types of Process Control, Feedback control, feed-forward control loops, ratio control loop, split range control. How to read Piping and Instrumentation Diagram for Process Engineers
The document describes a study investigating the kinetics of the hydration of n-butene to secondary butanol (SBA) catalyzed by a sulfonic acid ion exchange resin in a multiphase reactor system. A laboratory plant was designed with a reactor that allows visualization of the separate liquid phases and precise control of reaction conditions. Kinetic experiments were performed under conditions where the surface reaction was found to be the rate-limiting step. The experimental results matched well with a four-parameter kinetic model based on a Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expression.
Reactivity Feedback Effect on the Reactor Behaviour during SBLOCA in a 4-loop...IJMREMJournal
The reactivity coefficient is a very important parameter for safety and Stability of reactors operation. To provide
the safety analysis of the reactor, the calculation of changes in reactivity caused by temperature is necessary
because it is related to the reactor operation. The objective is to study the effect of the temperature reactivity
coefficients of fuel and moderator of the PWR core, as well as the moderator density and boron concentration on
fluid density, reactivity, void fraction. peak fuel clad temperature and time to core uncover were found for two
feedback cases. This paper focuses on the effect of the Reactivity feedback, of the 6" (6-inch) Cold Leg
SBLOCA sequences in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse nuclear power plant with a scram for various feedback,
moderator density coefficient, MDC, moderator temperature coefficient, MTC, the fuel temperature coefficient,
FTC, and boron concentrations. Dragon neutronic code is used for calculating reactivity's coefficient which is
used in RELAP5 thermal hydraulic computer code to simulate the effect of Reactivity feedback during Cold
Leg SBLOCA. The plant nodalization consists of two loops; the first one represents the broken loop and the
second one represents the other three intact loops. In the present analysis two models in RELAP5 code for
computation of the reactivity feedback, separable and tabular models are used. The 6-inch break size was chosen
because the previous work [1], showed that it was the worst size break in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse. The
results show that the neglecting of the reactivity feed-back effect causes overheating of the clad and that the
importance of the reactivity feed-back on calculating the power (reactivity) which the key parameter that
controls the clad and fuel temperatures to maintain them below their melting point and therefore prevent core
uncover and fuel damage where the fuel temperature, clad temperature and core water level are in the range.
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1. Control Loop Configuration of
Interacting Units
Dr. S. Jana
Department of Chemical Engineering
Banasthali University
2. What is an Interacting Unit?
• Several units interact with each other through material
or energy flows.
• How to determine the feasible loop configuration in
interacting units?
Steps:
Divide the process into separate blocks.
Determine the degree of freedom and no of controlled
and manipulated variables for each block.
Determine the feasible loop configurations for each
and every block.
Recombine the blocks with their loop configurations.
Eliminate the conflicts among the control system of the
various blocks.
3. We will study …… …..
An exothermic liquid phase reaction conducted in a
CSTR and separated/purified in a flash drum.
An exothermic gas phase reaction conducted in a
tube and shell heat exchanger and
separated/purified in a combined system of flash
drum and distillation column.
The control configuration of:
5. • Objectives/Operational Goals:
Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
To keep the conversion in the reactor at its highest
permissible limit.
To maintain a constant production rate.
To achieve constant composition in the liquid product of
the flash drum.
6. • STEP – 1: Dividing the process into blocks.
Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
7. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 2: Determine the degree of freedom and as well as the
number of manipulated and controlled variable.
Total number of variables 08 Pcf, Tcf, Fc1, Tc1, Fc2, Tc2, Fc, Tco.
Number of modeling
equation
04
Heat balance on cooling branch
Heat balance on heating branch
Heat balance on the mixing junction of
the two branches
Mass balance on mixing junction
Degree of freedom 04
Number of externally
specified variables
02 Pcf, Tcf,
Number of controlled and
manipulated variables
02
Controlled Variable: Fc, Tco
Manipulated Variable: Fc, Tco
COOLANT SYSTEM
DETERMINED BY
QUALITATIVE
ARGUMENTS
8. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 2: Determine the degree of freedom and as well as the
number of manipulated and controlled variable.
REACTOR SYSTEM
Total number of variables 09 V, Tr, cA, cAi, Ti, Fi, Fc, Tc, Tco.
Number of modeling
equation
03
Component A balance around the reactor
Energy balance on reacting mixture
Energy balance on the coolant in the
jacket
Degree of freedom 06
Number of externally
specified variables
04 cAi, Ti, Fi and (Fc, OR Tco)
Number of controlled and
manipulated variables
02
Controlled variable: Tr and cA.
Manipulated variable: Fi and (Fc, OR Tco)
9. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 2: Determine the degree of freedom and as well as the
number of manipulated and controlled variable.
FEED PREHEATING SYSTEM
Total number of variables 06 Ws, To, Tr, Ti, Tint, Fi.
Number of modeling
equation
02
Heat balance of steam heater
Heat balance of feed effluent heat
exchanger
Degree of freedom 04
Number of externally
specified variables
03 To, Tr, Fi.
Number of controlled and
manipulated variables
01
Controlled variable: Ti
Manipulated variable: Ws.
10. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 2: Determine the degree of freedom and as well as the
number of manipulated and controlled variable.
FLASH DRUM
Total number of variables 13 Tint, zA, Fi, FV, FL, pf, Tf, h, FW, xA, yA, xB, yB.
Number of modeling equation 07
Mass balance equation
Component balance of A
Heat balance equation
VLE relationship of A
VLE relationship of B
Consistency relationship of liquid phase
Consistency relationship of gaseous phase
Degree of freedom 06
Number of externally specified
variables
02 Tint, zA.
Number of controlled and
manipulated variables
04
Controlled variable: Fi, pf, Tf, h.
Manipulated variable: Fi , FV, FL, FW.
11. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 3: Determine the feasible loop configuration of each
block.
COOLANT SYSTEM (comparison of different loops)
SERIAL NO
LOOP CONFIGURATIONS
Fc controlled by Tco controlled by
01 Fc Fc1 and Fc2
02 Fc1+ Fc2 Fc1/ Fc2
03 Fc1+ Fc2 Fc1
04 Fc1+ Fc2 Fc2
05 Fc2 Fc1
06 Fc1 Fc2
12. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 3: Determine the feasible loop configuration of each
block.
COOLANT SYSTEM (best configuration)
13. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 3: Determine the feasible loop configuration of each
block.
REACTOR SYSTEM (comparison of different loops)
SERIAL NO
LOOP CONFIGURATIONS
cA controlled by Tr controlled by
01 Fi Fc or Tco
02 Fc or Tco Fi
03 Fi
Fc with Tc (cascade
configuration)
14. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 3: Determine the feasible loop configuration of each
block.
REACTOR SYSTEM (best configuration)
15. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 3: Determine the feasible loop configuration of each
block.
FEED PREHEATING SYSTEM (comparison of different loops)
SERIAL NO LOOP CONFIGURATIONS (WS controlled by)
01 Ti
FEED PREHEATING
SYSTEM (best
configuration)
16. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 3: Determine the feasible loop configuration of each
block.
FLASH DRUM (comparison of different loops)
SERIAL NO
LOOP CONFIGURATIONS
Fi controlled by pf controlled by Tf controlled by h controlled by
01 Fi FV FL FW
02 FV Fi FL FW
03 Fi FV FW FL
04 Fi FL FW FV
05 FL Fi FV FW
06 Etc..
17. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 3: Determine the feasible loop configuration of each
block.
FLASH DRUM (best configuration)
18. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 4: Recombine the blocks with their loop configurations.
19. Liquid Phase Reaction in CSTR
• STEP – 5: Eliminate the conflicts among the control system of
the various blocks.
FINAL CONFIGURATION
20. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
Flow diagram of the process
21. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 1: Dividing the process into blocks.
22. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Due to the complicacy of the system, it is analyzed in an
qualitative manner. In spite of going through the process used
in the last example we will try to analyze the configurations
according to the experience and understanding of the system.
Lets try to analyze each and every block separately for finding
the best loop configuration for each of them.
23. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Compressors for fresh feed gas A (C-1) and recycled gas A (C-2)
from the flash drum:
Simple feedback pressure controller would be sufficient.
The pressure measurement and manipulation have to be done at the outlet of
the compressor.
Recycle of the feed gas to the inlet line is necessary as the reactant cannot be
wasted.
24. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Mixing drum for the fresh feed B and the recycled stream from
the bottom of the distillation column:
Inlet and outlet flow could be controlled by
feed-forward controller because the
mathematical model of the mixing drum is not
much complicated.
The level of the drum is another important
parameter to be controlled. It can be controlled
by the flow rate of feed B (stream 2) or by the
recycled stream from the distillation column
(stream 3).
Controlling stream 2 is a better choice
because change in the flow rate of stream 3
could affect the performance of the distillation
column.
25. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Feed vaporizing and preheating:
The feed flow rate of stream 8 or 9 and
the temperature of stream 9 are the
controlled output.
The feed flow rate could be controlled
by a feed-forward controller.
Only one manipulated variable (steam
flow rate) is available for controlling the
temperature of stream 9.
26. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Reactor system:
The inlet reactant flow rate and the
temperature of the reactor are the controlled
variable.
The flow rate could be controlled by the
feed-forward controller.
The temperature of the reactor can only
controlled by manipulating the flow rate of
coolant only.
27. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Flash drum system:
The inlet stream flow rate and
temperature are the obvious controlled
parameter.
Another two important controlled
parameters are the pressure and the
level of the flash drum.
The inlet flow rate (stream 11) can be
controlled by a feed-forward controller.
Temperature of the inlet stream is
controlled by the coolant water by
feedback controller. Using of a feed-
forward controller could be difficult
because the temperature of the cooling
water is unknown.
28. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Flash drum system:
The best way to control the
pressure of the flash drum is
manipulating the flow rate of top
gaseous product.
The level of the flash drum is
controlled by the outlet flow rate of
the liquid (stream 15).
29. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Distillation column:
Inlet feed flow rate, re-boiler
duty, concentration of the
overhead product and the level of
the column are the controlled
variables.
Inlet feed flow rate could be
easily controlled by a feed-forward
controller.
The best way to control the level
of the column is manipulating the
flow rate of the bottom product
(contains mainly of B). The bottom
product is recycled to the mixing
drum.
30. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 2 & STEP – 3:
Distillation column:
As the flow rate of bottom
product is already controlled, the
stream 17 will be an uncontrolled
entity for obtaining the desired
separation/concentration of the
product.
The flow rate of the overhead
product is directly related with the
level of the condenser. So, a
feedback controller will be sufficient
for the same.
The concentration of the
overhead product is controlled by
manipulating the reflux (stream 18).
31. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 4: Recombine the blocks with their loop configurations
32. Gas Phase Reaction Conducted in a Tube
and Shell Heat Exchanger
• STEP – 5: Eliminate the conflicts among the control system of
the various blocks.