Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, suggesting that all continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea but drifted apart over time, a hypothesis initially rejected due to lack of a mechanism. The advent of technology in the 1940s led to discoveries such as sea-floor spreading, providing evidence for plate tectonics, which describes the movement of Earth's plates and the formation of geological features. Different boundary types, including divergent, convergent, and transform, explain how tectonic plates interact and have formed major landforms like mountains and ocean ridges.

2. Wegener
1880-1930
earthobservatory.nasa.gov
Alfred Wegener first proposed the
theory of continental drift.

3.  Continental drift was Wegener’s theory
that all continents had once been joined
together in a single landmass and have
drifted apart since.
 Wegener named this supercontinent
Pangaea.
 Wegener’s theory was rejected by
scientists because he could not explain
what force pushes or pulls continents.
Continental drift video clip

5. Fit of Continents
Across the Atlantic
Mountain ranges in
South America line
up exactly with
those in Africa!

6. Notice how fossils lined up across continents!
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/history/fossils3.gif

7. Amazing Facts: Did you know...
...that India was once in the Southern Hemisphere
connected to Antarctica?
...that North America was once surrounded by warm,
tropical seas?
...that Africa was once covered by glaciers, which were
kilometers in thickness?
...that the Sahara desert was once a tropical rain forest?

8. As North America has drifted to different latitudes,
changing climates were experienced. This shows the
changes in the state of New Mexico.
An example of the proof for changing climate:
At one time,
the area that
is New
Mexico was
below the
equator!

9. He could not find the force that was
causing the continents to drift.
Because of this, he could not convince
anyone that continents could move.
He died in Greenland on an expedition.
At the time of his death, no one believed
his hypothesis!
Technology developed during the 1940’s
changed all that!

10. Discovery of Sea-Floor Spreading
Sea floor spreading video clip

11. Sea-Floor
Spreading
m.y.
means
million
years ago
Notice this
compass. It
is important
for the next
slide

12. As the sea floor spreads, the lava cools according to the
magnetic poles at the time. The rocks on the ocean
floor have proved that the earth’s magnetic field
sometimes reverses. The inner core flips and so the
north pole moves to the southern hemisphere! The
earthh itself does not flip.
http://platetectonics.pwnet.org/img/blocks.gif

13. What causes sea floor spreading?
Convection currents!

14. Click here for a hyperlink to an animation of convection
Be sure to click the play button!

15. Animation of sea floor spreading
Can you explain this diagram!?

16. The place where two plates move
apart or diverge is called a divergent
boundary.

17. This is a model of sea floor spreading at a divergent
boundary called a mid ocean ridge.

18. Did you know that the Earth’s longest mountain range is
underwater and is called the mid-ocean ridge?
: www.ocean.udel.edu
The Mid-Ocean Ridge system, shown above snaking its way
between the continents, is more than 56,000 kilometers (35,000 mi)
long. It circles the earth like the stitching on a baseball!

19. A convergent boundary is where two plates
come together, or converge. The result of the
plates hitting together is called a collision.

20. A transform boundary is a place where
two plates slip past each other, moving in
opposite directions.

21. Continental crust to continental
Continental crust to oceanic
Oceanic crust to oceanic

22. from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270
Continental crust to continental crust
collision
India-Asia (Himalayas)
Before collision
After collision

23. Also the way the Appalachian Mountains formed!

24. Because one plate gets pushed under
another, it is called subduction. This
is where volcanoes form!
Oceanic crust
colliding with
oceanic crust
Oceanic crust colliding
with continental crust
all from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270

25. The process by
which the ocean
floor sinks
beneath a deep-
ocean trench
and back into
the mantle is
called

26. Plate tectonics video clip
Here is an great link for seeing where each type of
boundary is located.
Click here for a great hyperlink! Make sure you
click on each type of boundary in the key!

27. Worldwide Earthquake patterns help us
know where the edges of plates are located

28. The Earth’s Plates

29. Here you see
the two slides
together.
What do you
see?

30. http://www.livescience.com/images/pangea_animation_03.gif